The effect of temperature on pollen germination, pollen tube growth, and stigmatic receptivity in peach

Temperature is a major climatic factor that limits geographical distribution of plant species, and the reproductive phase has proven to be one of the most temperature-vulnerable stages. Here, we have used peach to evaluate the effect of temperature on some processes of the progamic phase, from pollination to the arrival of pollen tubes in the ovary. Within the range of temperatures studied, 20 degrees C in the laboratory and, on average, 5.7 degrees C in the field, the results show an accelerating effect of increasing temperature on pollen germination and pollen tube growth kinetics, as well as an increase in the number of pollen tubes that reach the style base. For the last two parameters, although the range of temperature registered in the field was much lower, the results obtained in the laboratory paralleled those obtained in the field. Increasing temperatures drastically reduced stigmatic receptivity. Reduction was sequential, with stigmas first losing the capacity to sustain pollen tube penetration to the transmitting tissue, then their capacity to offer support for pollen germination and, finally, their capacity to support pollen grain adhesion. Within a species-specific range of temperature, this apparent opposite effect of temperature on the male and female side could provide plants with the plasticity to withstand changing environmental effects, ensuring a good level of fertilization.     

Direct and indirect responses to selection on pollen size in Brassica rapa L.

Pollen size varies little within angiosperm species, but differs extensively between species, suggesting the action of strong selection. Nevertheless, the potential for genetic responses of pollen size to selection, as determined by additive genetic variance and genetic correlations with other floral traits, has received little attention. To assess this potential, we subjected Brassica rapa to artificial selection for large and small pollen during three generations. This selection caused significant divergence in pollen diameter, with additive genetic effects accounting for over 30% of the observed phenotypic variation in pollen size. Such heritable genetic variation suggests that natural selection could effect evolutionary change in this trait. Selection on pollen size also elicited correlated responses in pollen number (–), flower size (+), style length (+), and ovule number (+), suggesting that pollen size cannot evolve independently. The correlated responses of pollen number, flower size and ovule number probably reflect the genetically determined and physically constrained pattern of resource allocation in B. rapa. In contrast, the positive correlation between pollen size and style length may represent a widespread gametic‐phase disequilibrium in angiosperms that arises from nonrandom fertilization success of large pollen in pistils with long styles.     

Comparison of the genetic maps of Brassica napus and Brassica oleracea

 The genus Brassica consists of several hundreds of diploid and amphidiploid species. Most of the diploid species have eight, nine or ten pairs of chromosomes, known respectively as the B, C, and A genomes. Genetic maps were constructed for both B. napus and B. oleracea using mostly RFLP and RAPD markers. For the B. napus linkage map, 274 RFLPs, 66 RAPDs, and two STS loci were arranged in 19 major linkage groups and ten smaller unassigned segments, covering a genetic distance of 2125 cM. A genetic map of B. oleracea was constructed using the same set of RFLP probes and RAPD primers. The B. oleracea map consisted of 270 RFLPs, 31 RAPDs, one STS, three SCARs, one phenotypic and four isozyme marker loci, arranged into nine major linkage groups and four smaller unassigned segments, covering a genetic distance of 1606 cM. Comparison of the B. napus and B. oleracea linkage maps showed that eight out of nine B. oleracea linkage groups were conserved in the B. napus map. There were also regions in the B. oleracea map showing homoeologies with more than one linkage group in the B. napus map. These results provided molecular evidence for B. oleracea, or a closely related 2n=18 Brassica species, as the C-genome progenitor, and also reflected on the homoeology between the A and C genomes in B. napus. Received: 14 June 1996 / Accepted: 11 October 1996     

Commonalities between pollen/stigma and host/pathogen interactions: calcium accumulation during stigmatic penetration by Brassica oleracea pollen tubes

