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1.
Yan BC Park JH Ahn JH Lee YJ Lee TH Lee CH Cho JH Kim MJ Kim TY Kang IJ Won MH 《Neurochemical research》2012,37(5):1019-1030
In the present study, we compared the immunoreactivities and levels of Trx/prx redox system, thioredoxin 2 (Trx2), thioredoxin reductase 2 (TrxR2) and peroxiredoxin 3 (Prx3), as well as neuronal death in the hippocampal CA1 region between the adult and young gerbil after 5 min of transient cerebral ischemia. At 4 days post-ischemia, pyramidal neurons (about 90%) in the adult stratum pyramidale of the CA1 region showed "delayed neuronal death (DND)"; however, at this time point, few pyramidal neurons showed DND in the young stratum pyramidale. At 7 days post-ischemia, about 56% of pyramidal neurons showed DND in the young stratum pyramidale. The immunoreactivities of all the antioxidants in the young sham-group were similar to those in the adult sham-group. At 4 days post-ischemia, the immunoreactivity of TrxR2, not Trx2 and Prx3 in the adult ischemia-group was dramatically decreased in CA1 pyramidal neurons. At this time point, the immunoreactivities of all the antioxidants in the young ischemia-group were apparently increased compared to the adult ischemia-group. From 7 days pots-ischemia, non-pyramidal cells showed the immunoreactivities of all the antioxidants in the ischemic CA1 region; however, in the young ischemia-groups, the immunoreactivities were much lower than those in the adult ischemia-groups. In brief, our results showed that the immunoreactivities of Trx2, TrxR2 and Prx3 were dramatically increased in CA1 pyramidal neurons of the young ischemia-groups at 4 days post-ischemia compared to those in the adult ischemia-groups induced by transient cerebral ischemia. 相似文献
2.
Jae-Chul Lee Joon Ha Park Bing Chun Yan In Hye Kim Geum-Sil Cho Dooil Jeoung Young-Geun Kwon Young-Myeong Kim Yun Lyul Lee Hyung-Cheul Shin Moo-Ho Won 《Neurochemical research》2013,38(1):74-81
DNA methylation is a key epigenetic modification of DNA that is catalyzed by DNA methyltransferases (Dnmt). Increasing evidences suggest that DNA methylation in neurons regulates synaptic plasticity as well as neuronal network activity. In the present study, we investigated the changes in DNA methyltransferases 1 (Dnmt1) immunoreactivity and its protein levels in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 region after 5 min of transient global cerebral ischemia. CA1 pyramidal neurons were well stained with NeuN (a neuron-specific soluble nuclear antigen) antibody in the sham-group, Four days after ischemia–reperfusion (I–R), NeuN-positive (+) cells were significantly decreased in the stratum pyramidale (SP) of the CA1 region, and many Fluro-Jade B (a marker for neuronal degeneration)+ cells were observed in the SP. Dnmt1 immunoreactivity was well detected in all the layers of the sham-group. Dnmt1 immunoreactivity was hardly detected only in the stratum pyramidale of the CA1 region from 4 days post-ischemia; however, at these times, Dnmt1 immunoreactivity was newly expressed in GABAergic interneurons or astrocytes in the ischemic CA1 region. In addition, the level of Dnmt1 was lowest at 4 days post-ischemia. In brief, both the Dnmt1 immunoreactivity and protein levels were distinctively decreased in the ischemic CA1 region 4 days after transient cerebral ischemia. These results indicate that the decrease of Dnmt1 expression at 4 days post-ischemia may be related to ischemia-induced delayed neuronal death. 相似文献
3.
