中国国内首次发现Ⅰ基因型乙型肝炎病毒基因序列

对云南省参加健康体检人员中一份乙肝表面抗原阳性标本S区基因序列测定,以了解其分子生物学特点。利用巢式PCR扩增HBV S基因片段,并对扩增产物进行序列测定,将基因序列提交到GenBank上进行BLAST搜索,同时运用Mega软件进行同源性分析,并构建基因树,并将其核苷酸和氨基酸与已报道的A~I基因型参考株的同源性进行比较。核苷酸和氨基酸比较结果证明,此标本病毒基因型为HBV I基因型。本文所发现的I基因型标本为国内首次报道。     

中国国内首次发现Ⅰ基因型乙型肝炎病毒基因序列

对云南省参加健康体检人员中一份乙肝表面抗原阳性标本S区基因序列测定,以了解其分子生物学特点。利用巢式PCR扩增HBV S基因片段,并对扩增产物进行序列测定,将基因序列提交到GenBank上进行BLAST搜索,同时运用Mega软件进行同源性分析,并构建基因树,并将其核苷酸和氨基酸与已报道的A~I基因型参考株的同源性进行比较。核苷酸和氨基酸比较结果证明,此标本病毒基因型为HBV I基因型。本文所发现的I基因型标本为国内首次报道。     

安徽省急性胃肠炎疫情相关GⅡ.P17-GⅡ.17基因型诺如病毒分子特征研究

诺如病毒(Noroviruses,NoVs)是引起病毒性胃肠炎的重要病原体,本研究旨在对2015～2016年春季安徽部分地区暴发的急性胃肠炎(Acute gastroenteritis,AGE)疫情标本进行病原检测和分子分型,分析病原的基因特征。收集2015年3月至2016年5月9起AGE疫情流行病学信息和采集病例粪便、肛拭子样本。采用Real-time PCR检测NoVs核酸和RT-PCR扩增RdRp与VP1区基因序列,基因测序后应用BLAST比对和NoVs在线分型工具分析结果。7起疫情发生在中、小学校(77.78%,7/9),2起疫情发生在乡镇,发病人数中位数为6人,男女发病比例为1.41∶1,临床表现主要以恶心、呕吐/腹泻、腹痛为主。77份临床病例样本中检出66份NoVs核酸阳性,基因序列测定获得76条序列,39条序列为RdRp区GⅡ.P17基因型,37条序列为VP1区GⅡ.17基因型。基因进化树分析显示:2015～2016年安徽地区39条RdRp区NoVs GⅡ.P17基因型序列Cluster III进化簇III b分支,与2015年广东、海南、中国台湾地区参考毒株序列有较近的亲缘性关系,核苷酸同源性为99%～100%。37条VP1区NoVs GⅡ.17基因型序列都处在Cluster III进化簇上,其中28条序列属于III a进化分支,与山东2015年LX09株、2016年广东GZ2016-L492株、江苏zj019株、中国香港CUHK-NS-942株以及日本2015年AichiF101毒株序列有较近的亲缘性关系。新型GⅡ.P17-GⅡ.17基因型NoVs是引起2015年和2016年春季安徽部分地区AGE暴发的主要病原体,需加强病毒性胃肠炎流行病学调查与病原监测及分子分型鉴定工作。     

烟夜蛾18S rDNA的克隆及序列分析

利用PCR方法克降得到了烟夜蛾18S rDNA全基因序列,基因全长1904bp;构建了其全长、保守区和非保守区的系统发育树,比较了与其他已知蛾类昆虫18S rDNA全序列的同源性.结果表明,蛾类之间该基因的同源性达到92%以上,利用其多变区构建的发育树更能反映蛾类昆虫的亲缘关系;比较烟夜蛾与棉铃虫的18S rDNA序列发现,两个近缘种之间仅有lO个核苷酸的差异.     

