氧化铝催化7-表-紫杉醇转化为紫杉醇的机理探索

在碱性氧化铝作用下,云南红豆杉浸膏中7-表-紫杉醇被催化转化为紫杉醇。该异构化反应是由氧化铝表面L酸中心、碱中心的协同作用而催化,在室温条件下就可进行,氧化铝表面酸碱中心的种类和强度都将影响反应进行的程度,适量的甲醇对反应有促进作用。     

影响--氢嘧啶酶反应的因素

恶臭假单孢菌(Pseudomonas putida)产生的二氢嘧啶酶催化5－苯海因水解产生N－氨甲酰基－D－苯甘氨酸反应的转化率随使用的酶量增加和底物浓度的降低而提高。酶反应的最适温度为45℃,但在35℃时反应转化率最高,低或高于此温度转化率均降低。表面活性剂Triton X－100和甘油磷酸钾不能使酶从细胞中分泌出来,并使酶活力下降,但加在反应混合物中可提高转化率。使用高浓度缓冲液可提高转化率,若加碱控制反应混合物pH,转化率可进一步提高。氯化铵－氢氧化铵缓冲系统优于磷酸缓冲系统。采用氯化铵－氢氧化铵缓冲系统,用氨水控制pH可使底物转化率达95％以上。     

紫杉醇在氧化铝层析过程中的稳定性研究

本文比杉醇在氧化铝层析分离紫杉烷过程中的稳定性进行了实验分析。结果表明,紫杉醇在柱中的仪时间、流动相中甲醇浓度、介质的含水量以及操作温度是影响稳定性的主要因素。当停留时间控制在４５ｍｉｎ以内,氧化是质经过脱水处理,降低甲醇浓度及温度控制在２５℃以内时,可减少紫杉醇在氧化铝层析过程中的降解。     

氧化铝层析从云南红豆杉植物中转化提取紫杉醇

采用氧化铝层析从云南红豆杉植物汉膏中转化生成和分离提纯了紫杉醇。考察了氧化铝的类型、流动相中水和甲醇的添中、反应时间以及洗脱剂组成等层析操作条件对紫杉醇回收和分离的影响。研究表明,采用碱性氧化铝柱层析分离和回收紫杉醇效果显著,通过对紫杉醇转化和分离条件的优化,经一步氧化铝柱层析,可以使紫杉醇的含量从小于１．０％提高到大于２７％,紫杉醇的回收大于１７０％。     

TLC—紫外分光光度法定量检测紫杉醇

采用TLC法进行了红豆杉培养细胞中紫杉醇的分离、纯化。展层剂为甲醇－氯仿（1：12）时,分离出与紫杉醇标准品Rf值相同的色斑。同时,结合紫外分光光度法进行紫杉醇的定量检测,其平均回收率为HPLC法的91．82％。     

紫杉醇生物合成途径中相关酶的研究进展

抗癌新药紫杉醇是具有萜类环状结构的一种重要次生代谢产物 ,研究紫杉醇的生物合成对于通过基因工程手段提高紫杉醇的产量 ,解决目前资源紧缺造成的巨大供求矛盾具有重要意义 ,这就需要对紫杉醇生物合成途径中催化各步反应 (尤其是关键步骤 )的酶以及编码这些酶的基因有个全面的了解。对近年来紫杉醇生物合成途径中相关酶的研究进行了综述 ,大部分酶及相关基因已被分离、克隆 ,但还有一些酶及相关基因没有发现 ,有待继续深入研究。     

正相和反相柱层析组合分离纯化紫杉醇

采用正相氧化铝柱层析和反相C₁₈柱层析从东北红豆杉培养细胞浸提物中分离纯化了紫杉醇。优化了氧化铝柱层析和反相柱层析的操作条件。实验发现,经过氧化铝柱层析后,测得的紫杉醇量大大增加。经两步层析,使紫杉醇的含量从小于1.0%提高到95%,样品中微量杂质继以重结晶步骤除去,即可获得纯度超过98%的紫杉醇晶体。采用13-CNMR对晶体分析,所得产物结构与文献上紫杉醇的结构一致。     