Sohn Y Yoo KY Park OK Kwon SH Lee CH Choi JH Hwang IK Seo JY Cho JH Won MH 《Neurochemical research》2011,36(12):2459-2469
The maintenance of intracellular pH is important in neuronal function. Na+/HCO3
− cotransporter (NBC), a bicarbonate-dependent acid–base transport protein, may contribute to cellular acid–base homeostasis
in pathophysiological processes. We examined the alterations of NBC immunoreactivity and its protein levels in the hippocampal
CA1 region after transient cerebral ischemia in gerbils. In the sham-operated group, moderate NBC immunoreactivity was detected
in CA1 pyramidal neurons, and, 12 h after I/R, the immunoreactivity in the pyramidal neurons was markedly increased over controls.
Three days after I/R, NBC immunoreactivity nearly disappeared in the CA1 pyramidal neurons. However, NBC immunoreactivity
was detected in the non-pyramidal neurons of the ischemic CA1 region at 3 days after I/R. From double immunofluorescence study
with glial markers, NBC immunoreactivity was detected in astrocytes, not in microglia, at 4 days after I/R. NBC protein level
in the CA1 region was significantly increased at 12 h post-ischemia and significantly decreased at 2 days post-ischemia. Thereafter,
NBC protein level was again increased and returned to the level of the sham-operated group at 4 days post-ischemia. On the
other hand, treatment with 4,4′-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′-disulfonate (DIDS), an inorganic anion exchanger blocker including
Cl-bicarbonate exchanger, protected CA1 pyramidal neurons from I/R injury at 4 days post-ischemia. These results indicate
that changes in NBC expressions may play an important role in neuronal damage and astrocytosis induced by transient cerebral
ischemia. 相似文献
4.
Ohk TG Yoo KY Park SM Shin BN Kim IH Park JH Ahn HC Lee YJ Kim MJ Kim TY Won MH Cho JH 《Neurochemical research》2012,37(4):826-834
Ischemic damage occurs well in vulnerable regions of the brain, including the hippocampus and striatum. In the present study, we examined neuronal damage/death and glial changes in the striatum 4?days after 5, 10, 15 and 20?min of transient cerebral ischemia using the gerbil. Spontaneous motor activity was increased with the duration time of ischemia-reperfusion (I-R). To examine neuronal damage, we used Fluoro-Jade B (F-J B, a marker for neuronal degeneration) histofluorescence staining. F-J B positive cells were detected only in the 20?min ischemia-group, not in the other groups. In addition, we examined gliosis of astrocytes and microglia using anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and anti- ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1), respectively. In the 5?min ischemia-group, GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes were distinctively increased in number, and the immunoreactivity was stronger than that in the sham-group. In the 10, 15 and 20?min ischemia-groups, GFAP-immunoreactivity was more increased with the duration of I-R. On the other hand, the immunoreactivity and the number of Iba-1-immunoreactive microglia were distinctively increased in the 5 and 10?min ischemia-groups. In the 15?min ischemia-group, cell bodies of microglia were largest, and the immunoreactivity was highest; however, in the 20?min ischemia-group, the immunoreactivity was low compared to the 15?min ischemia-group. The results of western blotting for GFAP and Iba-1 were similar to the immunohistochemical data. In brief, these findings showed that neuronal death could be detected only in the 20?min ischemia-group 4?days after I-R, and the change pattern of astrocytes and microglia were apparently different according to the duration time of I-R. 相似文献
5.
Chan Woo Park Jae-Chul Lee Ji Hyeon Ahn Dae Hwan Lee Geum-Sil Cho Bing Chun Yan Joon Ha Park In Hye Kim Hui Young Lee Moo-Ho Won Jun Hwi Cho 《Cellular and molecular neurobiology》2013,33(7):991-1001
The extent of neuronal damage/death in some brain regions is highly correlated to duration time of transient ischemia. In the present study, we carried out neuronal degeneration/death and glial changes in the septum 4 days after 5, 10, 15, and 20 min of transient cerebral ischemia using gerbils. To examine neuronal damage, Fluoro-Jade B (F-J B, a marker for neuronal degeneration) histofluorescence staining was used. F-J B positive (+) cells were detected in the septo-hippocampal nucleus (SHN) of the septum only in the 20 min ischemia-group; the mean number of F-J B+ neurons was 14.9 ± 2.5/400 μm2 in a section. Gliosis of astrocytes and microglia was examined using anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and anti-ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1), respectively. In all the ischemia-groups, GFAP- and Iba-1-immunoreactive astrocytes and microglia, respectively, were increased in number, and apparently tended to be increased in their immunoreactivity. Especially, in the 20 min ischemia-group, the number and immunoreactivity of Iba-immunoreactive microglia was highest and strongest in the ischemic SHN 4 days after ischemia–reperfusion. In brief, our findings showed that neuronal damage/death in the SHN occurred and gliosis was apparently increased in the 20 min ischemia-group at 4 days after ischemia–reperfusion. 相似文献
6.
