细菌视紫红质的光电响应特性和机制

在ITO导电玻璃上制备定向细菌视紫红质 (BR)电泳沉积膜或LB膜组成光电池系统 ,在短脉冲激光照射下 ,测定其脉冲响应光电压 ;在间断光照射下 ,测定其对光强变化产生的微分响应信号。对脉冲光电响应和微分响应的机理及其关系进行理论分析和解释 ,认为脉冲响应是BR分子内部生色团快速光极化引起的电荷分离和希夫碱及其周围氨基酸去质子化和再质子化过程引起的质子定向运输产生的位移电流 ,是一个快反应过程 ,是微分响应的早期反应和基础。微分响应则是由于菌紫质的光驱动质子泵产生的连续质子流在光开和光关瞬间引起光电池系统充放电以及测量电路的耦合特性引起的 ,是一个慢变化过程     

细菌视紫红质的两种光电微分响应及其机制

利用MATLAB软件对细菌视紫红质 (BR)膜光电器件的脉冲响应实验数据进行拟合 ,得到器件的冲激响应函数。据此用SIMULINK模块构造出了反映BR光电器件特性的仿真系统。利用此系统对不同间断光入射BR光电器件时的输出响应信号进行了仿真计算。通过分析得出结论 :以前所描述的微分响应 (发生在毫秒到秒的时间量级 ,在光打开时产生一个正脉冲 ,在光关掉时产生一个负脉冲 )并非BR分子固有的特性 ,部分是由于测量电路引起的。BR分子本身特性引起的微分响应是发生在微秒时间量级 ,而且在光打开时产生一个负脉冲 ,在光关掉时产生一个正脉冲。对这两种微分响应产生的机制分别进行了探讨     

细菌视紫红质对调制光的响应特性

细菌视紫红质在结构上与视紫红质的相似性使其具有某些视觉响应特性.用电泳法在不锈钢电极上沉积出定向紫膜薄膜,构成不锈钢/紫膜/凝胶/铜电极结构的光接收器.在调制光作用下,光接收器显示出对光强变化的微分响应特性.测量了光电压随调制频率和入射光功率的变化关系.比较和讨论了细菌视紫红质对调制光响应特性与视觉频闪及明暗感的相关性.     

一株工业腐败物中魏氏柠檬酸杆菌的分离鉴定及产生物膜特性分析

【目的】分离和鉴定工业腐败物中高产细菌生物膜菌株,并明确该菌的部分产膜特性。【方法】通过微孔板结晶紫染色法对分离的菌株进行产膜能力评价,根据菌落形态、生理生化特性和16S rRNA序列的系统进化树分析进行菌株鉴定;同时利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和结晶紫染色法分别研究材料及温度对该菌产膜特性和能力的影响。【结果】筛选出一株高产细菌生物膜菌株,经鉴定该菌为魏氏柠檬酸杆菌;其在玻璃、不锈钢和聚氯乙烯(PVC)材料表面均能形成生物膜;温度条件显著影响产膜能力,在30°C时,菌株在PVC材料表面形成生物膜能力最强。【结论】工业腐败物中含有高产细菌生物膜菌株,并且产膜受附着物和温度影响。     

聚3，4乙烯二氧噻吩修饰的新型碳纳米管纤维电极及其电化学性能评价

目的 植入式脑机接口在神经疾病的治疗方面已经得到了广泛应用，治疗的效果依赖于与神经组织接触的电极。与刚性材料制作的电极相比，碳基微纤维电极尺度小、生物兼容性好、组织炎症反应小，可以减少植入后的异物反应，改善神经记录信号的信噪比，可以长期保持稳定的电极特性。方法 本文设计了一种柔性碳纳米管（carbon nanotubes，CNTs）纤维电极的修饰方法，该方法采用电化学聚合的方式可以将聚3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩（poly（3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene），PEDOT）薄膜沉积到CNTs纤维电极上，作为微电极涂层。为了证明修饰涂层在电极表面具有良好的机械稳定性，对修饰电极进行了超声处理。此外，本文将PEDOT薄膜沉积到ITO玻璃上，评价了PEDOT薄膜的生物相容性。结果 恒电流方式在CNTs纤维电极表面沉积的PEDOT涂层降低了电极的电化学阻抗，提高了电极的电化学性能，且PEDOT沉积的时间越长阻抗减少的幅度越明显。对电极进行超声处理后，电极的电化学阻抗没有产生显著变化，说明超声处理后PEDOT涂层剥离较少，证明了修饰涂层在电极表面具有良好的机械稳定性。最后，细胞实验表明，PEDOT薄膜具有与ITO导电玻璃相当的细胞相容性。结论 PEDOT薄膜可以提高CNTs纤维电极的稳定性，有望提高脑机接口系统的寿命和可靠性，具有应用于长时间记录神经电信号的前景。     