超声波对红豆杉悬浮细胞生长及紫杉醇释放的研究

分析了超声波对中国红豆杉悬浮细胞培养的生长,紫杉醇合成及释放的影响,细胞对不同强度及作用时间的超声波反应不同,用38kHz,120s的超声强度处理悬浮细胞,紫杉醇胞外释放率由对照的10％左右提高到40－50％,总产量提高了47％,超声波处理植物细胞,提供了在保持细胞生长的前提下有效刺激胞内次生代谢物的简易操作方法。     

前体物对红豆杉培养细胞中紫杉醇生物合成的影响

本文报道了添加７种紫杉醇前体物／调节物后,红豆杉（Ｔ．ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ（Ｐｉｌｇｅｒ）Ｒｅｈｄ）ＴＣ１５８细胞系的反应,在红豆杉细胞悬浮培养２５天时,分别加入不同浓度乙酸钠,苯甲酸钠,Ｌ－苯丙氨酸,甘氨酸,丝氨酸、α－蒎烯,松节油。试验结果表明,各前体物对红豆杉细胞生长无明显影响,均不同程度地促进了紫杉醇的合成。     

K^＋营养对NaCl胁迫下盐地碱蓬生长及叶片液泡膜V—H^＋—ATP和V—H^＋—PPase活性的影响

对溶液培养的盐地碱蓬（Suaeda salsa L.)幼苗进行不同浓度NaCl胁迫并改变培养液中K^ 浓度,以了解K^ 营养对NaCl胁迫下盐地碱蓬幼苗生长及叶片液泡膜V－H^ -ATPase、V－H^ -PPase活性的影响。提高培养液K^ 浓度可明显增加盐胁迫下碱蓬植株的鲜重、干重,促进盐地碱蓬叶片及根部组织K^ 积累。盐地碱蓬叶片液泡膜V－H^ -ATPase至少由A、B、C、D、E及c亚基组成,其表达量在缺K^ 处理（12μmol/L K^ )下随盐胁迫浓度的增加而减小,而在正常K^ （6mmol/L)培养下则随盐胁迫浓度的增加而增加;盐地碱蓬叶片液泡膜V－H^ -PPase分子量为72kD,在缺K^ 和正常K^ 供应情况下,V－H^ -PPase均有较高表达。V－H^ -ATPase及V－H^ -PPase活性变化与其亚基表达量变化基本成正相关。结果表明：K^ 对盐生植物碱蓬的耐盐性有重要作用,盐胁迫下,K^ 可能参与了V－H^ -ATPase和V－H^ -PPase活性调控。     

发酵法生产紫杉醇的检测分析

目的:采用高效液相色谱法对发酵液中的紫杉醇进行测定。方法:将紫杉醇产生菌发酵产物经乙酸乙酯萃取得测定样品,高效液相色谱分析方法为苯基柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相乙腈-甲醇-水(36∶4∶60),流速1mL/min,检测波长227nm,进样体积20μL,柱温室温。结果:紫杉醇与干扰物可达到基线分离,在2.2～110μg/mL范围内,紫杉醇的峰面积与浓度线性关系良好,相关系数0.9996,平均回收率为99.55%,RSD为0.60%。结论:与使用C18柱色谱条件相比,该分析方法灵敏度高,不需要复杂的样品前处理过程,仪器配置不复杂、操作方便、准确性高,可有效地检测发酵液中紫杉醇的含量。     

稀土元素对红豆杉细胞悬浮培养及紫杉醇合成的影响

研究了在250mL摇瓶中,不同浓度的硝酸镧、硫酸铈铵、硝酸亚铈3种稀土化合物对细胞生长及紫杉醇分泌和释放的影响。结果表明,在培养初期加入稀土元素。3种不同稀土化合物对细胞生长影响强弱不同,但趋势相似,均使细胞的延迟期缩短。1ppm的Ce^4 促进细胞生长的效果最明显。细胞干重第17d达到10.9g/L。在指数期加入稀土元素。10ppmCe^3 刺激细胞生长的效果最明显,细胞干重最高值达到11.5g/dL,比对照高1.5g/L,而10ppm的La^3 抑制细胞的生长。经稀土元素处理后,细胞胞内和胞外紫杉醇含量都有大幅度的提高,其中以10ppmCe^3 处理,胞外紫杉醇释放率最大,达37.7%。     