Jung Hoon Choi Ki-Yeon Yoo Ok Kyu Park Choong Hyun Lee Sung Koo Kim In Koo Hwang Yun Lyul Lee Hyung-Cheul Shin Moo-Ho Won 《Cellular and molecular neurobiology》2010,30(6):929-938
Neurogenesis occurs during the embryonic stage and throughout life. Brain injuries such as ischemic insults enhance cell proliferation
in some areas of the brain. We examined proliferation of newly generated cells in each layer of the gerbil main olfactory
bulb (MOB) after 5 min of transient cerebral ischemia using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) immunohistochemistry. Ischemia-related
neuronal death in the MOB was not detected using Fluoro-Jade B histofluorescence and TUNEL staining. Many BrdU-positive (+) cells were found in the rostral migratory stream in control and ischemic MOBs. Significant increase of BrdU+ cells was observed in the granule cell layer (GCL) and glomerular layer (GL) from 15 days post-ischemia, and BrdU+ cells were very much higher than those of the control group 30 days post-ischemia. At this time point after ischemia/reperfusion,
a few BrdU+ cells in the GL and GCL were co-localized with calretinin+ cells, and many BrdU+ cells expressed doublecortin, a marker of immature neurons. These results indicate that cell proliferation is increased in
the GCL and GL without apparent neuronal loss from 15 days after transient cerebral ischemia in gerbils. 相似文献
7.
Choi JH Yoo KY Lee CH Park JH Yan BC Kwon SH Seo JY Cho JH Hwang IK Won MH 《Neurochemical research》2012,37(4):802-810
In the present study, we compared differences in cell proliferation, neuroblast differentiation and neuronal maturation in
the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) between the adult and aged gerbil induced by 5 min of transient global cerebral ischemia
using Ki-67 and BrdU (markers for cell proliferation), doublecortin (DCX, a marker for neuroblast differentiation) and neuronal
nuclei (NeuN, a marker for mature neuron). The number of Ki-67-immunoreactive (+) cells in the DG of both the groups peaked 7 days after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). However, the number in the aged DG was
40.6 ± 1.8% of that in the adult DG. Thereafter, the number decreased with time. After ischemic damage, DCX immunoreactivity
and its protein level in the adult and aged DG peaked at 10 and 15 days post-ischemia, respectively. However, DCX immunoreactivity
and its protein levels in the aged DG were much lower than those in the adult. DCX immunoreactivity and its protein level
in the aged DG were 11.1 ± 0.6% and 34.4 ± 2.1% of the adult DG, respectively. In addition, the number of Ki-67+ cells and DCX immunoreactivity in both groups were similar to those in the sham at 60 days postischemia. At 30 days post-ischemia,
the number of BrdU+ cells and BrdU+/NeuN+ cells in the adult-group were much higher (281.2 ± 23.4% and 126.4 ± 7.4%, respectively) than the aged-group (35.6 ± 6.8%
and 79.5 ± 6.1%, respectively). These results suggest that the ability of neurogenesis in the ischemic aged DG is much lower
than that in the ischemic adult DG. 相似文献
8.