光电响应对紫膜外表面[k~ ]依赖性与质子泵效率相关

本文研究发现,不锈钢／电沉积紫膜薄膜／含水胶（电介质）／铜型菌紫质光电池的光电响应对紫膜外表面的钾离子浓度的依赖性与质子泵效率的这种依赖性成相关性。这种相关性说明：１．膜中菌紫质的光电响应主要来自质子泵运而非钾离子直接的贡献;２．存在一合适的离子浓度使菌紫质的光电响应有极大值;３．作用在外表面的离子主要影响质子释放结构域     

高碱性pH诱导紫膜片层表面结构变化的原子力显微镜直接观测

报道了在高碱性pH下,紫膜中细菌视紫红质(BR)表面结构变化的直观信息.紫外可见光谱实验发现,当pH上升到12.6,BR分子上的生色团视黄醛脱落,分子完全变性;原子力显微镜实验观测到在此pH下,紫膜片层的晶格结构瓦解,BR分子在紫膜上无规则聚集,同时出现非特征“岛屿”结构和特征“岛屿”结构.     

葡萄糖氧化酶在枯草芽孢杆菌芽孢表面的展示及其酶电极制备

葡萄糖生物传感器是目前最为常见的电化学生物传感器,绝大多数葡萄糖生物传感器采用在电极表面修饰葡萄糖氧化酶的方法来制备,但是,在电极的固定化过程中需要酶的纯化,使得成本增加,已成为固定化酶电极开发领域的瓶颈。文中主要以芽孢衣壳蛋白CotX为锚定蛋白将葡萄糖氧化酶 (Glucose oxidase,GOD) 展示到枯草芽孢杆菌芽孢表面,通过Western blotting分析、免疫荧光分析以及酶活检测均证明GOD在芽孢表面有效表达,发酵获得重组芽孢 (Spore-GOD)。再采用滴涂法和电沉积法制备了氧化石墨烯/普鲁士蓝沉积膜修饰玻碳电极,将Spore-GOD固定在修饰电极表面,最后滴加一层Nafion溶液,制成了电化学生物传感器,用于葡萄糖的灵敏测定。葡萄糖在该酶电极传感器上的循环伏安图表明,该反应在0.42 V处出现明显的氧化峰,并且氧化还原峰电流与葡萄糖浓度在0.1–7.0 mmol/L之间具有良好的线性关系,校正曲线方程为：I=1.304 7Cglucose+3.639 (R2=0.992 9),其检测限为7.5 μmol/L (S/N=3)。此修饰电极具有良好的导电性能、稳定性和重现性,可用于葡萄糖的分析测定。     

ITO石英晶体电极上不同内皮细胞浓度的粘弹性研究及药物作用评估

用石英晶体微天平(quartz crystal microbalance,QCM)和活细胞成像技术实时监测人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)在ITO石英晶体电极上的动态粘附响应过程。在ITO晶体电极上加入不同浓度的HUVEC,测定细胞在QCM上谐振频率以及耗散的实时变化。通过ITO电极与光学显微镜的联用,监测了HUVEC在药物处理前后的动态变化过程。用细胞粘弹性指数(QCM的动态电阻变化与频移变化之比,CVI=ΔR/Δf)表征细胞的粘弹性变化,同时通过活细胞成像技术的联用,实时监测细胞的形态变化。结果表明:细胞浓度为10万个/m L时,细胞在ITO电极上铺展完全且粘弹性最大。抑制剂y-27632和激动剂凝血酶thrombin药物处理细胞前后,在显微镜的实时监测下细胞形态变化不明显,但CVI粘弹性指数变化较大,说明QCM信号比光学信号更为敏感,且在药物筛选方面有有很大的应用前景。     

