中国克木人的体质特征

本文调查了我国克木人285例(男为141例,女为144例)的体质特征,计算出9项观察项目的出现率,58项测量项目的均数和标准差、31项指数值和分型情况,并与我国31个群体的体质特征进行了比较,得出我国克木人的体质特征为:蒙古褶出现率低,男为31.21%,女为32.64%;上眼睑皱褶出现率高,男为90.33%,女为93.75%;鼻根高度中等型出现率最高,男为65.96%,女为47.22%;鼻翼高度多为中等;耳垂多为三角型;上唇皮肤部高度多为中等型;发色多为黑色;眼色多为褐色;肤色多为黄色;圆头型、高头型、阔头型、狭鼻型、中躯干型、中胸型出现率最高;男性狭面型、亚长腿型、宽肩型、中骨盆型出现率最高;女性的阔面型、中腿型、中肩型、宽骨盆型出现率最高;男性身高均数为160.2cm,女身高均数为151.5cm,属亚中等身材;克木人男性与女性均具有生活在我国南方的人群的体质特征。     

Increasing trends in waist circumference and abdominal obesity among US adults

Objective: Some studies have shown that abdominal obesity may be a better predictor than overall obesity for disease risks and all‐cause mortality. This study sought to examine the recent trends in waist circumference (WC) among adults in the United States. Research Methods and Procedures: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey during 1988–1994, 1999–2000, 2001–2002, and 2003–2004 were analyzed to estimate the trends in the mean WC and the prevalence of abdominal obesity. Pooled t tests were used to test the differences in estimates between two time periods. Results: Between the periods of 1988–1994 and 2003–2004, the age‐adjusted mean WC increased from 96.0 cm to 100.4 cm among men (p < 0.001) and from 89.0 cm to 94.0 cm among women (p < 0.001); the age‐adjusted prevalence of abdominal obesity increased from 29.5% to 42.4% among men (p < 0.001) and from 47.0% to 61.3% among women (p < 0.001). Between the periods of 1999–2000 and 2003–2004, a significant increase occurred in mean WC only among men (from 99.0 cm to 100.4 cm; p = 0.03) and in the prevalence of abdominal obesity among both men (from 37.0% to 42.2%; p = 0.03) and women (from 55.3% to 61.3%; p = 0.04). People with a BMI of 25 to 29 kg/m² had a greater relative increase in abdominal obesity. Discussion: The mean WC and the prevalence of abdominal obesity among U.S. adults have increased continuously during the past 15 years. Over one‐half of U.S. adults had abdominal obesity in the period of 2003–2004.     

基诺族体质特征及35年来体质的变化

对云南西双版纳傣族自治州景洪县基诺山基诺乡的基诺族进行体质调查,测量了600例(男279人,女321人)成人人体测量学指标,与35年前在同一地区测量的基诺族体质数据进行了比较,初步分析了35年来基诺族体质变化的原因,研究表明,基诺族身材较矮,颧部不突出,上眼睑多有皱褶,接近40%成年人具有蒙古褶,眼裂高度多为中等,眼外角多高于眼内角,鼻根高度多为中等,多为直鼻背,多直发。基诺族男性、女性均为圆头型、高头型、中头型、阔面型、中鼻型,中躯干型、中腿型、宽胸型、宽肩型、中骨盆型。这些表明基诺族具有南亚类型体质特征。35年来,基诺族男女的头长、头宽、面宽、下颌角宽、容貌面高、身高、坐高、胸围、肩宽、体重等指标值较1980年指标有所增长。基诺族体质的变化与当地生产力的发展,饮食结构的改善、体力劳动的强度变化都有一定的关系。     

蒙古族学生体质发育指数分析

本文以1985年测得的7—18岁蒙族男女学生4747名6项指标(身高、坐高、体重、胸围、肩宽和骨盆宽)的资料,计算出12项指数(坐高指数、体重指数、胸围指数、肩宽指数、骨盆宽指数、Vervaeck指数、骨盆宽/肩宽指数、Erismann指数、Broca指数、Pelidisi指数、Rohrer指数和Livi指数),分析了12项指数的年龄变化和性别差异,并对城乡、蒙族与全国汉族、1985年和1962年的数据进行了比较。     

