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1.
The repellent activity of the essential oil of the catmint plant, Nepeta cataria (Lamiaceae), and the main iridoid compounds (4aS,7S,7aR) and (4aS,7S,7aS)-nepetalactone, was assessed against (i) major Afro-tropical pathogen vector mosquitoes, i.e. the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae s.s. and the Southern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, using a World Health Organisation (WHO)-approved topical application bioassay (ii) the brown ear tick, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, using a climbing repellency assay, and (iii) the red poultry mite, Dermanyssus gallinae, using field trapping experiments. Gas chromatography (GC) and coupled GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of two N. cataria chemotypes (A and B) used in the repellency assays showed that (4aS,7S,7aR) and (4aS,7S,7aS)-nepetalactone were present in different proportions, with one of the oils (from chemotype A) being dominated by the (4aS,7S,7aR) isomer (91.95% by GC), and the other oil (from chemotype B) containing the two (4aS,7S,7aR) and (4aS,7S,7aS) isomers in 16.98% and 69.83% (by GC), respectively. The sesquiterpene hydrocarbon (E)-(1R,9S)-caryophyllene was identified as the only other major component in the oils (8.05% and 13.19% by GC, respectively). Using the topical application bioassay, the oils showed high repellent activity (chemotype A RD50 = 0.081 mg cm−2 and chemotype B RD50 = 0.091 mg cm−2) for An. gambiae comparable with the synthetic repellent DEET (RD50 = 0.12 mg cm−2), whilst for Cx. quinquefasciatus, lower repellent activity was recorded (chemotype A RD50 = 0.34 mg cm−2 and chemotype B RD50 = 0.074 mg cm−2). Further repellency testing against An. gambiae using the purified (4aS,7S,7aR) and (4aS,7S,7aS)-nepetalactone isomers revealed overall lower repellent activity, compared to the chemotype A and B oils. Testing of binary mixtures of the (4aS,7S,7aR) and (4aS,7S,7aS) isomers across a range of ratios, but all at the same overall dose (0.1 mg), revealed not only a synergistic effect between the two, but also a surprising ratio-dependent effect, with lower activity for the pure isomers and equivalent or near-equivalent mixtures, but higher activity for non-equivalent ratios. Furthermore, a binary mixture of (4aS,7S,7aR) and (4aS,7S,7aS) isomers, in a ratio equivalent to that found in chemotype B oil, was less repellent than the oil itself, when tested at two doses equivalent to 0.1 and 0.01 mg chemotype B oil. The three-component blend including (E)-(1R,9S)-caryophyllene at the level found in chemotype B oil had the same activity as chemotype B oil. In a tick climbing repellency assay using R. appendiculatus, the oils showed high repellent activity comparable with data for other repellent essential oils (chemotype A RD50 = 0.005 mg and chemotype B RD50 = 0.0012 mg). In field trapping assays with D. gallinae, addition of the chemotype A and B oils, and a combination of the two, to traps pre-conditioned with D. gallinae, all resulted in a significant reduction of D. gallinae trap capture. In summary, these data suggest that although the nepetalactone isomers have the potential to be used in human and livestock protection against major pathogen vectors, intact, i.e. unfractionated, Nepeta spp. oils offer potentially greater protection, due to the presence of both nepetalactone isomers and other components such as (E)-(1R,9S)-caryophyllene.  相似文献   

2.
The binding affinity of the two substrate–water molecules to the water-oxidizing Mn4CaO5 catalyst in photosystem II core complexes of the extremophilic red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae was studied in the S2 and S3 states by the exchange of bound 16O-substrate against 18O-labeled water. The rate of this exchange was detected via the membrane-inlet mass spectrometric analysis of flash-induced oxygen evolution. For both redox states a fast and slow phase of water-exchange was resolved at the mixed labeled m/z 34 mass peak: kf = 52 ± 8 s− 1 and ks = 1.9 ± 0.3 s− 1 in the S2 state, and kf = 42 ± 2 s− 1 and kslow = 1.2 ± 0.3 s− 1 in S3, respectively. Overall these exchange rates are similar to those observed previously with preparations of other organisms. The most remarkable finding is a significantly slower exchange at the fast substrate–water site in the S2 state, which confirms beyond doubt that both substrate–water molecules are already bound in the S2 state. This leads to a very small change of the affinity for both the fast and the slowly exchanging substrates during the S2 → S3 transition. Implications for recent models for water-oxidation are briefly discussed.  相似文献   