脂氧合酶在诱导红豆杉细胞产紫杉醇中的作用

对红豆杉悬浮培养细胞中脂氧合酶(LOX)在诱导子诱导紫杉醇合成中的作用进行了探讨。结果表明真菌诱导子处理可提高细胞内LOX的活性和紫杉醇的产量,而诱导前用LOX抑制剂菲尼酮处理,可完全抑制诱导子对LOX活性和紫杉醇合成的诱导作用。说明LOX途径可能参与了紫杉醇的合成过程。外加茉莉酸甲酯也可激活LOX活性和紫杉醇合成,诱导前用菲尼酮处理可抑制诱导子诱导的LOX活性和紫杉醇合成,说明外源茉莉酸甲酯可能是通过激活细胞内LOX途径而启动下游紫杉醇的合成。为了进一步研究脂氧合酶在紫杉醇合成中的作用。我们还对红豆杉细胞脂氧合酶的分布和分子量等性质进行了研究。     

稀土化合物对悬浮培养红豆杉细胞紫杉醇生产和释放的影响

采用稀土化合物硝酸镧、硫酸铈铵、硝酸亚铈处理悬浮培养的红豆杉细胞,对八个非外泌型细胞株进行了研究。它们的紫杉醇产量在０．０５￣１５．４４ｍｇ／Ｌ之间,释放率在０％￣２７％之间不同的细胞株对不同稀土化合物的响应是不同的。除ＴＮ、ＮＦ细胞株紫杉醇产量有所下降外,其他细胞株均表现紫杉醇的产量不同程序的提高;Ｅ２细胞株对稀土元素的促渗透作用不敏感。硝酸镧、硫酸铈铵、硝酸亚铈三种稀土化合物中,硝酸亚铈对Ｄ４     

茉莉酸甲酯与真菌诱导物、水杨酸组合对红豆杉细胞中紫杉醇含量的影响

比较了茉莉酸甲酯与真菌诱导物、水杨酸组合对红豆杉细胞几个抗病相关指标（POD、CAT活力、H2O2含量）及紫杉醇含量的影响,3种信号分子的组合对POD、CAT、H2O2及紫杉醇含量的影响是不一致的,MJ单独添加,MJ与SA联合作用以及MJ与F5联合作用都可使POD活力增加,且12h后H2O2含量均升高,约在48h达到高峰,为对照的2倍左右,但72h后,MJ单独添加和MJ与SA联合作用组中H2O2含量变化不大,F5与MJ联合作用则使H2O2含量持续比对照高。MJ单独添加使CAT酶活在144h后才较对照低,F5、SA的加入都可使CAT酶活下降,SA的作用更显著。说明三者的诱导途径并不完全一样,以SA和MJ联合添加对紫杉醇合成的促进作用最大,含量达到细胞干重的0．04％。     

Quantitative 31P NMR detection of oxygen-centered and carbon-centered radical species

Quantitative 31P NMR spin trapping techniques can be used as effective tools for the detection and quantification of many free radical species. Free radicals react with a nitroxide phosphorus compound, 5-diisopropoxy-phosphoryl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DIPPMPO), to form stable radical adducts, which are suitably detected and accurately quantified using (31)P NMR in the presence of phosphorus containing internal standards. Initially, the 31P NMR signals for the radical adducts of oxygen-centered (*OH, O2*-) and carbon-centered (*CH3, *CH2OH, CH2*CH2OH) radicals were assigned. Subsequently, the quantitative reliability of the developed technique was demonstrated under a variety of experimental conditions. The 31P NMR chemical shifts for the hydroxyl and superoxide reaction adducts with DIPPMPO were found to be 25.3, 16.9, and 17.1 ppm (in phosphate buffer), respectively. The 31P NMR chemical shifts for *CH3, *CH2OH, *CH(OH)CH3, and *C(O)CH3 spin adducts were 23.1, 22.6, 27.3, and 30.2 ppm, respectively. Overall, this effort forms the foundations for a targeted understanding of the nature, identity, and mechanisms of radical activity in a variety of biomolecular processes.     