人体测量指标与掌指纹特征之间的相关研究

本文对106名中国东北汉族女性进行了活体测量,并拓取了掌指纹。样本的年龄范围为18—34岁。所分析的人体测量指标共41项,掌指纹指标共59项。将人体测量指标与掌指纹指标同时输入电子计算机,进行了100项实验指标间的相关分析,并做了相关显著性检验。在41项人体测量指标中,有35项指标与掌指纹特征有相关关系。其中与掌指纹特征同时相关的人体测量特征有18项,与指纹特征相关的人体测量指标有2项,与掌纹相关的人体测量指标有15项。与掌指纹特征同时相关的人体测量特征,与遗传因素之间的相互关系大于与指纹相关的人体测量特征。与指纹相关的人体测量特征,与遗传因素的关系,要大于与掌纹相关的人体测量特征。     

河南新乡地区儿童的体质发育与体型

本文报道了河南省新乡地区４－１３岁汉族儿童的１８项体质指标的测试结果,并计算了８项体质发育指数;分析了本地区儿童生长发育的特点,并与文献资料进行了比较;据有关指数,确定该地区汉族儿童躯干部的体质类型为：长躯干型、窄胸型、窄肩型、窄骨盆型。     

布依族体质特征研究

本文调查了布依族成年人494例(男为259例,女为235例)的体质特征,计算出58项测量项目的均值和标准差、31项指数值和9项观察项目的出现率,并与国内一些群体的体质特征进行了比较,得出布依族的体质特征为:上眼睑皱褶出现率高,男为95 .4%,女为97. 0%。蒙古褶出现率低,男为30. 5%,女为35. 3%。鼻根男多为中等型,女多为低型。鼻翼高度多为中等。多为圆形耳垂。发色多为黑色,眼色多为褐色。男性多为黄色肤色,女性多为浅黄色肤色。圆头型、高头型、阔头型、阔面型、中鼻型、中躯干型、中腿型、中胸型、宽肩型、宽骨盆型出现率最高。男身高均值为158. 6cm,女身高均值为149. 4cm。     

学龄双生子儿童身体围度与宽度指标的遗传学分析

为探讨遗传和环境因素对学龄双生子儿童身体围度及宽度等体格指标的影响,对351对6~12岁双生子儿童身高、胸围、腰围、臀围、肩宽、骨盆宽指标进行测量,计算各指标的相关指数。应用Mx软件拟合最佳结构方程模型计算各指标遗传度,分析年龄与性别的作用。结果发现,各指标拟合的最佳模型均为ACES,各测量指标的年龄方差较大(0.21~0.76),衍生指数中除腰臀比(女0.15,男0.05)外几乎均不存在年龄方差;各指标的共同环境方差变异较大(0.00~0.53);衍生指数的特殊环境因素方差(0.09~0.25)总体上高于测量指标(0.01~0.09)。校正年龄后,各指标遗传度为身高(女63%,男59%)、胸围(女84%,男88%)、身高胸围指数(女87%,男55%)、腰围(女46%,男64%)、臀围(女61%,男61%)、腰臀比(女44%,男44%)、肩宽(女78%,男78%)、骨盆宽(女62%,男62%)、身高肩宽指数(女40%,男40%)、身高骨盆宽指数(女35%,男48%)、肩宽骨盆宽指数(女24%,男24%)。结果表明学龄双生子儿童身高、胸围、身高胸围指数、臀围、肩宽、骨盆宽主要受遗传因素影响;腰臀比、身高肩宽指数、身高骨盆宽指数及肩宽骨盆宽指数受环境因素影响更大;遗传与环境因素对身高胸围指数、腰围指标的影响可能存在一定性别差异;年龄对学龄双生子儿童身体围度及宽度相关指数的影响较小。     