3.
α-Methylacyl-coenzyme A racemase (AMACR) catalyzes the epimerization of (2R)- and (2S)-methyl branched fatty acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) thioesters. AMACR is a biomarker for prostate cancer and a putative target for the development of therapeutic agents directed against the disease. To facilitate development of AMACR inhibitors, a continuous circular dichroism (CD)-based assay has been developed. The open reading frame encoding AMACR from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MCR) was subcloned into a pET15b vector, and the enzyme was overexpressed and purified using metal ion affinity chromatography. The rates of MCR-catalyzed epimerization of either (2R)- or (2S)-ibuprofenoyl-CoA were determined by following the change in ellipticity at 279 nm in the presence of octyl-β-d-glucopyranoside (0.2%). MCR exhibited slightly higher affinity for (2R)-ibuprofenoyl-CoA (Km = 48 ± 5 μM, kcat = 291 ± 30 s−1), but turned over (2S)-ibuprofenoyl-CoA (Km = 86 ± 6 μM, kcat = 450 ± 14 s−1) slightly faster. MCR expressed as a fusion protein bearing an N-terminal His6-tag had a catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) that was reduced 22% and 47% in the 2S → 2R and 2R → 2S directions, respectively, relative to untagged enzyme. The continuous CD-based assay offers an economical and efficient alternative method to the labor-intensive, fixed-time assays currently used to measure AMACR activity.  相似文献   

4.
The Iberian Peninsula encompasses more than 80% of the species richness of European aquatic ranunculi. The floristic diversity of the phytocoenosis characterised by aquatic Ranunculus and the main physical–chemical factors of the water were studied in 43 localities of the central Iberian Peninsula. Four aquatic Ranunculus communities are found in most of the aquatic environments. These are species-poor and have an uneven distribution: three species of Batrachium are heterophyllous and their communities are distributed in different aquatic ecosystems on silicated substrates; one species is homophyllous and its community occurs in various aquatic ecosystems with carbonated waters. In the Mediterranean climate, Ranunculus species are present in different habitats, as shown by the results of all the statistical analyses. Ranunculus trichophyllus communities occur in base-rich waters with a high buffering capacity (2273.44 ± 794.57 mg CaCO3 L−1) and a high concentration of cations (Ca2+, 121 ± 33.12 mg L−1; Mg2+, 71.64 ± 82.77 mg L−1), nitrates (2.89 ± 4.80 mg L−1), ammonium (2.19 ± 1.36 mg L−1) and sulphates (216.25 ± 218.54 mg L−1). Ranunculus penicillatus communities are found in flowing waters with a high concentration of phosphates (0.48 ± 0.6 mg L−1) and intermediate buffering capacity (683.66 ± 446.76 mg CaCO3 L−1). Both Ranunculus pseudofluitans and Ranunculus peltatus communities grow in waters with low buffering capacity (R. pseudofluitans, 385.91 ± 209.2 mg CaCO3 L−1; R. peltatus, 263.3 ± 180.36 mg CaCO3 L−1), and a low concentration of cations (R. pseudofluitans: Ca2+, 12.57 ± 9.42 mg L−1; Mg2+, 3.42 ± 1.67 mg L−1; R. peltatus: Ca2+, 15 ± 18.26 mg L−1; Mg2+, 6.26 ± 8.89 mg L−1) and nutrients (R. pseudofluitans: nitrates, 0.23 ± 0.2 mg L−1; phosphates, 0.09 ± 0.1 mg L−1; R. peltatus: nitrates, 0.19 ± 0.21 mg L−1; phosphates, 0.09 ± 0.12 mg L−1); the first in flowing waters, the latter in still waters.  相似文献   