Lee CH Yoo KY Choi JH Park JH Kim DH Park JH Hwang IK Cho JH Kim YM Won MH 《Cellular and molecular neurobiology》2011,31(3):449-457
In this study, the authors examined the difference of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (pERK1/2) in
the hippocampal CA1 region (CA1) between adult and aged gerbils after 5 min of transient cerebral ischemia. Delayed neuronal
death in the CA1 of the aged group was much slower than that in the adult group after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). pERK1/2
immunoreaction was observed in the CA1 region of the sham-operated adult gerbil. pERK1/2 immunoreactivity and protein levels
in the ischemic CA1 region of the adult group were markedly increased 4 days after I/R, and then reduced up to 10 days after
I/R. In contrast, pERK1/2 immunoreaction was hardly detected in the CA1 region of sham-operated aged gerbils, and the immunoreactivity
increased from 1 day after the ischemic insult, and still observed until 10 days post-ischemia. In addition, pERK1/2-immunoreaction
was expressed in astrocytes in the ischemic CA1 region: The expression in the ischemia-operated aged gerbils was later than
that in the ischemia-operated adult gerbils. These results indicate that different patterns of ERK1/2 immunoreactivity may
be associated with different processes of delayed neuronal death in adult and aged animals. 相似文献
9.
Effect of Dietary High Molybdenum on Peripheral Blood T-Cell Subsets and Serum IL-2 Contents in Broilers 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jie Xiao Hengmin Cui Fan Yang Xi Peng Yun Cui 《Biological trace element research》2011,142(3):517-522
The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of dietary high molybdenum (Mo) on immune function by determining
changes of the subsets of peripheral blood T-cells and serum interleukin (IL)-2 contents. 300 1-day-old avian broilers were
divided into four groups and fed on a corn–soybean basal diet as control diet or the same diet amended to contain 500; 1,000;
and 1,500 mg/kg of Mo supplied as sodium molybdate dihydrate. In comparison with those of the control group, the percentages
of CD3+, CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ were decreased in 1,000 and 1,500 mg/kg of Mo intake groups from 14 days of age to 42 days of age. Also, the serum IL-2 contents
were decreased in 1,000 and 1,500 mg/kg of Mo intake groups from 14 days of age to 42 days of age. Histopathologically, hypocellularity
appeared in the thymus in 1,000 and 1,500 mg/kg of Mo intake groups. It was concluded that dietary high-Mo (1,000 mg/kg and
1,500 mg/kg) reduced the percentages of peripheral blood T-cell subsets and serum IL-2 contents and caused thymic lesions.
The cellular immune function was finally injured in broilers. 相似文献
10.
Sunshine C. Silver Tilak Chandra Egidijus Zilinskas Shourjo Ghose William E. Broderick Joan B. Broderick 《Journal of biological inorganic chemistry》2010,15(6):943-955
Spore photoproduct lyase (SP lyase), a member of the radical S-adenosylmethionine superfamily of enzymes, catalyzes the repair of 5-thyminyl-5,6-dihydrothymine [spore photoproduct (SP)],
a type of UV-induced DNA damage unique to bacterial spores. The anaerobic purification and characterization of Clostridium acetobutylicum SP lyase heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, and its catalytic activity in repairing stereochemically defined synthetic dinucleotide SPs was investigated. The purified
enzyme contains between 2.3 and 3.1 iron atoms per protein. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy reveals an
isotropic signal centered at g = 1.99, characteristic of a [3Fe–4S]+ cluster accounting for 3–4% of the iron in the sample. Upon reduction, a nearly axial signal (g = 2.03, 1.93 and 1.92) characteristic of a [4Fe–4S]+ cluster is observed that accounts for 34–45% of total iron. Addition of S-adenosylmethionine to the reduced enzyme produces a rhombic signal (g = 2.02, 1.93, 1.82) unique to the S-adenosyl-l-methionine complex while decreasing the overall EPR intensity. This reduced enzyme is shown to rapidly and completely repair
the 5R diastereomer of a synthetic dinucleotide SP with a specific activity of 7.1 ± 0.6 nmol min−1 mg−1, whereas no repair was observed for the 5S diastereomer. 相似文献
11.