达斡尔族中小学生体质发育现状及20多年来的变化

本文报道了6~18岁1993名达斡尔族学生8项体质指标(身高、坐高、体重、肩宽、骨盆宽、胸围、腰围和臀围)的测量结果,并计算了10项体质指数。结果发现,达斡尔族在我国属体质发育较高的民族,并表现为一定的城乡差异;20多年来达斡尔族学生身高、体重、胸围全面增长,男女生身高最大增长年龄均提前约1岁左右,男生高年龄组身高和身体充实度增幅较大,但女生变化不大且肩宽和骨盆宽呈下降趋势。提示达斡尔族青少年体质发育表现为以生长突增提前为主的生长长期趋势,但女生高年龄组身高增长不明显、身体充实度有待提高,应采取营养和锻炼等措施促进其生长发育水平全面提高。     

哈萨克族学生体质发育状况的10年比较分析

报道新疆阿勒泰地区1995年2589名城镇7—18岁哈萨克族(哈族)中小学生身高、体重、胸围、坐高、肩宽、骨盆宽6项体质发育指标的调查结果。男女生体质发育指标随年龄增加而增长,各项指标的年均增长值皆为男生大于女生。与1985年比较,哈族学生的身高、体重、胸围皆有不同程度增长。哈族男女生的身高突增年龄仍分别为14岁和10岁,但是其身高增长却不伴有相应比例的坐高增长,女生部分年龄组的肩宽和男女生各年龄组的骨盆宽呈现负增长,提示哈族学生的体型与10年前相比已经开始有所改变。     

Secular growth trends among children in Beijing (1955–2010)

ObjectivesTo analyze the growth trends of children in Beijing from 1955 to 2010.MethodsData for the period 1955–1975 were derived from published records. Data for the period 1985–2010 were derived from the Chinese National Survey on Students’ Constitution and Health (CNSSCH). Since 1985, the overall sampling and measurement methods have been consistent. The mean, the standard deviation, and the variance (ANOVA) of height, weight, and BMI by age and sex of students aged 7–17 were calculated and analyzed.ResultsBetween 1955 and 2010, the average height and weight of children in Beijing has increased. The average increments per decade for boys and girls were 2.45 cm and 2.03 cm in height and 2.68 kg and 1.68 kg in weight, respectively. The largest height increase per decade occurred between 1975 and 1985: 4.51 cm and 3.23 cm for boys and girls, respectively. The largest height increase for the entire 55-year period under study occurred among boys at age 13 (17.85 cm) and among girls at age 11 (15.90 cm.)ConclusionsDuring the period 1955–2010, growth trends among children in Beijing were positive. The health and nutritional status of these children improved significantly. Since 2007, might be related to government intervention, childhood obesity has been curbed.     

BMI in Japanese children since 1948: no evidence of a major rise in the prevalence of obesity in Japan

The dramatic world-wide trend towards increasing body weight seems to be less obvious in the Japanese population. The aim of this study is to extract potentially useful information regarding childhood and adolescence obesity in Japan from series of mean height and mean body mass index between 1948 and 2003. Mean values for height and weight of Japanese boys and girls aged 5+ to 17+ years were obtained from the "Reports on School Health Survey", Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, comprising approximately 4.5% of all children and adolescents in Japan between 1948 and 2003. The data were fitted by the Preece and Baines model (Preece & Baines 1978) in order to obtain estimates of the age of peak height velocity (APHV) and final height. Isochrones for height and BMI were calculated based upon measurements that were obtained at the same chronological ages at different historic epochs. The APHV as estimated by Preece & Baines (1978) has decreased from 14.07 to 12.03 years in Japanese boys, and from 11.80 to 9.92 years in Japanese girls, indicating that the tempo of child and adolescent maturation (maturational tempo) has accelerated. Body height increased by 10.1 cm in near adult 17+ year old Japanese males and by 5.7 cm in 17+ year old Japanese females since 1948. Due to the acceleration and the earlier attainment of adult stature, isochrones for height tend to diverge for prepubertal ages and to converge for postpubertal ages. The same is true for weight. Body weight has increased by 11.8 kg in near adult males, and by 4.4 kg in near adult females. Also BMI has increased since 1948. But in contrast to height and weight, the rise in BMI only reflects the acceleration of the maturational tempo. Tempo-conditioned isochrones for BMI are almost horizontal, and even tended to temporarily decrease during the 60ies and the 70's. The BMI of Japanese children and adolescents dramatically contrasts the recent and historic BMI changes in the Western populations. The present study provides no evidence of any major rise in the prevalence of obesity in Japan as expressed by mean BMI for age and time of birth, and suggests that Japanese children and adolescents may be more resistant against those environmental factors that have caused obesity in the affluent Western societies.     