5.
The most extensively studied ficins have been isolated from the latex of Ficus glabrata and Ficus carica. However the proteases (ficins) from other species are less known. The purification and characterization of a protease from the latex of Ficus racemosa is reported. The enzyme purified to homogeneity is a single polypeptide chain of molecular weight of 44,500 ± 500 Da as determined by MALDI-TOF. The enzyme exhibited a broad spectrum of pH optima between pH 4.5-6.5 and showed maximum activity at 60 ± 0.5 °C. The enzyme activity was completely inhibited by pepstatin-A indicating that the purified enzyme is an aspartic protease. Far-UV circular dichroic spectra revealed that the purified enzyme contains predominantly β-structures. The purified protease is thermostable. The apparent Tm, (mid point of thermal inactivation) was found to be 70 ± 0.5 °C. Thermal inactivation was found to follow first order kinetics at pH 5.5. Activation energy (Ea) was found to be 44.0 ± 0.3 kcal mol−1. The activation enthalpy (ΔH), free energy change (ΔG) and entropy (ΔS) were estimated to be 43 ± 4 kcal mol−1, −26 ± 3 kcal mol−1 and 204 ± 10 cal mol−1 K−1, respectively. Its enzymatic specificity studied using oxidized B chain of insulin indicates that the protease preferably hydrolyzed peptide bonds C-terminal to glutamate, leucine and phenylalanine (at P1 position). The broad specificity, pH optima and elevated thermal stability indicate the protease is distinct from other known ficins and would find applications in many sectors for its unique properties.  相似文献   

6.
The effects of short term hypoxia on bioturbation activity and inherent solute fluxes are scarcely investigated even if increasing number of coastal areas are subjected to transient oxygen deficits. In this work dark fluxes of oxygen (O2), dissolved inorganic carbon (TCO2) and nutrients across the sediment-water interface, as well as rates of denitrification (isotope pairing), were measured in intact sediment cores collected from the dystrophic pond of Sali e Pauli (Sardinia, Italy). Sediments were incubated at 100, 70, 40 and 10% of O2 saturation in the overlying water, with both natural benthic communities, dominated by the polychaete Polydora ciliata (11.100 ± 2.500  ind. m− 2), and after the addition of individuals of the deep-burrower polychaete Hediste diversicolor. Below an uppermost oxic layer of ~ 1 mm, sediments were highly reduced, with up to 6 mM of S2− in the 5 mm layer. Flux of S2− and O2 calculated from pore water gradients were 8.61 ± 1.12 and − 2.27 ± 0.56 mmol m− 2 h− 1, respectively. However, sediment oxygen demand (SOD) calculated from core incubation was − 10.52 ± 0.33 mmol m− 2 h− 1, suggesting a major contribution of P. ciliata to O2-mediated sulphide oxidation. P. ciliata also strongly stimulated NH4+ and PO43− fluxes, with rates ~ 15 and ~ 30 folds higher, respectively, than those estimated from pore water gradients. P. ciliata activity was significantly reduced at 10% O2 saturation, coupled to decreased rates of solutes transfer. The addition of H. diversicolor further stimulated SOD, NH4+ efflux and SiO2 mobilisation. Similarly to P. ciliata, the degree of stimulation of SOD and NH4+ flux by H. diversicolor depended on the level of oxygen saturation. TCO2 regeneration, respiratory quotients, PO43− fluxes and denitrification of added 15NO3 were not affected by the addition of H. diversicolor, but depended upon the O2 levels in the water column. Denitrification rates supported by water column 14NO3 and sedimentary nitrification were both negligible (< 0.5 µmol m− 2 h− 1). They were not significantly affected by oxygen saturation nor by bioturbation, probably due to the limited availability of NO3 in the water column (< 3 µM) and O2 in the sediments. This study demonstrates for the first time the integrated short term effect of transient hypoxia and bioturbation on solute fluxes across the sediment-water interface within a simplified lagoonal benthic community.  相似文献   

7.
Two Gram-staining-negative, moderately halophilic bacteria, strains M1-18T and L1-16, were isolated from a saltern located in Huelva (Spain). They were motile, strictly aerobic rods, growing in the presence of 3–25% (w/v) NaCl (optimal growth at 7.5–10% [w/v] NaCl), between pH 4.0 and 9.0 (optimal at pH 6.0–7.0) and at temperatures between 15 and 40 °C (optimal at 37 °C). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison showed that both strains showed the higher similarity values with Chromohalobacter israelensis ATCC 43985T (95.2–94.8%) and Chromohalobacter salexigens DSM 3043T (95.0–94.9%), and similarity values lower than 94.6% with other species of the genera Chromohalobacter, Kushneria, Cobetia or Halomonas. Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) based on the partial sequences of atpA, rpoD and secA housekeeping genes indicated that the new isolates formed an independent and monophyletic branch that was related to the peripheral genera of the family Halomonadaceae, Halotalea, Carnimonas and Zymobacter, supporting their placement as a new genus of the Halomonadaceae. The DNA–DNA hybridization between both strains was 82%, whereas the values between strain M1-18T and the most closely related species of Chromohalobacter and Kushneria were equal or lower to 48%. The major cellular fatty acids were C18:1ω7c/C18:1ω6c, C16:0, and C16:1ω7c/C16:1ω6c, a profile that differentiate this new taxon from species of the related genera. We propose the placement of both strains as a novel genus and species, within the family Halomonadaceae, with the name Larsenia salina gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain is M1-18T (= CCM 8464 = CECT 8192T = IBRC-M 10767T = LMG 27461T).  相似文献   

