外源E2F和CArG顺式元件对血管平滑肌细胞表型相关基因表达的影响

利用转录因子“诱骗”策略 ,阻断血管平滑肌细胞 (VSMC)表型特异基因和增殖相关基因的反式激活 ,揭示VSMC表型转化和增殖之间的关系 .电泳迁移率改变分析结果表明 ,相当于分化型VSMC特异表达基因共有顺式元件CArG和细胞增殖相关基因共有顺式元件E2F的双股寡核苷酸(ODNs)可分别与从分化型和去分化型VSMC中提取的核蛋白特异性结合 ,形成DNA 蛋白质复合物 .Northern杂交结果显示 ,导入VSMC中的CArGODN可使平滑肌α肌动蛋白 (α actin)表达活性降低 ,肌丝数量减少 ,明显抑制转染细胞的再分化过程 .去分化型VSMC被E2FODN转染后 ,增殖相关基因c myc表达受到抑制 ,细胞增殖速率减慢 ,去分化表型特征减弱 .结果提示 ,E2F和CArG调控元件分别对VSMC增殖和分化起重要调节作用 ,并证实VSMC表型转化与增殖是两个密切相关但不完全相同的细胞事件 .     

Therapeutic effect of in vivo transfection of transcription factor decoy to NF-kappaB on septic lung in mice

Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) plays a key role in regulating expression of several genes involved in the pathophysiology of endotoxic shock. We investigated whether in vivo introduction of synthetic double-stranded DNA with high affinity for the NF-kappaB binding site could block expression of genes mediating pulmonary vascular permeation and thereby provide effective therapy for septic lung failure. Endotoxic shock was induced by an intravenous injection of 10 mg/kg Escherichia coli endotoxin in mice. We introduced NF-kappaB decoy oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) in vivo 1 h after endotoxic shock by using a gene transfer kit. At 10 h, blood samples were collected for measurement of histamine and for blood-gas analysis. Gene and protein expression levels of target molecules were determined by means of Northern and Western blot analyses, respectively. The transpulmonary flux of (125)I-labeled albumin was used as an index of lung vascular permeability. Administration of endotoxin caused marked increases in plasma histamine and gene and protein expressions of histidine decarboxylase, histamine H(1) receptors, and inducible nitric oxide synthase in lung tissues. Elevated lung vascular permeability was also found. Blood-gas analysis showed concurrent decreases in arterial Po(2), Pco(2), and pH. All of these events induced by endotoxin were significantly inhibited by transfection of NF-kappaB decoy ODN but not by its mutated (scrambled) form (used as a control). Our results indicate for the first time the potential usefulness of NF-kappaB decoy ODN for gene therapy of endotoxic shock.     

人工诱骗子的入核分布对核因子-κB活性的调控作用

探讨了由核定位信号(NLS)多肽介导的核因子-κB(NF-κB)寡核苷酸诱骗子(ODNs decoy)进入HeLa细胞核的效率,以及对细胞核内NF-κB活性的调控作用。利用双功能交联剂(Sulfo-SMCC)共价交联末端氨基修饰的ODNs decoy和末端巯基修饰的NLS多肽,形成NLS多肽共价连接的ODNs decoy。依靠TransME转染试剂的辅助转染NLS-ODNs decoy进入HeLa细胞,用荧光显微镜观察荧光标记的NLS-ODNs在细胞内的分布。用MTT法检测HeLa细胞的活力,以凝胶迁移实验(EMSA)检测TNF-α诱导的HeLa细胞核抽提物中NF-κB的活性。结果表明,NLS多肽成功地连接到ODNs decoy上,NLS-ODNs可高效入核,入核率达到17.9%。转染NLS-ODNs进入HeLa细胞,对细胞活力无明显影响,而显著抑制核内NF-κB的活性。结果表明NLS多肽可提高ODNs decoy的入核效率,显著增强诱骗子对NF-κB活性的抑制效果。     

4-Hydroxynonenal enhances MMP-2 production in vascular smooth muscle cells via mitochondrial ROS-mediated activation of the Akt/NF-kappaB signaling pathways

4-Hydroxynonenal (HNE) accumulates at atherosclerotic lesions, but its role in the progression of atherosclerosis is not clear. Considering the role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) in plaque destabilization, we investigated the mechanism by which HNE induces MMP production in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). VSMC stimulated by HNE (1.0 microM) produced enzymatically active MMP-2 with an increased promoter activity, which was abolished by mutation of the NF-kappaB binding site in the promoter region. The increased NF-kappaB activity with subsequent MMP-2 production by HNE was significantly attenuated by transfection with Akt siRNA as well as by pretreatment with the PI3K/Akt inhibitors LY294002 (10 microM) and SH-5 (1.0 microM). The phosphorylation of Akt occurred as early as 5 min in VSMC exposed to HNE and was markedly attenuated by inhibition of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, the impact of mitochondrial ROS on HNE-induced Akt phosphorylation with subsequent MMP-2 production was also demonstrated in mitochondrial function-deficient VSMC, as well as in cells transfected with manganese superoxide dismutase. Taken together, these results suggest that HNE enhances MMP-2 production in VSMC via mitochondrial ROS-mediated activation of the Akt/NF-kappaB signaling pathways.     

