ICU开放人工气道患者下呼吸道病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解重症监护室（ICU）开放气道患者下呼吸道感染病原菌分布及耐药特点,为临床用药提供依据。方法回顾性分析2007年1月至2008年12月,重症监护室开放气道患者下呼吸道感染者的痰标本418株病原菌进行鉴定及药敏试验。结果革兰阴性杆菌占69．6％,其中铜绿假单胞菌27．02％,其次为鲍曼不动杆菌20．16％。革兰阳性球菌占20．16％,以金黄色葡萄球菌为主占12．5％,真菌10．24％。结论目前重症监护室下呼吸道致病菌以G^-杆菌为主,细菌的耐药性严重,应根据药敏试验选择抗生素。     

Segregation of virulent influenza A(H1N1) variants in the lower respiratory tract of critically ill patients during the 2010-2011 seasonal epidemic

Background

Since its appearance in 2009, the pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus circulated worldwide causing several severe infections.

Methods

Respiratory samples from patients with 2009 influenza A(H1N1) and acute respiratory distress attending 24 intensive care units (ICUs) as well as from patients with lower respiratory tract infections not requiring ICU admission and community upper respiratory tract infections in the Lombardy region (10 million inhabitants) of Italy during the 2010–2011 winter-spring season, were analyzed.

Results

In patients with severe ILI, the viral load was higher in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) with respect to nasal swab (NS), (p<0.001) suggesting a higher virus replication in the lower respiratory tract. Four distinct virus clusters (referred to as cluster A to D) circulated simultaneously. Most (72.7%, n = 48) of the 66 patients infected with viruses belonging to cluster A had a severe (n = 26) or moderate ILI (n = 22). Amino acid mutations (V26I, I116M, A186T, D187Y, D222G/N, M257I, S263F, I286L/M, and N473D) were observed only in patients with severe ILI. D222G/N variants were detected exclusively in BAL samples.

Conclusions

Multiple virus clusters co-circulated during the 2010–2011 winter-spring season. Severe or moderate ILI were associated with specific 2009 influenza A(H1N1) variants, which replicated preferentially in the lower respiratory tract.     

Comparison of rates of fecal colonization with extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamase‐producing enterobacteria among patients in different wards,outpatients and medical students

Because asymptomatic carriage of extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamase (ESBL) producers is a risk factor for infection, data on colonization dynamics are important when planning infection control. This study investigated fecal colonization with ESBL producers among inpatients, outpatients and medical students and compares the characteristics of ESBL producers among these groups. Carriage rates were investigated in 5581 fecal samples; 4343 from inpatients (330, 1397, 619 and 1864 from adult ICUs [intensive care units], adult non‐ICUs, pediatric ICUs and pediatric non‐ICUs, respectively), 814 from outpatients and 424 from screening of medical students. ESBL producers were characterized by co‐resistance, integrons carried, and aminoglycoside resistance and ESBL genes. Dynamic regression models were built to identify relationships between combinations of time series of monthly antibiotic consumption, prevalence of carriers and infected subjects. Inpatients, ICU patients and adults showed higher prevalence than outpatients, non‐ICU patients or children (7.4%, 9.3% and 12.0% vs. 3.1%, 6.1% and 4.1%, respectively). Klebsiella pneumoniae was more frequent in ICU patients; dominance of CTX‐M‐15 producers was more marked in adult than in pediatric inpatients. ESBL carriage was shown to be a consequence of infection in adults in the time‐series analysis; antibiotic consumption had little effect. The epidemiology of colonization with ESBL producers differed between pediatric ICU, adult ICU and adult non‐ICU patients. In adults, carriage of ESBL producers seems to be the consequence of infection, especially in ICU patients; the main source of colonization is nosocomial acquisition. In contrast, children are less likely to acquire colonizer strains in hospitals; importation of ESBL producers by colonized children seems to be significant.     

Detection of influenza A in clinical specimens and cell culture fluid by a commercial EIA

A MoAb-based capture EIA for the direct detection of influenza A from clinical samples was compared with cell culture isolation. A total of 330 respiratory specimens were submitted for detection of influenza A and/or other respiratory viruses. Influenza A was detected in 39 of 330 (12%) respiratory samples by culture or EIA. There were 33 concordant (EIA+/Culture-) samples (82%), and 6 discordant samples (3 EIA +/Culture-; 3 EIA-/Culture+). Compared to viral isolation, the EIA had a sensitivity of 92%, a specificity of 98%, with positive and negative predictive values of 92% and 99%, respectively.     