8.
In order for cryopreservation to become a practical tool for aquaculture, optimized protocols must be developed for each species and cell type. Knowledge of a cell’s osmotic tolerance and membrane permeability characteristics can assist in optimized protocol development. In this study, these characteristics were determined for Pacific oyster oocytes and modified methods for loading and unloading ethylene glycol (EG) were tested. Oocytes were found to behave as ideal osmometers and their osmotically inactive fraction (Vb) was calculated to be 0.48. Oocytes exposed to NaCl solutions of 0.6 to 2.3 Osm fertilized at rates equivalent to oocytes left in seawater. This corresponds to volume changes of +27.3 and −38.1 ± 1.2%. The permeability of the oocytes to water (Lp) was determined to be 3.8 ± 0.4 × 10−2, 5.7 ± 0.8 × 10−2, and 13.2 ± 1.3 × 10−2 μm min−1 atm−1, when measured at temperatures of 5, 10 and 20 °C. The respective EG permeability values (Ps) were 9.5 ± 0.1 × 10−5, 14.6 ± 1.2 × 10−5, and 41.7 ± 2.4 × 10−5 cm min−1. The activation energies for Lp and Ps were determined to be 14.5 and 17.5 kcal mol−1, respectively. Different models for EG loading and unloading from oocytes were developed and tested. Post-thaw fertilization did not differ significantly between a published step addition method and single step addition at 20 °C. This represents a considerable reduction in handling. The results of this study demonstrate that the cryobiological characteristics of a given cell type should be taken into account when developing cryopreservation methods.  相似文献   

9.
The goal of our work was a throughout characterization of the pharmacology of the TIPP-analog, Tyr-Tic-(2S,3R)-β-MePhe-Phe-OH and see if putative δ-opioid receptor subtypes can be distinguished. Analgesic latencies were assessed in mouse tail-flick assays after intrathecal administration. In vitro receptor autoradiography, binding and ligand-stimulated [35S]GTPγS functional assays were performed in the presence of putative δ1-(DPDPE: agonist, BNTX: antagonist), δ2-(agonist: deltorphin II, Ile5,6-deltorphin II, antagonist: naltriben) and μ-(DAMGO: agonist) opioid ligands. The examined antagonist inhibited the effect of DPDPE by 60%, but did not antagonize δ2- and μ-agonist induced analgesia. The radiolabeled form identified binding sites with KD = 0.18 nM and receptor densities of 102.7 fmol/mg protein in mouse brain membranes. The binding site distribution of the [3H]Tyr-Tic-(2S,3R)-β-MePhe-Phe-OH agreed well with that of [3H]Ile5,6-deltorphin II as revealed by receptor autoradiography. Tyr-Tic-(2S,3R)-β-MePhe-Phe-OH displayed 2.49 ± 0.06 and 0.30 ± 0.01 nM potency against DPDPE and deltorphin II in the [35S]GTPγS functional assay, respectively. The rank order of potency of putative δ1- and δ2-antagonists against DPDPE and deltorphin was similar in brain and CHO cells expressing human δ-opioid receptors. Deletion of the DOR-1 gene resulted in no residual binding of the radioligand and no significant DPDPE effect on G-protein activation. Tyr-Tic-(2S,3R)-β-MePhe-Phe-OH is a highly potent and δ-opioid specific antagonist both in vivo and in vitro. However, the putative δ1- and δ2-opioid receptors could not be unequivocally distinguished in vitro.  相似文献   