戊型肝炎病毒通用性PCR引物的设计及其基因分型的研究

针对戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)基因分型尚无统一标准的现状,本研究通过分析GenBank中现有的82株HEV基因组全序列,设计一组HEV通用性PCR引物(HEVuPrimer)用于扩增不同基因型HEV可测序长片段,分别基于全基因序列、HEVuPrimer扩增序列和较常用的MXJ引物扩增序列对82株HEV进行基因分型,再以HEVuPrimer扩增1～4型HEV参考株和HEVIg M抗体阳性的临床标本,进行HEV基因分型的研究。研究结果表明HE-VuPrimer扩增区段与全基因序列对82株HEV的基因分型结果完全一致;HEVuPrimer与HEV序列的匹配程度明显高于MXJ引物,且HEVuPrimer区段的基因分型结果较MXJ区段的更为准确。HEVuPrimer可同时扩增出不同基因型HEV基因片段。124份临床标本中,60份测出特异性HEV RNA,阳性率为48.4%,基因分型结果均为4型HEV,但分属于4个不同的基因亚型,核苷酸同源性为80.0%～99.9%,其中有6例近期分离的HEV毒株形成一新的基因亚型。因此,基于HEVuPrimer扩增区段的HEV基因分型方法具有较高的可靠性和可信度,为建立统一、可行的HEV基...     

乙型肝炎病毒前S基因区缺失突变发生机制的探讨

检测慢性乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)携带者和患者外周血内HBV前S区基因缺失突变的分子结构特点,探讨其发生机理.用聚合酶链反应方法从慢性乙肝患者和携带者血清中扩增出前S区基因片段,克隆、测序,分析缺失发生的结构特点,从而推测这些前S区基因缺失突变的产生机制.从262例慢性乙肝患者和103例无症状HBV携带者体内扩增出前S区片段,共在30例患者和携带者中检测出多种前S区基因缺失突变,主要集中于前S1区的3′端和前S2区的5′端.其中有9例患者和携带者体内存在完全一样的nt3019～nt3201 183bp的缺失突变,该缺失突变符合真核细胞mRNA剪接机制,在此位置上各基因型的序列高度保守.同时有另外两种缺失突变,即nt3019～nt3147 129bp缺失、nt3019～nt3109 91bp缺失也符合该剪接机制.有23种缺失突变部分于重复序列之间,符合逆转录过程中的模板转换机制所导致的缺失.根据前基因组RNA预测出二级结构,仅部分缺失突变在RNA二级结构中对应于局部的结构.此结果表明:HBV在外界因素mRNA的剪接机制和内在因素聚合酶蛋白的功能特点的共同作用下,产生各种突变,不同的机制将导致不同类型的缺失突变.除真核细胞mRNA剪接机制外,逆转录过程中的模板转换是主要机制之一.     

四种散白蚁的分子鉴定及系统发育地位(等翅目:鼻白蚁科)

【目的】目前对白蚁的物种鉴定主要依赖形态学特征,本文从分子水平对4种散白蚁进行了鉴定和系统发育分析。【方法】对4种散白蚁(湖南散白蚁Reticulitermes hunanensis Tsai et Peng、平额散白蚁Reticulitermes planifrons Li et Ping、近暗散白蚁Reticulitermes perilucifugus Ping和侏儒散白蚁Reticulitermes minuts Ping et Xu)的线粒体16Sr DNA和COⅡ基因序列进行扩增和测序,对序列进行比对及碱基组成分析后上传至GeneBank,并构建系统发育树对4种散白蚁进行系统发育分析。【结果】16S rDNA和COⅡ基因片段长度分别约380bp和720bp,两个基因的AT碱基含量均远远大于GC,16S rDNA序列的遗传距离普遍大于COⅡ序列,且两者的系统发育情况不一致。【结论】COⅡ基因系统发育与地理位置差距相关较为明显,16S rDNA基因序列碱基差异较COⅡ多,推断COⅡ基因更适合于白蚁由于地理位置引起的系统发育和地理迁徙及传入情况的研究,16S rDNA基因更适合于白蚁种类的鉴别。     

禽Ⅰ型副粘病毒f基因克隆及序列分析

用RT-PCR一步法对云南省不同禽类(鸡、鸽子)3株禽I型副粘病毒F基因进行扩增和克隆,并对其f基因片段核苷酸序列进行分析,结果表明,云南省禽I型副粘病毒各毒株同源性为88.1%～94.9%,与疫苗株LaSota和强毒株F48E9的同源性为85.6%.所分离两株新城疫病毒在F蛋白裂解位点区(112～117aa)的氨基酸序列与强毒株在这一区域的序列完全相同,表明为强毒株.鸽I型副粘病毒F蛋白裂解位点区的氨基酸序列与PPMV ZQ98-1株在这一区域的序列完全相同,揭示为中强毒株.以1 662bp核苷酸绘制系统发育树,表明云南地方新城疫病毒属于基因Ⅶ型,鸽I型副粘病毒属于基因Ⅵ型.     