下呼吸道感染中4种非发酵菌的临床分布及耐药性分析

目的了解下呼吸道感染中4种非发酵菌的临床分布及耐药现状。方法采用回顾性调查方法,对2007年6月至2009年12月浙江大学医学院附属第一医院呼吸内科和ICU下呼吸道感染患者,调查其4种非发酵菌分离菌株,统计药敏试验结果及临床分布。结果共分离目标菌393株,包括鲍曼不动杆菌152株,铜绿假单胞菌127株,嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌73株,洋葱伯克霍尔德菌41株;分离菌株数最多的原发病依次是慢性阻塞性肺部疾患(24.4%),原发性支气管肺癌(16.5%),支气管扩张(14.8%)和肺炎(12.2%);药敏试验结果,4种非发酵菌普遍呈多药耐药趋势,其中氨苄西林/舒巴坦、庆大霉素、哌拉西林耐药率均>50%,亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率>37.8%;耐药率最低的是头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦,分别为14.2%~26.8%和25.2%~50.7%。结论下呼吸道标本中分离到非发酵菌的患者,主要集中在9类住院治疗的患者,分离的菌株数量以COPD、原发性支气管肺癌等原发病患者较多,这些患者是医院感染的易感人群,应予以严密监视。体外药敏试验表明,4种非发酵菌的耐药性非常严重,需要定期公布细菌检测和耐药率变迁信息,制订和完善预防措施,加强临床和实验室的协作和沟通,以降低医院感染发生率和细菌耐药率。     

2010-2011年重症监护病房病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 分析综合性重症监护病房(ICU)在2010-2011年间常见病原菌的分布及其耐药现状,为临床合理用药和控制医院感染提供参考依据.方法 对2010-2011年从ICU医院感染患者的各类标本中分离出病原菌共为1949株(1079株、870株),采用K-B纸片扩散法进行药物敏感试验,检测病原菌耐药性.结果 以呼吸道标本(痰和导管)的分离率最高为72.1％、病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主占66.9％,分别占2010年、2011年标本总量的62.3％和72.4％,革兰阴性杆菌呈上升趋势;其次为真菌感染占19.2％( 22.0％、15.6％),革兰阳性球菌占12.2％( 14.2％、9.7％).病原菌的耐药率普遍较高,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)检出率为25.8％,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的ESBLs检出率分别为61.0％和27.2％.结论 ICU医院感染患者呼吸道感染最多,以细菌为主,尿路感染其次,以真菌为主;病原菌耐药情况严重,应加强病原菌分布及耐药率的监测以减少多药耐药菌产生、降低医院感染率.     

ICU机械通气并发下呼吸道医院感染病原菌的调查分析

目的：分析ICU机械通气并发下呼吸道医院感染病原学构成及耐药情况。为临床防治提供依据。方法：对我院1996年6月-1999年6月3间ICU收住的98例机械通气合并下呼吸道医院感染患者的致病菌及药敏结果进行回顾性调查。结果：共检出致病毒128株,其中革兰阴性细菌（G^-菌）占66.4%（85株）,革兰阳性细菌（G^ 菌）占25.8%(33株）,真菌占7.8%(10株）;前四位致病菌分别为铜绿假单胞菌（24株）,革兰阳性细菌（G^ 菌）占25.8%(33株）,真菌占7.8%(10株）;前四位致病菌分别为铜绿假单胞菌（24株）,金黄色葡萄球菌（22株）,不动杆菌属（21株）,肠杆菌属（18株）,药敏结果显示这类菌株多重耐药现象严重。结论：ICU机械通气并发下呼吸道医院感染病原体构成以G^-菌为主,其药敏试验呈多重耐药,临床应重视病原学检查,开展细菌耐药性监测,合理使用抗菌药物。     

Bacterial and fungal co-infections among COVID-19 patients in intensive care unit