基于表面质子化聚多巴胺修饰电极用于拟南芥原生质体的黏附与测定

采用自氧化方法将多巴胺(DA)聚合修饰到光透ITO(或金)电极表面上,通过缓冲溶液(pH 3)处理后形成带正电、可与带负电荷原生质体静电相互作用的表面膜。经循环伏安、电化学阻抗方法证明修饰薄膜对拟南芥原生质体黏附的有效性,在一定原生质体数目范围(1000~30 000),质子化聚多巴胺膜界面电荷转移电阻(R_(ct))随原生质体数目(N_(cells))增加而增加,1/R_(ct)与1/N_(cells)呈线性关系。此外,石英晶体微天平动态测试结果亦证明,本方法制备的修饰薄膜对原生质体具良好的黏附效果。本研究提供了一种用于原生质体固定与传感的有效方法,为在细胞层次研究植物结构、功能与行为及植物生命多样性提供参考。     

Characteristics and mechanisms of the two types of photoelectric differential response of bacteriorhodopsin-based photocell

Bacteriorhodopsin (BR)-based photocells have been assigned possessing differential photoelectric response. But recently we found that the differential response described before, which occurred in milliseconds to seconds, outputting a positive pulse when light was on and a negative pulse when light was off, was not the intrinsic property of the BR molecule. It was partially caused by the measuring circuit. By measuring the photoelectric response signal of the BR film photocell to a short laser pulse, the impulse response function of the BR film photocell was obtained by data fitting with MATLAB software. A simulation system was accordingly developed. The output response signals of the BR film photocell under different stepping incident light were calculated. By simulation and analysis, it was concluded that the differential response caused by the intrinsic property of the BR molecule happened in microseconds time scale, and it produced a negative pulse when light was on and a positive pulse when light was off. It was much faster but much weaker than that described before.     

铜／封口膜／酰化紫膜LB膜／氧化铟锡型菌紫质光电池的光电特性

ＲＨ５７％的ＡＰＭＬＢＦ构制的Ｃｕ／Ｐａｒａｆｉｌｍ／ＡＰＭＬＢＦ／ＩＴＯ型ＢＲ光电池具有的光电响应能力随ＡＰＭＬＢＦ暗适应程度增加而增大,光适应后趋于稳定。光电响应信号的大小随被光照的截面减小而变小;不同引线输出的信号极性与质子泵运相一致。结果认为这种光电池可用于进一步构制光电池组以模拟视网膜的某些功能。     

A study on the fabrication of chemically modified bacteriorhodopsin film and its photochemical properties

Chemically modified bacteriorhodopsin (BR) films embedded in gelatin matrix were fabricated. It was found that chemically modified BR/gelatin film remained the original conformation of BR and possessed homogeneity. Then, the photochemical conversion from all-trans O state to 9-cis P state in the chemically modified BR film/gelatin was investigated. For comparison purpose, the same conversion in the wild-type BR (BRwt) film was also presented here. To our know, it is the first report to show that the absorption changes of the P state in the chemically modified BR film were larger than in the BRwt film upon illumination with red light at the low actinic power density.     

Molecularly imprinted hydroxyapatite thin film for bilirubin recognition

A novel piezoelectric sensor has been developed for bilirubin (BR) detection, based on the modification of molecularly imprinted hydroxyapatite (HAP) film onto a quartz crystal by molecular imprinting and surface sol-gel technique. The performance of the developed BR biosensor was evaluated and the results indicated that a sensitive BR biosensor could be fabricated. The obtained BR biosensor presents high-selectivity monitoring of BR, better reproducibility, shorter response time (37 min), wider linear range (0.05-80μM) and lower detection limit (0.01μM). The analytical application of the BR biosensor confirms the feasibility of BR detection in serum sample.     

