Preliminary observations of wild black-crested gibbons (Hylobates concolor concolor) in Yunnan province,people's republic of China

Black-crested gibbons (Hylobates concolor concolor), which inhabit the subtropical forests of southern China and northern Vietnam, have until now never been the subject of any systematic behavioral or ecological field study. This report presents the findings of a three-month field study of wild black-crested gibbons in the Wuliang and Ailao Mountain Game Reserves in Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China. The sites visited consisted of temperate, subtropical, broadleaf evergreen forests, with trees belonging to the families Elaeocarpaceae, Fagaceae, Lauraceae, Magnoliaceae, and Theaceae. Black-crested gibbons were documented from four sites visited and were found to be polygynous, with an average group size of seven to eight animals. The family groups were observed to comprise one adult male, from one to four adult females, and numerous offspring of various ages. Both sexes of this species emit interactive songs, and various features of this loud vocal behavior were analyzed and are discussed here. Since all other gibbon species were found to inhabit only tropical rain forests and live in strictly monogamous family groups, some of the ecological and evolutionary implications of these findings are also presented.     

海南省尖峰岭保护区海南特有两栖类分布和种群密度调查

2005年8月、10月和2006年3月、7月,4次对海南省尖峰岭自然保护区的两栖类进行了专项调查,共发现海南特有两栖类8种,样带法计算种群数量最大的是细刺蛙（681只／km^2）,依次为脆皮蛙（376只／km^2）、小湍蛙（298只／km^2）、海南溪树蛙（207只/km^2）、海南湍蛙（90只／km^2）、海南疣螈（31只／km^2）、鳞皮厚蹼蟾（12只／km^2）、眼斑小树蛙（4只／km^2）。建议保护区对这些特有种开展长期的种群数量监测和分布范围调查。     

Ecology and behavior of wild black-crested gibbons (Hylobates concolor) in China with a reconsideration of evidence for polygyny

The black-crested gibbon,Hylobates concolor, is one of the few species of gibbons that has not yet been the subject of a long term field study. Field observations in the Ai Lao and Wu Liang Mountains of Yunnan Province, China indicate that in this area the habitat and ecology of this species differ markedly from those of other gibbons that have been studied to date. These differences are correlated with some behavioral differences. In particular, these gibbons apparently have greater day ranges than other gibbons. It has also been suggested that this species lives in polygynous groups. To demonstrate this requires observation of groups with two or more females with young. Our own observations and those from other recent studies suggest that there are alternative explanations consistent with available data.     

海南吊罗山国家级自然保护区黄额闭壳龟种群密度调查

2005年7～9月(雨季)和2006年2～4月(旱季),对海南吊罗山国家级自然保护区海拔900～1100 m地区的黄额闭壳龟Cuora galbinifrons种群密度进行了调查.在调查样区内根据植被类型随机选取6个调查样区,424个布笼点,6360个笼捕日,调查面积6.36 km2,捕获黄额闭壳龟5只,其中,人工林中...     

湖南乌云界蝴蝶物种多样性及区系特点研究

2008～2010年,采用路线法对湖南省乌云界国家级自然保护区的蝶类物种多样性进行了为期近3年的调查,共记录蝴蝶147种,隶属于10科94属。蛱蝶科Nymphalidae Swainson,1827种类最多,弄蝶科Hesperiidae Latreille,1809的多样性指数最大。凤蝶属Papilio Linnaeus,1758对属多样性指数贡献值相对较大。记录国家保护种4种(宽尾凤蝶Agehana elwesi、中华虎凤蝶Luehdorfia chinensis、箭环蝶Stichophthalma howqua、大伞弄蝶Bibasis miraculata),其中中华虎凤蝶属于国家二级重点保护动物;湖南省新纪录种3种(金斑剑凤蝶Pazala alebion、报喜斑粉蝶Delias pasithoe和泰环蛱蝶Neptis thestias);宽边黄粉蝶Eurema hecabe采集数量最多(69头),是该保护区优势种群。蝶类昆虫区系主要以东洋成分为主,兼有古北和广布成分。     

Population ecology of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) at Nanwan Nature Reserve,Hainan, China

Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) at the Nanwan peninsula of Hainan Island, China, have been observed in the field for 25 years, and have been studied intensively for eight years, beginning in 1981. There were about 115 monkeys in 5 natural groups when the Nanwan Reserve was founded in 1965. From 1965 to 1984, the number of groups increased from 5 to 19, and the total population increased from 115 to 930 individuals, an annual population increase of 12.7%. From 1984 to 1987, the population continued a slower rate of increase (8.9%) to approximately 1200 monkeys in 20 groups. The home ranges of each monkey group at Nanwan varied from 0.16 to 0.72 km², with a mean and standard deviation of 0.37 ± 0.18. The size of the home range of the rhesus was affected by the quality of vegetation and rhesus population density. The average birth rate per year was 77.8 ± 13.9%, varying from 53.8% to 100% since 1978. From 1978, the birth rates of two food provisioned groups were higher in alternate years (x? = 91.7%) and lower in intervening years (x? = 68.8%; P = <0.01). A minority (26.5%) of females have given birth at 4 years of age, most at 5 years. The sex ratio of newborns in any one year varied from 0.3 to 3.5 males to females, with a mean and standard error of 1.09 ± 0.37 males to females.     