禽I型副粘病毒f基因克隆及序列分析

用RT-PCR一步法对云南省不同禽类(鸡、鸽子)3株禽I型副粘病毒F基因进行扩增和克隆,并对其f基因片段核苷酸序列进行分析,结果表明,云南省禽I型副粘病毒各毒株同源性为88.1%～94.9%,与疫苗株LaSota和强毒株F48E9的同源性为85.6%。所分离两株新城疫病毒在F蛋白裂解位点区(112～117aa)的氨基酸序列与强毒株在这一区域的序列完全相同,表明为强毒株。鸽I型副粘病毒F蛋白裂解位点区的氨基酸序列与PPMV ZQ98-1株在这一区域的序列完全相同,揭示为中强毒株。以1 662bp核苷酸绘制系统发育树,表明云南地方新城疫病毒属于基因Ⅶ型,鸽I型副粘病毒属于基因Ⅵ型。     

突脐孢属Brnl基因核苷酸序列比较及系统发育研究

对所有供试突脐孢菌株的Brnl基因(1,3,8-三羟基萘还原酶基因)扩增均获得PCR产物。序列比较表明：在种内各菌株间没有核苷酸序列长度变化,存在核苷酸序列简单代换;在种间核苷酸序列长度有变化,核苷酸的缺失或插入发生在内含子区;所有菌株编码区核苷酸序列长度相同;在种内水平氨基酸序列没有差别,显示出高度的保守性。利用最大简约法(Maximum Parsimony)和邻近结合法(Neighbor-joining)构建系统发育树,两个系统发育树的拓扑结构相似,不同种在不同的分支上。Brnl基因适合突脐孢属种级水平的分子系统学研究。     

乙型肝炎病毒RT区变异及其与基因型分布的关系

目的：探讨大样本乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）感染患者RT区耐药位点变异的流行情况,及各耐药位点变异与HBV基因型的关系。方法：采用P区测序法对1117例慢性乙型肝炎患者的血清病毒进行P区测序、进化树分型。结果：RT区耐药位点变异发生率与基因型关系密切,在基因型C患者中的变异发生率远远高于基因型B患者（P=O．000）。Rt180、rtM204V、rtM204I、rt181、rt213位点变异均与基因型c有关（P〈O．05）。主要的三种变异类型rt180＋rtM204V、rtM204I、rt180＋rtM204I间基因型分布存在显薯差异（P=0．003）。不同HBeAg状态下,耐药变并的发生有显著差并（P=O．020）,特别是rt181和rt236位点变畀。结论：HBV基因型影响RT区耐药变异发生率及变异类型。且耐药变异发生率也与HBeAg状态有关。     

乙型肝炎病毒RT 区变异及其与基因型分布的关系

目的:探讨大样本乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染患者RT区耐药位点变异的流行情况,及各耐药位点变异与HBV基因型的关系。方法:采用P区测序法对1117例慢性乙型肝炎患者的血清病毒进行P区测序、进化树分型。结果:RT区耐药位点变异发生率与基因型关系密切,在基因型C患者中的变异发生率远远高于基因型B患者(P=0.000)。Rt180、rtM204V、rtM204I、rt181、rt213位点变异均与基因型C有关(P<0.05)。主要的三种变异类型rt180+rtM204V、rtM204I、rt180+rtM204I间基因型分布存在显著差异(P=0.003)。不同HBeAg状态下,耐药变异的发生有显著差异(P=0.020),特别是rt181和rt236位点变异。结论:HBV基因型影响RT区耐药变异发生率及变异类型,且耐药变异发生率也与HBeAg状态有关。     