蒙古族学生体质发育现状分析

本文报道了4747名7—18岁蒙族学生体质发育1985年的调查结果,调查指标为身高、坐高、体重、胸围、肩宽和骨盆宽6项。文中还就城乡、蒙族与全国汉族和其他少数民族以及蒙族与日本的数据进行了比较。     

海拔对儿童和青少年生长发育的影响

为进一步探讨自然环境因素对生长发育的影响,本文收集了14个省会城市1996年以来7-18岁107986(男56300,女51686)儿童青少年的身高、体重、胸围资料及体质测量当年的海拔、年降水量、年均气温和年日照时数资料,做海拔等自然环境因素与发育指标的Z-分数和发育分相关与回归分析。结果表明,从低海拔组到中海拔组、高海拔组,儿童青少年的生长发育指标逐步下降,其中体重与BMI有统计学意义(P0.05),低海拔组发育指标明显好于高海拔组;生长发育水平与海拔的相关系数大于年均气温和日照时数,与年降水量不相关;回归分析表明海拔每增加1000m,身高、体重、胸围和BMI分别减少0.112,0.101,0.043和0.118个Z-分数。在四项自然环境因素中,海拔对生长发育的影响最大,对身高、体重、胸围和BMI的贡献率分别是28.0%,26.8%,12.0%,16.8%。     

中国八甲人与空格人的体质特征

八甲人与空格人属于我国未识别族群。我们去云南省西双版纳调查了八甲人158例(男为61例,女为97例)与空格人71例(男为46例,女为25例)的86项体质指标,初步分析了八甲人与空格人的体质特征。结果如下:1)八甲人的上眼睑皱褶率男为95.08%,女为98.97%;空格人的上眼睑皱褶率男为80.43%,女为100%。八甲人蒙古褶率男为18.03%,女为29.90%;空格人的蒙古褶率男为32.61%,女为64.00%。八甲人与空格人眼裂高度多为中等,眼外角高于眼内角。八甲人男女鼻根高度多为中等。空格人男性鼻根较高,女性鼻根中等。八甲人与空格人男女均为直型鼻梁,鼻基部多为水平方向。八甲人男女颧骨体不突出。八甲人鼻翼高度约为鼻高的1/4。八甲人与空格人男女鼻翼宽与两眼内角间宽几乎等长,多为圆形耳垂,上红唇多为薄唇,唇皮类型多为中等。八甲人眼色多为褐色,空格人眼色多为黑色。2)根据头面部、体部指数分型,八甲人与空格人男女均以高头型率、阔头型率、中鼻型率、中腿型率、宽肩型率、身材矮型率最高。八甲人男女还以圆头型率、长躯干型率、宽胸型率最高。空格人男女还以中胸型率、窄骨盆型率最高。八甲人与空格人男性还以阔面型率最高,而女性则以中面型率最高。3)聚类分析显示八甲人与空格人体质特征属于南方族群类型。     