Molecularly imprinted polyaniline film for ascorbic acid detection

Molecularly imprinted polyaniline (PANI) film (～ 100 nm thick) has been electrochemically fabricated onto indium-tin-oxide (ITO) coated glass plate using ascorbic acid (AA) as template molecule. Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) studies indicate the presence of AA in PANI matrix, which also acts as a dopant for PANI. Further, the AA selective molecularly imprinted PANI electrode (AA-MI-PANI/ITO) has been developed via over-oxidation of AA doped PANI electrode which leads to the removal of AA moieties from PANI film. The response studies using DPV technique have revealed that this molecularly imprinted AA-MI-PANI/ITO electrode can detect AA in the range of 0.05-0.4 mM with detection limit of 0.018 mM and sensitivity of 1.2 × 10(-5) AmM(-1). Interestingly, this AA-MI-PANI/ITO electrode shows excellent reusability, selectivity and stability.     

Highly selective and sensitive determination of dopamine using a Nafion/carbon nanotubes coated poly(3-methylthiophene) modified electrode

A poly(3-methylthiophene) modified glassy carbon electrode coated with Nafion/single-walled carbon nanotubes film was fabricated and used for highly selective and sensitive determination of dopamine. The hybrid film surface of the modified electrode was characterized by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and the results indicated that the carbon nanotubes were dispersed uniformly on the conductive polymer. The experimental results suggest that the hybrid film modified electrode combining the advantages of poly(3-methylthiophene), carbon nanotubes with Nafion exhibits dramatic electrocatalytic effect on the oxidation of dopamine (DA) and results in a marked enhancement of the current response. In 0.1M phosphate buffer solution (PBS) of pH 7.0, the differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) peak heights are linear with DA concentration in three intervals, viz. 0.020-0.10 microM, 0.10-1.0 microM and 1.0-6.0 microM, with correlation coefficients of 0.9993, 0.9996 and 0.9993, respectively. The detection limit of 5.0 nM DA could be estimated (S/N=3). Moreover, the interferences of ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UC) are effectively diminished. This hybrid film modified electrode can be applied to the determination of DA contents in dopamine hydrochloride injection and human serum. These attractive features provide a potential application for either in vitro measurement of DA in the presence of excess AA and UA or as detectors in flow injection analysis (FIA) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).     

Electrochemical sensing of the behaviour of oligonucleotide lipoplexes at charged interfaces

Complexes between short oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) with a variable dG(x)dC(y) base composition and liposomes composed of the cationic lipid DOTAP (ODN lipoplexes) were studied by differential pulse voltammetry at a glassy carbon electrode. Since lipoplexes are spontaneously formed by electrostatic interactions, the objective of the voltammetric study was to investigate their behaviour at the electrode surface/solution interface. It was verified that the peak current in the voltammograms for ODN lipoplexes was due to guanosine oxidation and that it was influenced both by the applied adsorption potential and the lipoplex (+/-) charge ratio used. It was found that for low ODN lipoplexes (+/-) charge ratios the peak current obtained was enhanced when compared to that registered with free ODN for the same concentration. This allowed a higher sensitivity in the determination of ODN by differential pulse voltammetry and a limit of detection of 5.5 ng/mL was achieved. A model that explains the organisation of ODN lipoplexes at the electrode surface/solution interface is proposed. The electrochemical results presented account for a better physicochemical characterisation of lipoplexes at charged interfaces, which can be important for the understanding and development of gene therapy vectors based on ODN lipoplexes.     

Direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis of heme proteins immobilized on gold nanoparticles stabilized by chitosan

Three heme proteins, myoglobin, hemoglobin, and cytochrome c, have been adsorbed onto chitosan-stabilized gold nanoparticles (Chit-Aus) modified Au electrode via a molecule bridge like cysteine. UV-vis spectra indicated that the proteins on Chit-Aus films retained near-native secondary structures. The fabricated procedures and electrochemical behaviors of proteins on such an interface were characterized with electrochemical impedance spectra and cyclic voltammetric techniques. It was demonstrated that Chit-Aus film could not only offer a friendly environment to immobilize protein molecules but also enhance the electron transfer ability between protein molecules and underlying electrode. The effects of scan rate and pH on the electrochemical behaviors of each heme protein are discussed in detail. The resultant electrode displayed an excellent electrocatalytic response to the reduction of H(2)O(2), long-term stability, and good reproducibility.