Characteristics of hepatitis B virus isolates of genotype G and their phylogenetic differences from the other six genotypes (A through F)

Eight hepatitis B virus (HBV) isolates of genotype G were recovered from patients and sequenced over the entire genome. Six of them had a genomic length of 3,248 bp and two had genomic lengths of 3,239 bp (USG15) and 3,113 bp (USG18) due to deletions. The 10 HBV/G isolates, including the 8 sequenced isolates as well as the original isolate (AF160501) and another isolate (B1-89), had a close sequence homology of 99.3 to 99.8% among themselves (excluding USG18 with a long deletion) but of <88.7% to any of the 68 HBV isolates of the other six genotypes with the full-length sequence known. The eight HBV/G isolates possessed an insertion of 36 bp in the core gene and two stop codons in the precore region, as did the AF160501 and B1-89 isolates. The 10 HBV/G isolates clustered on a branch separate from those bearing the other six genotypes (A through F [A-F]) in the phylogenetic tree constructed from full-length sequences of 78 HBV isolates as well as in those constructed from the core, polymerase, X, and envelope genes. Despite two stop codons in the precore region that prohibited the translation of the HBV e antigen (HBeAg), all of the eight patients with HBV/G infection possessed the HBeAg in serum. By restriction fragment length polymorphism of the surface gene, all of the eight patients were found to be coinfected with HBV of genotype A (HBV/A), which would be responsible for the expression of HBeAg in them. It is worthy of examination to determine how coinfection occurs and whether HBV/G needs HBV/A for replication.     

乙型肝炎病毒变异与肝细胞癌发生关系

乙型肝炎病毒（hepatitisBvirus,HBV）基因组复制时,以病毒前基因组RNA作为模板合成子代病毒DNA,催化该过程的逆转录酶缺乏校对功能,所以HBV易出现变异。近年来,各国学者通过比较肝细胞癌（hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC）患者和非HCC患者的HBV基因序列,发现HBV基本核心启动子区的A1762T／G1764A变异或T1753V变异、增强子Ⅰ区的G1053A或G1229A变异、前S蛋白的F141L变异、前s2区基因缺失变异和x基因的截短变异,分别是HCC的易患因素,而前c区常见的G1896A变异,与HCC的发生无关。增强子Ⅱ区的C1653T变异在c基因HBV感染中可能与发生HCC有关,而在A基因型可能无关。     

TT virus in Hungary: sequence heterogeneity and mixed infections

The majority of the viral hepatitis cases is caused by five hepatitis viruses (A,B,C,D,E). In 1997, TT virus was discovered. It was supposed that a number of the unknown hepatitis cases was caused by the TT virus. The aim of this study was to characterize TT viruses carried by healthy individuals and patients suffering from hepatitis of unknown origin in Hungary. TTV DNA was detected by seminested PCR with the commonly used N22 primers. Twenty of the 108 sera (18.5%) taken from healthy persons and 115 of the 228 sera (50.4%) of patients with hepatitis of unknown origin were found to be positive. The nucleotide sequences of 26 clones derived from 17 hepatitis patients and 15 clones from nine healthy persons were determined and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. Genotype 2 (group 1) was found to be the most frequent, but other group 1 genotypes (1, 6) and genotypes 8 and 17 of group 2 were also detected. Mixed TTV infections were found in eight cases (two healthy persons and six hepatitis patients). Variants belonging to the same group were carried in seven cases, and the presence of group 1 (genotype 2) and group 2 (genotype 8) TTV sequences were found in one single hepatitis patient.     

Occult Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Anti-HBs-Positive Infants Born to HBsAg-Positive Mothers in China

Objective

To investigate the prevalence of occult HBV infection (OBI) among children and to characterize virology of occult HBV, we conducted an epidemiological survey.

Methods

186 HB-vaccinated infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers were included in the study. Serological tests for HBV markers were performed using commercial ELISA kits. Real-time quantitative PCR and nested PCR were used to detect HBV DNA. PCR products of the C and pre-S/S regions were sequenced and analyzed.