Reactive oxygen and NF-kappaB in VEGF-induced migration of human vascular smooth muscle cells.

Migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) contribute to angiogenesis and the lesions of atherosclerosis. Since, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is overexpressed by VSMC in intima of atherosclerotic human coronary arteries, we determined if VEGF could stimulate VSMC migration and the intracellular signals involved. VEGF induced VSMC migration but had no significant activity on proliferation. VEGF increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), NF-kappaB activation and IL-6 expression. Blockade of the generation of intracellular ROS by antioxidants inhibited VEGF-induced NF-kappaB activation, IL-6 expression, and cell migration indicating that generation of ROS was required for NF-kappaB activation and the chemotactic activity of VEGF. Expression of a mutated, nondegradable form of inhibitor of NF-kappaB (IkappaB-alphaM) suppressed VEGF-triggered activation of NF-kappaB and upregulation of IL-6 as well as VSMC migration. Neutralization of IL-6 by its antibody significantly attenuated the migration stimulated by VEGF. Collectively, our data provide the first evidence that intracellular ROS and NF-kappaB are required for VEGF-mediated smooth muscle cell migration. Further, IL-6 induced by VEGF is involved in the ability of the growth factor to stimulate migration.     

Activation of toll-like receptor-9 induces matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression through Akt and tumor necrosis factor-alpha signaling

CpG oligodeoxunucleotide (ODN) plays an important role in immune cell function. The present study examined whether temporal control of toll-like receptor (TLR)-9 by CpG ODN can regulate the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). CpG ODN induced the release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and the expression of TNF receptor (TNFR)-II, but not of TNFR-I, in a time-dependent manner and stimulated significant, though delayed, MMP-9 expression. The endosomal acidification inhibitors, chloroquine or bafilomycin A, inhibited CpG ODN-induced TNF-alpha, TNFR-II, and MMP-9 expression. CpG ODN induced the phosphorylation of Akt, and the inhibition of Akt by LY294002 suppressed CpG ODN-induced TNF-alpha, TNFR-II, and MMP-9 expressions. Moreover, neutralizing TNF-alpha antibody significantly suppressed CpG ODN-induced MMP-9 expression, suggesting the involvement of TNF-alpha. These observations suggest that CpG ODN may play important roles in macrophage activation by regulating the expression of MMP-9 via a TLR-9/Akt/TNF-alpha-dependent signaling pathway.     

白介素-10抑制TNF-α诱导的血管平滑肌细胞增殖

研究观察了重组人白介素 10 (rhIL 10 )对肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF α)刺激的离体大鼠胸主动脉血管平滑肌细胞增殖、细胞周期及对p4 4 /p4 2丝裂素活化蛋白激酶的影响。实验培养大鼠主动脉血管平滑肌细胞 ,采用MTS/PES法确定血管平滑肌细胞 (vascularsmoothmusclecells,VSMCs)的增殖状态 ;应用流式细胞术测定细胞周期 ;利用p4 4 / 4 2磷酸化抗MAPK抗体的蛋白免疫印迹法测定MAPK蛋白表达。结果显示 :( 1)TNF α处理组与对照组相比 ,TNF α对VSMC增殖具有明显的刺激作用 (P <0 0 5 )。rhIL 10单独应用对VSMCs生长没有影响 (P >0 0 5 )。在TNF α刺激下 ,低至 10ng/ml的rhIL 10可抑制VSMCs的生长 (P <0 0 5 )。流式细胞术测定的结果显示 ,rhIL 10分别可使TNF α作用下的VSMC大部分处于G0 /G1期 ,与对照组相比有明显差异 (P <0 0 1)。 ( 2 )TNF α对p4 4 /p4 2MAPK蛋白表达有显著的增强作用 ,此作用可被rhIL 10抑制。结果提示 ,rhIL 10可抑制TNF α诱导的VSMC增殖及p4 4 /p4 2丝裂素活化蛋白激酶的表达