Parallels have been explored between the early stages of stigmatic penetration by pollen tubes and the infection of epidermal cells by fungal pathogens. In a striking resemblence to events following the infection of Hordeum sp. by Erysiphe graminis, X-ray microanalysis has revealed the accumulation of calcium at the stigmatic surface following pollinations in Brassica oleracea. X-ray mapping strongly indicates the calcium to be localised at the points at which either the pollen grain or its tube makes contact with the surface of the stigmatic papilla. No definitive measures were made of the concentration of calcium at these sites, but controls indicated the levels to be well in excess of those found in the cytosol. X-ray microanalysis at the pollen/stigma interface failed to detect the presence of silicon, an element frequently accumulated by epidermal cells in response to pathogenic challenge. The phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway is activated by many plant hosts following infection by fungal pathogens, and the accumulation of autofluorescent material in the stigma 24 h after contact with self pollen strongly indicates this pathway also to be activated after pollination. The timing of this response, however, suggests that phenolic products are unlikely to be involved in the rejection of self pollen. These data are discussed in the perspective of current views of defence systems present in angiosperm epidermal cells, and why these mechanisms fail to identify and reject incompatible pollen tubes. Received: 5 May 1999 / Revision accepted: 21 June 1999     

甘蓝下胚轴原生质体再生植株

经纯化后,甘蓝下胚轴原生质体的产量为1．5×10⁶g^-1(Fw),采用液体浅层培养的方法进行培养。2～3d后,发生第一次分裂,第10天,统计分裂频率为6l％,5周内形成大量的细胞团和小愈伤组织,统计植板率为1．1％,把小愈伤组织转到与原生质体培养基相同激素的MS固体培养基上增殖。当愈伤组织长到3～5mm大小时,接到分化培养基上,芽分化率为46.7％．分化出来的芽长到3～4cm长时,从基部切下,插入生根培养基,两星期左右即可长成完整植株。     

结球甘蓝和青花菜小孢子胚植株再生

结球甘蓝（Brassica oleracea var.capitata）和青花菜（Brassica oleracea var.italica）小孢子胚再生植株频率低是目前影响游离小孢子培养技术有效应用的关键问题之一,研究其小孢子胚植株再生频率的影响因素,提高胚再生植株频率,对促进游离小孢子培养技术在甘蓝类蔬菜育种中更好地应用具有重要意义。该文以结球甘蓝中甘11和青花菜TI-111等基因型为试材,对影响游离小孢子胚再生成植株的固体培养基类型、琼脂浓度、胚的类型及胚在液体培养基中的滞留时间等因素进行了研究。结果表明：游离小孢子培养25天的子叶胚在琼脂浓度为1%–1.25%的B5培养基上植株再生频率最高。进一步通过8个不同基因型对上述实验结果进行了验证,结果显示,游离小孢子培养25天的子叶胚在1%琼脂浓度的B5培养基上植株再生频率达77.8%–97.2%。     

SRAP、ISSR技术的优化及在甘蓝类植物种子鉴别中的应用

将SRAP与ISSR 2种分子标记技术应用于8种甘蓝类植物（Brassica oleracea L.）的种子鉴别中。先以甘蓝（Brassica oleracea var. capitata）基因组DNA为模板,通过对SRAP、ISSR反应体系中各影响因素的逐一筛选,优化了甘蓝类植物SRAP、ISSR反应体系。进而采用30个SRAP引物组合和15个ISSR引物对白甘蓝、皱叶甘蓝、红甘蓝、羽衣甘蓝、花椰菜、青花菜、抱子甘蓝、球茎甘蓝的基因组DNA进行了PCR扩增,结果表明：M3E5与M4E5两个SRAP引物组合可以在8种甘蓝类植物之间显示较高的多态性;844和888两个ISSR引物也可在8种甘蓝类植物之间产生很好的多态,特别是844引物单独应用即可区分所有材料。     