10.
Our study aimed to test the ability of aquatic plants to use bicarbonate when acclimated to three different bicarbonate concentrations. To this end, we performed experiments with the three species Ceratophyllum demersum, Egeria densa, Lagarosiphon major to determine photosynthetic rates under varying bicarbonate concentrations. We measured bicarbonate use efficiency, photosynthetic performance and respiration. For all species, our results revealed that photosynthetic rates were highest in replicates grown at low alkalinity. Thus, E. densa had approx. five times higher rates at low (264 ± 15 μmol O2 g−1 DW h−1) than at high alkalinity (50 ± 27 μmol O2 g−1 DW h−1), C. demersum had three times higher rates (336 ± 95 and 120 ± 31 μmol O2 g−1 DW h−1), and L. major doubled its rates at low alkalinity (634 ± 114 and 322 ± 119 μmol O2 g−1 DW h−1). Similar results were obtained for bicarbonate use efficiency by E. densa (136 ± 44 and 43 ± 10 μmol O2 mequiv. L−1 g−1 DW h−1) and L. major (244 ± 29 and 82 ± 24 μmol O2 mequiv. L−1 g−1 DW h−1). As to C. demersum, efficiency was high but unaffected by alkalinity, indicating high adaptation ability to varied alkalinities. A pH drift experiment supported these results. Overall, our results suggest that the three globally widespread worldwide species of our study adapt to low inorganic carbon availability by increasing their efficiency of bicarbonate use.  相似文献   

11.
In the search for new therapeutic tools against tuberculosis two novel iron complexes, [Fe(L-H)3], with 3-aminoquinoxaline-2-carbonitrile N1,N4-dioxide derivatives (L) as ligands, were synthesized, characterized by a combination of techniques, and in vitro evaluated. Results were compared with those previously reported for two analogous iron complexes of other ligands of the same family of quinoxaline derivatives. In addition, the complexes were studied by cyclic voltammetry and EPR spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammograms of the iron compounds showed several cathodic processes which were attributed to the reduction of the metal center (Fe(III)/Fe(II)) and the coordinated ligand. EPR signals were characteristic of magnetically isolated high-spin Fe(III) in a rhombic environment and arise from transitions between mS = ± 1/2 (geff ~ 9) or mS = ± 3/2 (geff ~ 4.3) states. Mössbauer experiments showed hyperfine parameters that are typical of high-spin Fe(III) ions in a not too distorted environment. The novel complexes showed in vitro growth inhibitory activity on Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294), together with very low unspecific cytotoxicity on eukaryotic cells (cultured murine cell line J774). Both complexes showed higher inhibitory effects on M. tuberculosis than the “second-line” therapeutic drugs.  相似文献   

12.
Morphological, anatomical and physiological summer and winter leaf traits of Cistus incanus subsp. incanus, C. salvifolius and C. monspeliensis growing at the Botanical garden of Rome were analyzed. With regard to differences between summer and winter leaves of the considered species, leaf thickness (L) was 21% higher in summer than in winter leaves (mean of the considered species) and this increase was mostly the result of the increased palisade parenchyma thickness over the spongy parenchyma one (24 and 16% higher in summer than in winter leaves, respectively). Leaf mass area (LMA) and leaf tissue density (LTD) were 38% and 17% higher in summer than in winter leaves, respectively (mean of the considered species). The photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal conductance (gs) and chlorophyll content (Chl) of summer leaves were 54%, 17% and 14% lower, respectively, than in winter leaves. C. monspeliensis summer leaves had the highest LMA, LTD, adaxial cuticle thickness (14.6 ± 1.8 mg cm−2, 1091 ± 94 mg cm−3, and 5.8 ± 1.7 μm, respectively) and the lowest mesophyll intercellular spaces (fias 38 ± 3%). Moreover, C. monspeliensis had the highest PN in summer (2.6 ± 0.1 μmol m−2 s−1) and C. incanus the highest PN and WUE (84% and 59% higher than the other species) in the favorable period, associated to a higher fias (42 ± 2%). C. salvifolius had the highest PN (54% higher than the other species) in winter. The plasticity index could allow a better interpretation of the habitat preference of the considered species. The physiological plasticity (PIp = 0.39, mean value of the considered species) was higher than the morphological (PIm = 0.22, mean value) and anatomical (PIa = 0.13, mean value) plasticity. Moreover, among the considered species, C. salvifolius and C. incanus are characterized by a larger PIa (0.14, mean value) which seems to be correlated with their wider ecological distribution and the more favorable conditions of the environments where they naturally occur. The highest PIm (0.29) of C. monspeliensis indicates that it can play a high adaptive role in highly stressed environments, like fire degraded Mediterranean areas in which it occurs.  相似文献   