This study aimed to investigate the frequency and characteristics of respiratory co-infections in COVID-19 patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). In this retrospective observational study, pathogens responsible for potential co-infections were detected by the bacterial culture, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), or serological fungal antigen tests. Demographic and clinical characteristics, as well as microbial results, were analyzed. Bacterial culture identified 56 (58.3%) positive samples for respiratory pathogens, with the most common bacteria being Burkholderia cepacia (18, 18.8%). RT-PCR detected 38 (76.0%) and 58 (87.9%) positive results in the severe and critical groups, respectively. Most common pathogens detected were Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (28.0%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (28.0%) in the severe group and S. maltophilia (45.5%) in the critical group. P. aeruginosa was detected more during the early stage after ICU admission. Acinetobacter baumannii and Staphylococcus aureus were more frequently identified during late ICU admission. Fungal serum antigens were more frequently positive in the critical group than in the severe group, and the positive rate of fungal serum antigens frequency increased with prolonged ICU stay. A high frequency of respiratory co-infections presented in ICU COVID-19 patients. Careful examinations and necessary tests should be performed to exclude these co-infections.     

PCR和分离培养同时检测儿童呼吸道感染的支原体

为了解广州市儿童呼吸道支原体感染情况,用一条共同的上游引物,二条特异性的下游引物建立的ＰＣＲ方法能同时扩增ＭＰ的６９１ｂｐ和ＭＧ的４３８ｂｐ粘附因子基因片段,但不会扩增其他支原体和细菌的ＤＮＡ。     

Prevalence of <Emphasis Type="Italic">H. influenzae</Emphasis> type b &; f among unvaccinated patients with respiratory tract infection and meningitis

Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis has been reported predominantly among infants who have not completed the primary immunization series, whereas infection by capsular f has been reported mostly in patients with significant underlying diseases. The present study analyses H. influenzae type b & f infection among 25 unvaccinated patients with respiratory tract infections and symptoms of meningitis by PCR. 5/7 isolates from CSF sample were capsular type b; whereas capsular type f was detected in 2/10 and 5/8 isolates from throat swab and sputum samples, respectively. Rest 13 strains were negative for both the capsular types. To conclude, in India where H. influenzae type b conjugate vaccine is not included in national immunization program, individuals with respiratory tract infections and meningitis are at a greater risk of developing infection with H. influenzae type b strains along with other capsular types and non-capsular types.     

Detection of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in environmental waters by PCR enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

A PCR enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay was applied to the detection of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in environmental water samples after enrichment culture. Bacterial cells were concentrated from 69 environmental water samples by using filtration, and the filtrates were cultured in Campylobacter blood-free broth. After enrichment culture, DNA was extracted from the samples by using a rapid-boiling method, and the DNA extracts were used as a template in a PCR ELISA assay. A total of 51 samples were positive by either PCR ELISA or culture; of these, 43 were found to be positive by PCR ELISA and 43 were found to be positive by culture. Overall, including positive and negative results, 59 samples were concordant in both methods. Several samples were positive in the PCR ELISA assay but were culture negative; therefore, this assay may be able to detect sublethally damaged or viable nonculturable forms of campylobacters. The method is rapid and sensitive, and it significantly reduces the time needed for the detection of these important pathogens by 2 to 3 days.     

Detection of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in Environmental Waters by PCR Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

A PCR enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay was applied to the detection of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in environmental water samples after enrichment culture. Bacterial cells were concentrated from 69 environmental water samples by using filtration, and the filtrates were cultured in Campylobacter blood-free broth. After enrichment culture, DNA was extracted from the samples by using a rapid-boiling method, and the DNA extracts were used as a template in a PCR ELISA assay. A total of 51 samples were positive by either PCR ELISA or culture; of these, 43 were found to be positive by PCR ELISA and 43 were found to be positive by culture. Overall, including positive and negative results, 59 samples were concordant in both methods. Several samples were positive in the PCR ELISA assay but were culture negative; therefore, this assay may be able to detect sublethally damaged or viable nonculturable forms of campylobacters. The method is rapid and sensitive, and it significantly reduces the time needed for the detection of these important pathogens by 2 to 3 days.     