中国图瓦人体质特征

在新疆阿勒泰地区调查了图瓦人159例(男55, 女104)的67项体质指标(9项观察指标和58项测量指标), 计算出26项体质指数, 并对身高和11项指数进行了分型统计。研究结果表明: 1)图瓦人有上眼睑皱褶率为71.70%, 有内眦褶率为47.80%, 有耳垂率为55.97%, 肤色多为浅色, 发色黑色, 眼色褐色。鼻根多数中等或低, 男女均以中鼻型居多。鼻翼发育中等, 红唇发育中等偏薄, 男性耳垂三角形的最多, 方形次之, 女性以三角形和圆形为主。2)图瓦人男女身高均数分别为166.7cm和152.6cm, 体重均数分别为71.25kg和58.93kg。按指数分型标准, 中国图瓦人特圆头型率、高头型率、中鼻型率、宽胸型率、窄骨盆型率、中腿型率、长躯干型率、矮胖型率最高。男性还以阔头型率、中面型率、宽肩型率最高。女性还以阔面型率最高。3)图瓦人体质特征具蒙古人种北亚类型体质特点, 与柯尔克孜族、塔塔尔族、布里亚特人体质接近。     

The effect of scrotal circumference, sperm motility and morphology in the ram on conception rates and lambing percentage in the ewe

Ten Suffolk and ten Lincoln yearling rams were examined for breeding soundness. Semen was evaluated, and the scrotal circumference measured. They were single-sire mated to ten to twelve, whiteface ewe lambs during a 45-day breeding season (October 15 - December 1). First-service conception rates, total conception rate, lambing percentage and lambing percentage per ewe exposed were calculated for each ram and breed. The mean scrotal circumference was 36.5 cm (range 31 - 41.5 cm). The breeding data was then compared for eleven rams with a scrotal circumference of less than 36.5 cm and nine rams greater than 36.5 cm. No direct relationship was demonstrated between scrotal circumference, sperm motility or morphology with fertility in the rams used in this experiment. However, there was a tendency for rams with a high first-service conception rate to have sired more lambs per ewe exposed. The mean first-service conception rate was 63.2% (range 44.4 - 80.0%). When rams with greater than 63.2% first-service conception rate were compared to those with less than 63.2%. the lambs born per ewe exposed were 1.04 and .89, respectively, a significant difference (P<.05). There were no significant differences (P<.05) in performance between the two groups when rams with a scrotal circumference less than 36.5 cm and greater than 36.5 cm were compared, nor were there any differences between scrotal circumference, sperm motility, and morphology when rams with total conception rates greater than 80% were compared to those with conception rates less than 80%.     

Inbreeding effects on metrical phenotypes among North Indian Children

This study aimed to examine the effects of inbreeding on 12 quantitative phenotypes like body weight, height, sitting height, head circumference, head length, head breadth, chest circumference, verbal, performance and full scale intelligence quotients, systolic and diastolic blood pressures among North Indian Children. The sample consisted of 3,253 subjects (1,683 males and 1,570 females) including offspring of first cousins, first cousins once removed, second cousins, (inbred part of samples) and unrelated spouses (non-inbred part of samples) ranging in age from 6 to 14 years from the Aligarh district, Uttar Pradesh in North India. Samples were selected purposively to estimate the average inbreeding coefficients based on 3 ancestral generations and using Wright's path method. The average inbreeding coefficient of the present inbred part of sample is 0.04609. The mean ages of males and females were almost equal for both inbred and non-inbred individuals. A significant reduction of means (p < 0.05) or inbreeding depression has been observed in inbred series for all anthropometric and psychometric traits for both the sexes. A significant elevation of mean with inbreeding is observed for systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The average inbreeding depression per 10% inbreeding appeared very high in verbal IQ (> or =23), performance IQ (> or =40), full scale IQ (> or =28), systolic blood pressure (> or =10) and diastolic blood pressure (> or =12) among both sexes. On the whole, relatively greater amount of inbreeding effects are apparent among all measures of intelligence quotient and blood pressures compared to the anthropometric traits. The results of the present work have thrown light on the nature and mechanism of genetic effects of inbreeding on certain quantitative traits in human.