13.
14.
Nineteen bacteria isolates recovered from shellfish samples (mussels and oysters) showed a new and specific 16S rDNA-RFLP pattern with an Arcobacter identification method designed to recognize all species described up to 2008. These results suggested that they could belong to a new species. ERIC-PCR revealed that the 19 isolates belonged to 3 different strains. The sequence of the 16S rRNA gene of a representative strain (F98-3T) showed 97.6% similarity with the closest species Arcobacter marinus followed by Arcobacter halophilus (95.6%) and Arcobacter mytili (94.7%). The phylogenetic analysis with the16S rRNA, rpoB, gyrB and hsp60 genes placed the shellfish strains within the same cluster as the three species mentioned (also isolated from saline habitats) but they formed an independent phylogenetic line. The DDH results between strain F98-3T and A. marinus (54.8% ± 1.05), confirmed that it represents a new species. Several biochemical tests differentiated the shellfish isolates from all other Arcobacter species. Although the new species was different from A. mytili, they shared not only the same habitat (mussels) but also the characteristic of being so far the only Arcobacter species that are simultaneously negative for urea and indoxyl acetate hydrolysis. All results supported the classification of the shellfish strains as a new species, for which the name Arcobacter molluscorum sp. nov. with the type strain F98-3T is proposed (=CECT 7696T = LMG 25693T).  相似文献   

15.
The dissociation kinetics of the europium(III) complex with H8dotp ligand was studied by means of molecular absorption spectroscopy in UV region at ionic strength 3.0 mol dm−3 (Na,H)ClO4 and in temperature region 25-60 °C. Time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLIFS) was employed in order to determine the number of water molecules in the first coordination sphere of the europium(III) reaction intermediates and the final products. This technique was also utilized to deduce the composition of reaction intermediates in course of dissociation reaction simultaneously with calculation of rate constants and it demonstrates the elucidation of intimate reaction mechanism. The thermodynamic parameters for the formation of kinetic intermediate (ΔH0 = 11 ± 3 kJ mol−1, ΔS0 = 41 ± 11 J K−1 mol−1) and the activation parameters (Ea = 69 ± 8 kJ mol−1, ΔH = 67 ± 8 kJ mol−1, ΔS = −83 ± 24 J K−1 mol−1) for the rate-determining step describing the complex dissociation were determined. The mechanism of proton-assisted reaction was proposed on the basis of the experimental data.  相似文献   

16.
Two gram-negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive, bacillus-shaped bacterial strains were isolated from the semen of two rams. 16S rRNA gene sequencing demonstrated that both isolates represented a distinct subline within the family Pasteurellaceae with <95% sequence similarity to any recognized member of this family. Sequencing of rpoB and infB genes confirmed this finding with the semen isolates representing a new sub-line within the family Pasteurellaceae. The main cell fatty acids of strain DICM-00342T were C14:0, C16:0, C18:1ω7c and summed feature 3 (C16:1ω7c/iso-C15:0 2OH). Ubiquinone Q-8 was the major quinone and 1,3-diaminopropane was the predominat polyamine. Major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The new genus can be phenotypically distinguished from currently described genera of this family based on physiological traits and a combination of signature amino acids in the RpoB protein sequence. On the basis of these results we describe a new genus and species for which we propose the name of Seminibacterium arietis gen. nov., sp. nov. (DICM11-00342T = CCUG 61707T = CECT 8033T).  相似文献   