Results

1.61% (3/186) infants were HBsAg positive, and 4.92% (9/183) infants were considered as occult infection. The viral load of mothers was associated with occult infection (P = 0.020). Incomplete three-dose injections of HB vaccine was associated with HBV infection (P = 0.022). Six OBI infants were positive for anti-HBs, but their titers were not greater than 100 mIU/mL. Seven isolated HBV pre-S/S sequences were obtained from nine OBI infants. Three of the sequences were genotype C, and four of the sequences were genotype C/D. Escape mutation S143L was found in the four sequences of genotype C/D. All seven sequences lacked G145R and other escape mutation in S region.

Conclusions

Occult HBV infection was detected in anti-HBs positive infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers in China. Occult infection was associated with absent anti-HBs or with low anti-HBs level, high maternal viral loads and escape mutations in the S gene.     

The Effect of Vaccination on the Evolution and Population Dynamics of Avian Paramyxovirus-1

Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) is a pathogenic strain of avian paramyxovirus (aPMV-1) that is among the most serious of disease threats to the poultry industry worldwide. Viral diversity is high in aPMV-1; eight genotypes are recognized based on phylogenetic reconstruction of gene sequences. Modified live vaccines have been developed to decrease the economic losses caused by this virus. Vaccines derived from avirulent genotype II strains were developed in the 1950s and are in use globally, whereas Australian strains belonging to genotype I were developed as vaccines in the 1970s and are used mainly in Asia. In this study, we evaluated the consequences of attenuated live virus vaccination on the evolution of aPMV-1 genotypes. There was phylogenetic incongruence among trees based on individual genes and complete coding region of 54 full length aPMV-1 genomes, suggesting that recombinant sequences were present in the data set. Subsequently, five recombinant genomes were identified, four of which contained sequences from either genotype I or II. The population history of vaccine-related genotype II strains was distinct from other aPMV-1 genotypes; genotype II emerged in the late 19^th century and is evolving more slowly than other genotypes, which emerged in the 1960s. Despite vaccination efforts, genotype II viruses have experienced constant population growth to the present. In contrast, other contemporary genotypes showed population declines in the late 1990s. Additionally, genotype I and II viruses, which are circulating in the presence of homotypic vaccine pressure, have unique selection profiles compared to nonvaccine-related strains. Collectively, these data show that vaccination with live attenuated viruses has changed the evolution of aPMV-1 by maintaining a large effective population size of a vaccine-related genotype, allowing for coinfection and recombination of vaccine and wild type strains, and by applying unique selective pressures on viral glycoproteins.     

Multiple infection of TT virus (TTV) with different genotypes in Japanese hemophiliacs

To clarify the persistent TT virus (TTV) infection, we studied a possibility of multiple TTV infection by genotype analysis of isolated TTV obtained from seven Japanese hemophiliacs. The nucleotide sequences including 222 bp in the open reading frame 1 (ORF1) region of 10 TTV isolates from each patient were analyzed and classified into various TTV genotypes such as G1 to G6 by phylogenetic analysis using a N-J method. Multiple TTV genotypes were observed in all the hemophiliacs: three different TTV genotypes were found in three patients, whereas four different TTV genotypes were observed in the other three patients. The remaining patient was also infected with TTV of five different genotypes. Moreover, new TTV genotypes were found in these seven patients and tentatively designated as G7. The present findings indicate that multiple TTV infection with different TTV genotypes has occurred in Japanese hemophiliacs. They also provide valuable information to understand persistent TTV infection.     

New complex recombinant genotype of hepatitis B virus identified in Vietnam

A novel variant of hepatitis B virus was identified in Vietnam. This strain (HBV-VH24) had a novel intergenotypic recombination between genotypes A, C, and G. VH24 showed high similarity (98.3 to 98.9%) to the "aberrant strains" among Vietnamese isolates reported by Hannoun et al. (C. Hannoun et al., J. Gen. Virol. 81:2267-2272, 2000) and also had similar breakpoints of recombination. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete genome of these strains formed a separate clade. Furthermore, their pre-S/S gene-encoded seven unique conserved amino acid residues were not present in other genotypes. These findings support the designation of the new genotype I.