Sunil S. Adav Duu-Jong Lee Juin-Yih Lai 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2009,84(6):1181-1189
Efficient nitrification and denitrification of wastewater containing 1,700 mgl−1 of ammonium-nitrogen was achieved using aerobic granular sludge cultivated at medium-to-high organic loading rates. The cultivated
granules were tested in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) fed with 6.4 or 10.2 kg NH4+-N m−3 day−1, a loading significantly higher than that reported in literature. With alternating 2 h oxic and 2 h anoxic operation (OA)
modes, removal rate was 45.5 mg NH4+-N g−1 volatile suspended solids−1 h−1 at 6.4 kg NH4+-N m−3 day−1 loading and 41.3 ± 2.0 at 10.2 kg NH4+-N m−3 day−1 loading. Following the 60 days SBR test, granules were intact. The fluorescence in situ hybridization and confocal laser
scanning microscopy results indicate that the SBR-OA granules have a distribution with nitrifers outside and heterotrophs
outside that can effectively expose functional strains to surrounding substrates at high concentrations with minimal mass
transfer limit. This microbial alignment combined with the smooth granule surface achieved nitrification–denitrification of
wastewaters containing high-strength ammonium using aerobic granules. Conversely, the SBR continuous aeration mode yielded
a distribution with nitrifers outside and heterotrophs inside with an unsatisfactory denitrification rate and floating granules
as gas likely accumulated deep in the granules. 相似文献
12.
《Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences》2022,29(5):3425-3431
Present investigation was carried out to arrive at an effective micropropagation protocol for Winter Jasmine (Jasminum nudiflorum) using nodal segments from actively growing plants as explants. Explants were collected from current season shoots during April-May just after the initiation of new flush. Combined sterilization treatment of explants with 1.0% NaOCl2 for 10 min followed by 70% ethanol for 10 s recorded highest culture survival (63.88%) and optimum culture asepsis (63.88%) followed by the treatment containing 0.1% HgCl2 for 10 min followed by 70% ethanol for 10 s with culture survival (61.11%) and culture asepsis (69.44%). Highest culture establishment (80.55%) and minimum days to bud sprouting (7.62 days) was recorded with Benzyl adenine + Kinetin (3.0 + 1.0 mgL?1) but maximum length (4.33 cm) and leaf number (7.78) of established micro shoots was recorded with Benzyl adenine + Kinetin (1.0 + 0.5 mgL?1). Maximum proliferated shoots (2.41) and an optimum proliferation percentage (77.78 %) was recorded with Benzyl adenine + Kinetin (3.0 + 0.5 mgL?1). Minimum size of proliferated shoots (2.02 cm) was recorded with Benzyl adenine + Kinetin (3.0 + 1.0 mgL?1) followed by 2.25 cm recorded with Benzyl adenine + Kinetin (3.0 + 0.5 mgL?1). Highest rooting (63.93%), primary root number/microshoot (4.74) and longest primary roots (34.67 mm) were recorded with IBA (2.0 mgL?1). IBA yielded better results than NAA in terms of higher rooting percentage and root number. However, days to root initiation were found minimum (22.00) with 2.0 mgL?1 of NAA. Highest ex vitro survival of rooted microshoots (89.67%) was recorded with IBA (2.0 mgL?1). 相似文献
13.
《Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences》2021,28(11):6515-6522
The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of single-bulb garlic oil (SGO) on toll-like receptors 3 and 4 (TLR3 and TLR 4) and nuclear erythroid factor-like 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway resulted from a high-fat diet and its underlying mechanism. Twenty-four Balb/c mice allocated into six groups: 1) N: mice fed with standard chow; 2) HFD: mice fed a high-fat diet for 45 days without any treatment; 3) HFD + Simv: mice fed a high-fat diet for 45 days and treated with simvastatin; 4–6) HFD + SGO 100, 200, 400 (mice fed a high-fat diet for 45 days and treated with single-bulb garlic oil at dose: 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight for 30 days), respectively. At the end of treatment, spleen and hepar were isolated. The flow cytometry analysis was performed to analyze the relative number of nrf2, superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), TLR3, TLR4 and interleukin (IL-17). The results showed that HFD induction significantly reduced Nrf-2 and antioxidant enzyme levels. Furthermore, HFD induction increased TLR3 and TLR4 signaling and IL-17 production. Interestingly, 200 mg/kg BW of SGO increased the relative number Nrf-2 followed by SOD and HO-1 elevation at a dose of 100 mg/kg BW. SGO100 notably decrease the relative number of TLR3 (CD11b+TLR3+) and TLR4 (CD11b+TLR4+). The production of IL-17 by CD4 and CD8 were also reduced after receiving SGO at 200 mg/kg BW. This study suggests that the protective effect of SGO treatment on HFD mice was achieved by modulating TLR-Nrf2 cross-talks and decreasing IL-17 production. Our findings support a potential beneficial role of SGO for treating metabolic disease caused by a high-fat diet. 相似文献
14.
Use of Acadian marine plant extract powder from Ascophyllum nodosum in tissue culture of Kappaphycus varieties 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Anicia Q. Hurtado Dianne Aster Yunque Keneth Tibubos Alan T. Critchley 《Journal of applied phycology》2009,21(6):633-639
Three varieties of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Kapilaran, KAP), Tambalang purple (PUR), Adik-adik (AA), and one variety of Kappaphycus striatum var. sacol (green sacol (GS) were used to determine the efficiency of Acadian marine plant extract powder (AMPEP) as a culture medium
at different concentrations, for the regeneration of young plants of Kappaphycus varieties, using tissue culture techniques for the production of seed stock for nursery and outplanting purposes for the
commercial cultivation of carrageenophytes. A shorter duration for shoot formation was observed when the explant was treated
with AMPEP + Plant Growth Regulator (PGR = PAA + zeatin at 1 mg L−1) compared to AMPEP when used singly. However, four explants responded differently to the number of days required for shoot
formation. The KAP variety took 46 days to form shoots at 3–4 mg L−1 AMPEP + PGR; while PUR required 21 days at 3–5 mg L−1 AMPEP and 3–4 mg L−1 AMPEP + PGR. AA required 17 days at 3–5 mg L−1 AMPEP and AMPEP + PGR; and GS 25 days at 1 mg L−1 AMPEP + PGR. It was observed that among the four explants used, PUR and AA initiated shoot formation with the use of AMPEP
only at higher concentrations (3–5 mg L−1) after a shorter period. Only PUR responded positively to ESS/2 for shoot initiation. The use of AMPEP alone and/or in combination
with PGR as a culture medium in the propagation of microplantlets using tissue culture technique is highly encouraging. 相似文献
15.
《Plant science》2006,170(4):768-777
Proton pumps make a critical contribution to the physiology of plants, although it remains unclear whether or not membrane-associated H+-ATPase is involved in the cross adaptation to different temperature stresses. This experiment investigated the changes in membrane-associated H+-ATPase activities that associated with chilling-treated plants after heat acclimation (HA, 38 °C/10 h) and with heat-treated plants after cold acclimation (CA, 8 °C/2.5 days) in annual young grape plants (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Jingxiu) using biochemical and electron microscopic cytochemical assay methods in which cerium trichloride (CeCl3) precipitation was adopted. The results indicated that plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity increased as a result of both pretreatments, while V-type and F-type H+-ATPase activity hardly changed. Under subsequent cross temperature stresses, however, the three H+-ATPase types did maintain higher activity levels than that of the control. This finding suggests that either a HA or CA pretreatment may promote stability in membrane-associated H+-ATPase. A western-blotting assay of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase (P-H+-ATPase) indicated that the immuno-signal intensity of a 100 kDa peptide was visibly stronger in the HA and CA pretreated plants than in the control both before and after stress. This suggests that the HA- or CA-induced P-type H+-ATPase activation can be partly attributed to a new synthesis of the enzyme protein. Further, the results also suggested that membrane-associated H+-ATPase was involved in the HA-induced chilling resistance and the CA-induced thermo-tolerance in grape plants and that they had a similar regulating mechanism. 相似文献
16.