激光、高压静电场克服羽衣甘蓝自交不亲和及其分子机制的研究

利用激光、高压静电场对自交不亲和的羽衣甘蓝的花粉进行处理,以期克服其自交不亲和。通过对处理后的花粉的表面结构和蛋白酶活性及其萌发情况的研究,进一步分析激光、高压静电场的生物效应。同时利用分子生物学手段Northern杂交技术,检测了经激光、高压静电场处理的花粉,在授粉后柱头上SLG和SRK基因表达的差异,以探讨激光、高压静电场对生殖反应作用的分子机制。结果表明:通过适宜剂量的激光、高压静电场处理,羽衣甘蓝的花粉萌发率提高,成熟花粉水溶性总蛋白,α-淀粉酶活力,总淀粉酶活力均不同程度的提高,同时自交亲和指数和结籽率提高。从花粉的表面结构的电镜显微观察分析,花粉壁的雕纹受到了伤害,网脊线有轻微断裂,网眼变大。授粉后,取不同时间间隔的柱头样品提取总RNA,利用Northern杂交技术检测SLG和SRK基因的表达量,授粉后24 h激光处理和高压静电场处理与对照比较,SLG和SRK基因的表达量均降低。     

辐照对青花菜生理生化指标及保鲜效果的影响

用0.08mm厚的聚乙烯薄膜袋包装青花菜,经0.5、1.5和2.5 kGy(千戈瑞)3个剂量⁶⁰Co-γ射线辐照,室温12~21℃贮藏。结果显示,2.5 kGy剂量辐照对青花菜的保鲜效果最佳,室温下放置7d,仍然保持鲜绿,而对照组3d已全部变黄,无商品价值。辐照后立即对2.5kGy处理组的青花菜进行生理生化分析,其蛋氨酸含量、乙烯释放率、呼吸强度等指标均比对照组显著降低;叶绿素、花青素、维生素C、还原糖及蛋白质含量等指标与对照组相比较变化不大。辐照保鲜7d后,乙烯释放量、呼吸强度及蛋氨酸含量都升至辐照前的水平;蛋白质、维生素C、还原糖、叶绿素和花青素含量比对照组高。由此表明,辐照造成的生理损伤已修复,不宜再继续贮藏。     

甘蓝和青花菜杂种小孢子培养

对甘蓝(Brassicaoleraceavar.capitata)×青花菜(Brassicaoleraceavar.italica)的20个杂种及相应的父母本进行游离小孢子培养,并对影响甘青杂种小孢子胚胎发生的主要因子进行探讨,适于小孢子培养的培养基为1/2NLN,附加0.5mgL-1NAA、0.05mgL-1BA、5mgL-1AgNO3、0.2mgL-12,4-D和0.1mgL-1活性炭。结果有14个杂种能产生胚状体,诱导率70%;不同杂种间小孢子胚胎发生频率存在很大差异,最高的是绿洲808×夏宝,平均每蕾16.2个胚。诱导杂种胚状体发生的最佳时期是小孢子单核靠边期至双核期,34℃热激2d有利于小孢子细胞对称分裂。在含糖170gL-1的液体培养基中培养3d,添加低糖(含糖110gL-1)的培养液,可显著提高出胚率。     

Conservation of S-locus for self-incompatibility in Brassica napus (L.) and Brassica oleracea (L.)

 Self-incompatibility (SI) in Brassica is a sporophytic system, genetically determined by alleles at the S-locus, which prevents self-fertilization and encourages outbreeding. This system occurs naturally in diploid Brassica species but is introduced into amphidiploid Brassica species by interspecific breeding, so that in both cases there is a potential for yield increase due to heterosis and the combination of desirable characteristics from both parental lines. Using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based analysis specific for the alleles of the SLG (S-locus glycoprotein gene) located on the S-locus, we genetically mapped the S-locus of B. oleracea for SI using a F₂ population from a cross between a rapid-cycling B. oleracea line (CrGC-85) and a cabbage line (86-16-5). The linkage map contained both RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) and RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) markers. Similarly, the S-loci were mapped in B. napus using two different crosses (91-SN-5263×87-DHS-002; 90-DHW-1855-4×87-DHS-002) where the common male parent was self-compatible, while the S-alleles introgressed in the two different SI female parents had not been characterized. The linkage group with the S-locus in B. oleracea showed remarkable homology to the corresponding linkage group in B. napus except that in the latter there was an additional locus present, which might have been introgressed from B. rapa. The S-allele in the rapid-cycling Brassica was identified as the S₂₉ allele, the S-allele of the cabbage was the S ₅ allele. These same alleles were present in our two B. napus SI lines, but there was evidence that it might not be the active or major SI allele that caused self-incompatibility in these two B. napus crosses. Received: 7 June 1996/Accepted: 6 September 1996     