280例呼吸道感染儿童呼吸道病毒病原学检出情况及流行规律分析

目的:了解呼吸道感染儿童呼吸道病毒病原学检出情况及其流行规律,为儿童呼吸道感染的预防、诊断及治疗提供病原学依据。方法:选取2016年1月-2017年12月期间中国人民解放军中部战区总医院收治的280例呼吸道感染患儿为研究对象,分析患儿呼吸道分泌物中呼吸道病毒的检出情况,并分析呼吸道感染儿童呼吸道病毒感染与年龄、季节、疾病类型的关系。结果:280例呼吸道感染患儿中共检出98份阳性标本,阳性率为35.00%,其中有2份标本中检出2种病毒感染,混合感染阳性率为0.71%;在所有病毒类型中,呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)病毒感染阳性率最高。1岁患儿的病毒感染阳性率最高,与其他年龄段病毒感染阳性率比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。呼吸道感染患儿春季、冬季的病毒感染阳性率明显高于夏季、秋季(P0.05)。不同呼吸道感染疾病类型患儿病毒感染阳性率比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),以喘息性肺炎、毛细支气管炎、肺炎患儿病毒感染阳性率较高。结论:RSV是呼吸道感染儿童呼吸道病毒感染的主要致病病原体,1岁的婴幼儿较易感染,春季、冬季为其高发季节,且以肺炎、毛细支气管炎、喘息性肺炎患儿的病毒感染阳性率较高。     

铜绿假单胞菌的临床感染及耐药性分析

目的了解铜绿假单胞菌（PAE）临床感染特点和耐药特性,为医院感染的监测与控制提供依据。方法采用法国生物梅里埃公司的API鉴定系统及VITEK2系统进行细菌鉴定,用K-B纸片扩散法进行药敏试验,用WHONET 5.4软件分析PAE的耐药性。结果10年来共分离出2479株PAE,主要来源于病房的呼吸道标本,其对23种抗菌药物的耐药率逐年上升,只有美罗培南、亚胺培南、头孢他啶和环丙沙星的耐药率〈30%,多重耐药PAE共有188株,主要分布在重症监护病房、呼吸内科。结论PAE的耐药性已十分严重,必须进行严密监控,以预防PAE导致的医院感染暴发流行。     

High viral load of human bocavirus correlates with duration of wheezing in children with severe lower respiratory tract infection

Background

Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a newly discovered parvovirus and increasing evidences are available to support its role as an etiologic agent in lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI). The objective of this study is to assess the impact of HBoV viral load on clinical characteristics in children who were HBoV positive and suffered severe LRTI.

Methods

Lower respiratory tract aspirates from 186 hospitalized children with severe LRTI were obtained by bronchoscopy. HBoVs were detected by real-time PCR and other 10 infectious agents were examined using PCR and/or direct fluorescent assay.

Results

Thirty-one patients (24.6%) were tested positive for HBoV in the respiratory tract aspirates. Fifteen samples had a high viral load (>10⁴ copies/mL) and the other sixteen samples had a low viral load (<10⁴ copies/mL). The duration of presented wheezing and hospitalization was longer in children with high viral load of HBoV than that in children with low viral load. The days of wheezing showed a correlation with viral load of HBoV.

Conclusion

We confirmed that HBoV was frequently detected in patients with severe LRTI. Wheezing was one of the most common symptoms presented by patients with positive HBoV. A high HBoV viral load could be an etiologic agent for LRTI, which led to more severe lower respiratory tract symptom, longer duration of wheezing and hospitalization.     

鲍曼不动杆菌院内感染调查与耐药性分析

目的 研究鲍曼不动杆菌院内感染情况及对常用抗生素的敏感性。方法 采用Microscan Walk Away-40全自动微生物仪及配套药敏复合板进行细菌鉴定与药敏试验。结果 46株不动杆菌中有35株为鲍曼不动杆菌,占76．09％。主要分布在ICU、康复科、呼吸内科。标本主要以脓、痰及呼吸道分泌物为主。药敏结果显示：亚胺培南、头孢吡肟、阿米卡星对鲍曼不动杆菌高度敏感,但3代头孢菌素大多数耐药。结论 鲍曼不动杆菌易引起伤口、呼吸道继发感染,且耐药现象严重,诊断与治疗有赖于细菌培养和药物敏感结果,应引起临床的高度重视。一旦发现感染株,必须迅速采取控制措施,避免引起医院感染的暴发流行。     