Caroline A. Rowland M. Stephen Lever Kate F. Griffin Gregory J. Bancroft Roman A. Lukaszewski 《Microbes and infection / Institut Pasteur》2010,12(11):846-853
Burkholderia mallei is a Gram-negative bacillus causing the disease glanders in humans. During intraperitoneal infection, BALB/c mice develop a chronic disease characterised by abscess formation where mice normally die up to 70 days post-infection. Although cytokine responses have been investigated, cellular immune responses to B. mallei infection have not previously been characterised. Therefore, the influx and activation status of splenic neutrophils, macrophages and T cells was examined during infection. Gr-1+ neutrophils and F4/80+ macrophages infiltrated the spleen 5 h post-infection and an increase in activated macrophages, neutrophils and T cells occurred by 24 h post-infection. Mice depleted of Gr-1+ cells were acutely susceptible to B. mallei infection, succumbing to the infection 5 days post-infection. Mice depleted of both CD4 and CD8 T cells did not succumb to the infection until 14 days post-infection. Infected μMT (B cell) and CD28 knockout mice did not differ from wildtype mice whereas iNOS-2 knockout mice began to succumb to the infection 30 days post-infection. The data presented suggests that Gr-1+ cells, activated early in B. mallei infection, are essential for controlling the early, innate response to B. mallei infection and T cells or nitric oxide are important during the later stages of infection. 相似文献
17.
Justin C. Havird Raymond P. Henry Alan E. Wilson 《Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part D, Genomics & proteomics》2013,8(2):131-140
Recent advances in molecular techniques have allowed gene expression in euryhaline animals to be quantified during salinity transfers. As these investigations transition from studying single genes to utilizing genomics-based methodologies, it is an appropriate time to summarize single gene studies. Therefore, a meta-analysis was performed on 59 published studies that used quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to examine expression of osmoregulatory genes (the Na+/K+–ATPase, NKA; the Na+/K+/2Cl? cotransporter, NKCC; carbonic anhydrase, CA; the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator, CFTR; and the H+–ATPase, HAT) in response to salinity transfer. Based on 887 calculated effect sizes, NKA, NKCC, CA, and HAT are up-regulated after salinity transfer, while surprisingly, CFTR is unchanged. Meta-analysis also identified influential factors contributing to these changes. For example, expression was highest: 1) during transfers from higher to lower salinities comprising a physiological transition from osmoconformity to osmoregulation, 2) 1–3 days following transfer, 3) during dissimilar transfers, and 4) in crustaceans rather than teleosts. Methodological characteristics (e.g., types of controls) were not important. Experiments lacking in the current literature were also identified. Meta-analyses are powerful tools for quantitatively synthesizing a large body of literature, and this report serves as a template for their application in other areas of comparative physiology. 相似文献
18.
Federenko YF Deogenov VA Kakuris KK Yerullis KB 《Biological trace element research》2011,143(2):668-676
Hypokinesia (HK) induces electrolyte losses in electrolyte-deficient tissue, yet the mechanisms of electrolyte losses in electrolyte-deficient
tissue remain unknown. Mechanisms of electrolyte deposition could be involved. To determine the effect of prolonged HK on
potassium (K+) deposition were measured muscle K+ content and K+ losses. Studies were conducted on 20 physically healthy male volunteers during 30 days pre-experimental period and 364 days
experimental period. Subjects were equally divided into two groups: control subjects (CS) and experimental subjects (ES).