17.
The relationship between local thermal comfort, local skin wettedness (wlocal) and local galvanic skin conductance (GSC) in four body segments during two different exercise intensities was compared in 10 males. In a balanced order, participants walked at 35% VO2max for 45 min (WALK) (29.0±1.9°C, 29.8±3.6% RH, no wind) in one test and in a separate test ran at 70% VO2max for 45 min (RUN) (26.2±2.1°C, 31.1±7.0% RH, no wind). During both tests, participants wore a loose fitting 100% polyester long sleeve top and trouser ensemble with a low resistance to heat and vapour transfer (total thermal resistance of 0.154 m2 K W−1 and total water vapour resistance of 35.9 m2 Pa W−1). wlocal, change from baseline in GSC (ΔGSC) and local thermal comfort were recorded every 5 min. The results suggest that both wlocal and ΔGSC are strong predictors of thermal comfort during the WALK when sweat production is low and thermal discomfort minimal (r2>0.78 and r2>0.71, respectively). Interestingly, during the RUN wlocal plateaued at ~0.6 to 0.8 due to the high sweat production, whilst ΔGSC gradually increased throughout the experiment. ΔGSC had a similar relationship with thermal comfort to wlocal during the RUN (r2>0.95 and r2>0.94, respectively). Despite the strength of these relationships, the ability of wlocal to predict local thermal comfort accurately dramatically reduces in the exponential part of the curve. In a situation of uncompensated heat stress such as high metabolic rate in hot climate, where sweat production is high, ΔGSC shows to be a better predictor of local thermal comfort than wlocal. The wlocal data shows regional differences in the threshold which triggers local discomfort during the WALK than RUN; lower values are found for upper arms (0.22±0.03 and 0.28 ±0.22) and upper legs (0.22±0.11 and 0.22±0.10), higher values for upper back (0.30±0.12 and 0.36 ±0.10) and chest (0.27±0.10 and 0.39 ±0.32), respectively. However, no regional differences in the threshold of discomfort are found in the ?GSC data. Instead, the data suggests that the degree of discomfort experienced appears to be related to the amount of sweat within and around the skin (as indirectly measured by ΔGSC) at each body site.  相似文献   

18.
A new steroidal sapogenin molecule 1 having unique characteristics, 21-nor and unusual C19 carboxylic acid has been isolated from the roots of Asparagus racemosus. On the basis of chemical evidence, extensive spectroscopic analysis including two dimensional (2D) NMR and X-ray studies of single crystal, the structure of 1 was determined as (1S,2R,3S,8S,9S,10S,13S,14S,16S,17R,22R,25R)-21-nor-18β,27α-dimethyl-1β,2β,3β-trihydroxy-25-spirost-4-en-19β-oic acid. 1 crystallizes in monoclinic space group P21 with a = 9.295(2), b = 11.238(2), c = 11.376(2) Å; β = 91.993(4)°, Z = 2, Dcal = 1.344 Mg/m3. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined by full-matrix least-squares procedure to a final R-value of 0.0561 for 4064 observed reflections. 1 was tested against the type of immune responses generated during treatment in normal and immune-suppressed animals and detailed biological activity evaluation suggests it to be a potent immunostimulator.  相似文献   

19.
This study investigated the absorption of arsenic (As), sulfur (S), and phosphorus (P) in the desert plant Chilopsis linearis (Desert willow). A comparison between an inbred line (red flowered) and wild type (white flowered) plants was performed to look for differential responses to As treatment. One month old seedlings were treated for 7 days with arsenate (As2O5, AsV) at 0, 20, and 40 mg AsV L−1. Results from the ICP-OES analysis showed that at 20 mg AsV L−1, red flowered plants had 280 ± 11 and 98 ± 7 mg As kg−1 dry wt in roots and stems, respectively, while white flowered plants had 196 ± 30 and 103 ± 13 mg As kg−1 dry wt for roots and stems. At this treatment level, the concentration of As in leaves was below detection limits for both plants. In red flowered plants treated with 40 mg AsV L−1, As was at 290 ± 77 and 151 ± 60 mg As kg−1 in roots and stems, respectively, and not detected in leaves, whereas white flowered plants had 406 ± 36, 213 ± 12, and 177 ± 40 mg As kg−1 in roots, stems, and leaves. The concentration of S increased in all As treated plants, while the concentration of P decreased in roots and stems of both types of plants and in leaves of red flowered plants. X-ray absorption spectroscopy analyses demonstrated partial reduction of arsenate to arsenite in the form of As-(SX)3 species in both types of plants.  相似文献   

20.
Sublevel structure of the 8S7/2 electronic ground state of anionic bis(phthalocyaninato)gadolinium(III) has been determined by simulation analysis of an ESR spectrum in frozen solution. The simplex multidimensional minimization algorithm was employed to find the zero-field-splitting parameter set giving the minimum RMS error from the observed spectrum. The parameter set {B20,B40,B60} for the potential of D4d symmetry has been determined to be ±{(1.54 ± 0.01)× 10−2 cm−1, (0.9 ± 0.1)× 10−4 cm−1, (−0.6 ± 0.9)× 10−6 cm−1}. The energy difference between the lowest and highest sublevels has been found to be about 0.5 cm−1.  相似文献   

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