社区老年人上呼吸道定植菌调查及药敏分析

调查社区老年人上呼吸道的定植菌情况,能够了解引起社区老年人呼吸道感染的危险因素,分析主要定植菌的药敏结果,指导社区老年人呼吸道感染的经验治疗。取社区老年人咽喉部拭子进行细菌分离培养及鉴定,调查呼吸道定植菌情况,并对主要定植菌进行药敏试验,细菌鉴定应用法国生物梅里埃公司的细菌鉴定仪VITEK2和API系统,药敏试验采用K-B纸片琼脂扩散法,结果统计应用WHONET5.4软件。对706例社区老年人上呼吸道标本进行分离培养,有274份标本生长了致病菌或条件致病菌,其中248份标本有一种细菌生长,26份标本生长2种细菌,总体阳性率为38.8%。共分离9种细菌,居首位的细菌是肺炎克雷伯菌151株,占21.4%,其次为副流感嗜血杆菌74株,占10.5%,第3位的是β-溶血链球菌31株,占4.4%。75株肺炎克雷伯菌的药敏结果显示全部为敏感株,从药敏表型分析具有较高的同源性。老年人群上呼吸道定植菌以革兰阴性杆菌尤其以肺炎克雷伯杆菌为主,并对常用抗菌药物有高度敏感性,一旦发生定植菌感染应选择合适的抗菌药物并给予恰当的治疗方案,防止细菌产生耐药性。     

呼吸道感染病原菌分析

目的 了解老年人院内呼吸道感染与非老年人呼吸道感染病原菌分布情况。方法 回顾性调查１９９８年１月至１２月老年人院内呼吸道感染（老年组）的２８５份痰标本和同时期非老年人呼吸道感染（非老年组,含门诊和住院）的１１９２份痰标本的培养情况。结果 老年组阳性率为８９．１％（２５４／２８５）,其中２２份标本为混合感染,共检出病原菌２７６株,以非发酵菌占绝对优势（９７．８％）;非老年组阳性率为４０．３％（４８０／１１９２）,病原菌无明显集中趋势,非发酵菌２８．３％,肠杆菌科２３．８％,革兰阳性菌２５．０％,真菌２２．９％。结论 老年组阳性率明显高于非老年组（Ｘ＾２＝２１９．６,Ｐ〈０．００５）,病原菌以非发酵菌为主,非老年组病原菌各科细菌所占比例无明显差异,引起呼吸道感染的病原菌主要为条件致病菌。     

Pandemic Influenza (H1N1) 2009 Pneumonia: CURB-65 Score for Predicting Severity and Nasopharyngeal Sampling for Diagnosis Are Unreliable

Background

From the first case reports of pandemic influenza (H1N1) 2009 it was clear that a significant proportion of infected individuals suffered a primary viral pneumonia. The objective of this study was twofold; to assess the utility of the CURB-65 community acquired pneumonia (CAP) severity index in predicting pneumonia severity and ICU admission, and to assess the relative sensitivity of nasopharyngeal versus lower respiratory tract sampling for the detection of pandemic influenza (H1N1) CAP.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study of 70 patients hospitalised for pandemic influenza (H1N1) 2009 in an adult tertiary referral hospital. Characteristics evaluated included age, pregnancy status, sex, respiratory signs and symptoms, smoking and alcohol history, CURB-65 score, co-morbidities, disabling sequelae, length of stay and in-hospital mortality outcomes. Laboratory features evaluated included lymphocyte count, C-reactive protein (CRP), nasopharyngeal and lower respiratory tract pandemic influenza (H1N1) 2009 PCR results.

Results

Patients with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza CAP differed significantly from those without pneumonia regarding length of stay, need for ICU admission, CRP and the likelihood of disabling sequelae. The CURB-65 score did not predict CAP severity or the need for ICU admission (only 2/11 patients admitted to ICU had CURB-65 scores of 2 or 3). Nasopharyngeal specimens for PCR were only 62.9% sensitive in CAP patients compared to 97.8% sensitivity for lower respiratory tract specimens.

Conclusions

The CURB-65 score does not predict severe pandemic influenza (H1N1) 2009 CAP or need for ICU admission. Lower respiratory tract specimens should be collected when pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza CAP is suspected.