The CS group was run average distances of 9.8 ± 1.7 km day−1 and the ES group was walked average distances of 2.7 ± 0.6 km day−1. Muscle K+ content decreased (p < 0.05) and plasma K+ concentration, and K+ losses in urine and feces increased (p < 0.05) in the ES group compared to their pre-experimental level and the values in their respective CS group. Muscle K+ content, plasma K+ level, and urine and fecal K+ losses did not show any changes in the CS group compared to their pre-experimental values. The conclusion was that K+ losses in K+-deficient muscle of healthy subjects could have been attributable to the less efficient K+ deposition inherently to prolonged HK. 相似文献
19.
Carbonic Anhydrase Activities in Pea Thylakoids 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Moskvin OV Shutova TV Khristin MS Ignatova LK Villarejo A Samuelsson G Klimov VV Ivanov BN 《Photosynthesis research》2004,79(1):93-100
Pea thylakoids with high carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity (average rates of 5000 µmol H+ (mg Chl)–1 h–1 at pH 7.0) were prepared. Western blot analysis using antibodies raised against the soluble stromal -CA from spinach clearly showed that this activity is not a result of contamination of the thylakoids with the stromal CA but is derived from a thylakoid membrane-associated CA. Increase of the CA activity after partial membrane disintegration by detergent treatment, freezing or sonication implies the location of the CA in the thylakoid interior. Salt treatment of thylakoids demonstrated that while one part of the initial enzyme activity is easily soluble, the rest of it appears to be tightly associated with the membrane. CA activity being measured as HCO3
– dehydration (dehydrase activity) in Photosystem II particles (BBY) was variable and usually low. The highest and most reproducible activities (approximately 2000 µmol H+ (mg Chl)–1 h–1) were observed in the presence of detergents (Triton X-100 or n-octyl--D-glucopyranoside) in low concentrations. The dehydrase CA activity of BBY particles was more sensitive to the lipophilic CA inhibitor, ethoxyzolamide, than to the hydrophilic CA inhibitor, acetazolamide. CA activity was detected in PS II core complexes with average rate of 13,000 µmol H+ (mg Chl)–1 h–1 which was comparable to CA activity in BBY particles normalized on a PS II reaction center basis.This revised version was published online in October 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
20.
Cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) constitute an important component of the specific effector mechanism in killing against microbial-infected or transformed cells. In addition to these activities, recent studies in mammals have suggested that CTLs can exhibit direct antimicrobial activity. Therefore, the present investigation was conducted to find out the microbicidal activity of CD8α+ T cells of ginbuna crucian carp, Carassius auratus langsdorfii. The CD8α+ T cells from immunised ginbuna exhibited the antibacterial activity against both facultative intracellular bacteria and extracellular bacteria. The maximum reduction of viable count of pathogens was recorded with effector (sensitized) cells and target (bacteria) ratio of 10:1 co-incubated for a period of 1–2 h at 26 °C when effector cells were derived from ginbuna 7 days after one booster dose at 15th day of primary sensitization/immunisation. Sensitized CD8α+ T cells are found to kill 92.1 and 98.9% of Lactococcus garvieae and Edwardsiella tarda, respectively. No significant difference in the bacterial killing activity could be recorded against facultative intracellular bacteria and extracellular bacteria. The specificity study indicated the non-specific killing of bacteria. CD8α+ T cells from E. tarda immunised ginbuna exhibited 40% of non-specific killing activity against L. garvieae and those from L. garvieae immunised ginbuna showed 42.7% of non-specific killing activity against E. tarda. Furthermore, CD4+ T cells also killed 88% and 95.7% of L. garvieae and E. tarda, respectively. In addition to T cell subsets, surface IgM+ cells also killed both types of pathogens. Therefore, the present study demonstrated the direct antibacterial activity of CD8α+, CD4+ T-cells and surface IgM+ cells in fish. 相似文献