甘蓝自交不亲和反应的细胞信号转导

S受体激酶(S—receptor kinase,SRK)和S位点富含半胱氨酸(S-locus cysteine-rich,SCR)分别是甘蓝柱头和花粉中导致自交不亲和反应的决定性蛋白质因子。本文就SRK、SCR的结构和功能加以综述,阐明两者在细胞信号转导中的作用。     

花椰菜细胞质雄性不育基因特异PCR标记的筛选

基于同源序列的候选基因法(homology-based candidate gene method),通过检索NCBI核酸及蛋白数据库,获得细胞质雄性不育（cytoplasmic male sterility CMS）相关的基因或开放读码框。生物学软件分析,根据保守区设计5对特异引物,PCR扩增,其中引物P9/P10在花椰菜细胞质雄性不育系knxd612中特异扩增出313 bp的片段。单株检测,RT-PCR分析,斑点杂交鉴定,确定此片段为花椰菜细胞质雄性不育系knxd612所特有。序列分析表明该片段与Ogura型胞质不育萝卜,不育相关开放读码框orf138的同源性高达98％。初步结果显示实验所用不育花椰菜胞质亦可能为Ogura型。该结果为进一步从分子水平研究花椰菜细胞质雄性不育打下了坚实的基础。Abstract: The homology-based candidate gene method was used to identified the specific PCR markers linked to cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in cauliflower( Brassica oleracea var botrytis.).Searching the DNA and protein data-base of NCBI , correlative genes or open reading frames were indentified .Analysis of biosoft, based on the conservative regions ,five primers were designed . Among them, only primer P9/P10 produced a 313- bp specific fragment. Identified by individual plant testing , analysis of RT-PCR and dot blot ,this fragment was only existed in CMS cauliflower knxd612.Analysis of the sequence indicated it was high homologous(98%) with orf138 of Ogura CMS radish. Primary result suggested that the cytoplasmic type of CMS cauliflower knxd612 may belong to Ogura type. This research offered a good foundation to further investigate the CMS mechanism of cauliflower in molecular level.     

羽衣甘蓝授粉过程中柱头蛋白质的泛素化

分析自花授粉与异花授粉后的羽衣甘蓝柱头蛋白质泛素化变化的结果表明,自花授粉30min后的柱头蛋白质泛素化水平显著增加,45min时达到峰值;异花授粉的柱头蛋白质泛素化水平没有变化。     

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of cauliflower,Brassica oleracea var. botrytis

We have developed an efficient and simpler method for genetic transformation and regeneration of cauliflower, Brassica oleracea var. botrytis plants. Explants from 4-day old seedlings were inoculated and cocultivated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 harbouring a binary vector with the neomycin phosphotransferase-II gene under the regulatory control of nopaline synthase promoter and terminator sequences, permitting transformed shoots to be selected on kanamycin containing medium. After three months rooted transformed plantlets were successfully transferred and grown under glasshouse conditions. Higher numbers of transformed plants were obtained from cotyledon than hypocotyl explants, presumably indicating cotyledons of cauliflower are more amenable to genetic transformation. Integration and expression of the introduced transgene were analysed by DNA gel blot and PCR analysis and NPT-II expression assay. Factors influencing transformation efficiency include explant age, concentration of bacterium used for infection, duration of infection and cocultivation with Agrobacterium. Transgenic plants of three commercial genotypes of cauliflower were produced using this method. We also show that introduction of antisense Bcp1 (pollen-specific gene) linked to a pollen-specific promoter (Lat52) resulted in the expected sterility of 50% pollen carrying this transgenic construct.