Factors that influence siderophoremediated iron bioavailability: catalysis of interligand iron (III) transfer from ferrioxamine B to EDTA by hydroxamic acids

Deferriferrioxamine B (H3DFB) is a linear trihydroxamic acid siderophore with molecular formula NH2(CH2)5[N(OH)C(O)(CH2)2C(O)NH(CH2)5]2N(OH)C(O)CH3 that forms a kinetically and thermodynamically stable complex with iron(III), ferrioxamine B. Under the conditions of our study (pH = 4.30, 25 degrees C), ferrioxamine B, Fe(HDFB)+, is hexacoordinated and the terminal amine group is protonated. Addition of simple hydroxamic acids, R1C(O)N(OH)R2 (R1 = CH3, R2 = H; R1 = C6H5, R2 = H; R1 = R2 = CH3), to an aqueous solution of ferrioxamine B at pH = 4.30, 25.0 degrees C, I = 2.0, results in the formation of ternary complexes Fe(H2DFB)A+ and Fe(H3DFB)A2+, and tris complexes FeA3, where A- represents the bidendate hydroxamate anion R1C(O)N(O)R2-. The addition of a molar excess of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) to an aqueous solution of ferrioxamine B at pH 4.30 results in a slow exchange of iron(III) to eventually completely form Fe(EDTA)- and H4DFB+. The addition of a hydroxamic acid, HA, catalyzes the rate of this iron exchange reaction: (formula; see text) A four parallel path mechanism is proposed for reaction (1) in which catalysis occurs via transient formation of the ternary and tris complexes Fe(H2DFB) A+, Fe(H3DFB)A2+, and FeA3. Rate and equilibrium constants for the various reaction paths to products were obtained and the influence of hydroxamic acid structure on catalytic efficiency is discussed. The importance of a low energy pathway for iron dissociation from a siderophore complex in influencing microbial iron bio-availability is discussed. The system represented by reaction (1) is proposed as a possible model for in vivo catalyzed release of iron from its siderophore complex at the cell wall or interior, where EDTA represents the intracellular storage depot or membrane-bound carrier and HA represents a low molecular weight hydroxamate-based metabolite capable of catalyzing interligand iron exchange.     

Improved taxol yield by aromatic carboxylic acid and amino acid feeding to cell cultures of taxus cuspidata

Cell culture of Taxus cuspidata represents an alternative to whole plant extraction as a source of taxol and related taxanes. Feeding phenylalanine to callus cultures was previously shown to result in increased taxol yields, probably due to the involvement of this amino acid as a precursor for the N-benzoylphenylisoserine side chain of taxol. Inthis study, we have examined the effect of various concentrations of phenylalanine, benzoic acid, N-benzoylglycine, serine, glycine, alanine, and 3-amino-3-phenyl-propionic acid on taxol accumulation in 2-year-old cell suspensions of Taxus cuspidata, cell line FCL1F, and in developing callus cultures of T. cuspidata. All compounds tested were included in media at stationary phase (suspensions) or after the period of fastest growth (calli). Alanine and 3-amino-3-phenyl-propionicacid were tested only in callus cultures and did not affect taxol accumulation. Significant increases or trends toward increases in taxol accumulationin callus and suspensions were observed in the presence of phenylalanine, benzoic acid, N-benzoylglycine, serine, and glycine. The greatest increases in taxol accumulation were observed in the presence of various concentrations of phenylalanine (1 mM for callus; 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mM for suspensions) and benzoic acid (0.2 and 1 mM for callus and 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mM for suspensions). Increases in taxol yields of cell suspensions in the presence of the most effective precursors brought taxol amounts at stationary phase from 2 mug . g(-1) to approximately 10 mug . g(-1) of the extracted dry weight. The results are discussed in termsof possible implications to taxol biosynthesis and in terms of practical applications to large-scale cell culture systems for the production ofthis drug. (c) 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.