云南高黎贡山自然保护区白眉长臂猿种群及数量现状初报

经2003~2006年访问和现场调查,表明白眉长臂猿在高黎贡山自然保护区约有15~20群,25~40只。它们主要分布在中山湿性常绿阔叶林。栖息环境的急剧恶化和人类猎捕是造成白眉长臂猿数量下降的两个主要原因。提出应加强白眉长臂猿的栖息地保护和消除生境隔离,加强公众保护宣传教育和加强白眉长臂猿的生态生物学等基础研究。     

海南鹦哥岭自然保护区蕨类植物区系

在充分的野外调查的基础上,初步探讨了海南鹦哥岭自然保护区蕨类植物的区系组成、生态分布与濒危状况。初步结果如下:1.鹦哥岭现有蕨类植物50科119属282种,科、属、种的比例分别占海南蕨类科、属、种的89·3%、84·4%和62·7%,其中台湾马尾杉(Phlegmariurus taiwanensis)、粗齿桫椤(Al-sophila denticulata)、启无蹄盖蕨(Athyrium wangii)、紫柄蕨(Pseudophegopteris pyrrhorachis)、微红新月蕨(Pronephrium megacuspe)、羽裂圣蕨(Dictyocline wilfordii)、多羽复叶耳蕨(Arachniodes amoena)、华南鳞毛蕨(Dryopteris tenuicula)等8种为海南分布新记录种。2.鹦哥岭蕨类区系以水龙骨科(Polypodiaceae)、蹄盖蕨科(Athyriaceae)、金星蕨科(Thelypteridaceae)、铁角蕨科(Aspleniaceae)为优势科,以铁角蕨属(Aspleni-um)、凤尾蕨属(Pteris)、短肠蕨属(Allantodia)、卷柏属(Selaginella)、毛蕨属(Cyclosorus)等为优势属,是一个以热带成分为主的热带区系,兼有较高比例的地区特有成分和东亚成分,其中,热带分布的科、属、种的比例分别为97·3%、88·3%和63·4%。3.鹦哥岭蕨类的生活环境大致可以区分为4种类型:低海拔次生林或灌草丛干旱生境、中高海拔林下阴湿生境、中高海拔林下湿润溪流生境和高海拔湿润苔藓矮林生境,以中高海拔林下阴湿生境中的蕨类最为丰富。4.鹦哥岭保存有许多海南珍稀蕨类,有10种国家二级保护蕨类,有56种海南受威胁蕨类,其中海南蹄盖蕨(Athyrium hainanense)、和七指蕨(Helminthostachys zeylanica)为海南极危种(CR),另有17种海南濒危(EN)、37种海南易危(VU)蕨类。     

Demography of agile gibbons (Hylobates agilis)

Demographic processes and the structure of a population of agile gibbons (Hylobates agilis) were investigated over 6 years in the Gunung Palung Reserve, Indonesia. Estimates of population size, density, and biomass revealed a population whose groups were stable in size and composition. Demographic processes place gibbons at risk, however, to short-term changes in their environment. Patterns of survival, fecundity, mortality, and dispersal combined to produce negative rates of growth. In addition, a top-heavy age-class distribution, with adults forming a large fraction of animals, makes it unlikely that this population could recover rapidly from a decline in numbers. Two behavioral factors, territoriality and monogamy, account for the size and stability of gibbon groups. Monogamy imposes limits on group size, while mating patterns and territoriality decrease the impact of sources of high mortality common in other primate species. These relationships underscore the fundamental importance of behavioral influence on demographic processes and social structure.     

海南特有种东方琼楠种群结构特征

为探讨海南特有种东方琼楠(Beilschmiedia tungfangensis)种群结构特征,在海南尖峰岭林区设置20.4hm2样地,从种群径级结构、静态生命表、存活曲线、空间分布格局等方面进行分析。结果表明:1)东方琼楠种群径级分布呈倒"J"型,为增长型种群;2)在第Ⅲ级(DBH:10～15cm)时生命期望值最高,向大龄级和小龄级呈递减趋势;3)存活曲线接近DeeveyⅢ型,呈凹型;死亡率曲线和消失率曲线呈"V"型;4)不同分析方法均表明该种群呈聚集分布,且聚群强度较大;5)聚块性指数随径级呈"正余弦"变化。     

Type locality of Hylobates concolor leucogenys

Kloss [1929] restricted the type locality of the northern white-cheeked gibbon, Hylobates concolor leucogenys, on the basis of two specimens that were collected at Muang Khi, Laos, not at Muang Pak-Lay, Laos, as conventionally assumed. The locality difference is zoogeographically important because Muang Khi is east of the Mekong River, within the known range of H. c. leucogenys, whereas Muang Pak-Lay is west of the river, outside the known range of the subspecies. The type-locality restriction is appropriately amended.     

文山国家级自然保护区特有珍稀植物

主要介绍文山国家级自然保护区的地理特点和保护区内丰富的植物资源,重点介绍国家级珍稀濒危保护植物的种类和用途。     

Census and survey of wild black-crested gibbons (Hylobates concolor concolor) in Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China

Black-crested gibbons (Hylobates concolor concolor) inhabit the subtropical forests of Southern China and Northern Vietnam, and have never previously been the subject of any systematic behavioral or ecological study. This report presents the findings of a three-month census and survey of black-crested gibbons in the Wuliang and Ailao Mountain Game Reserves in Yunnan province, China. The censusing methods used here were similar to those techniques used during other census studies of gibbons. The sites visited were subtropical broadleaf evergreen forests, with trees belonging to the families Fagaceae, Theaceae, Magnoliaceae, Lauraceae and Elaeocarpaceae. A total of 23-25 groups of black-crested gibbons were documented from 4 sites visited, and a group density estimate from all sites averaged 0.82 groups/km2. These gibbons were found to be polygynous with an average family group size of 7-8 animals, comprising 1 adult male, 1-4 adult females and numerous offspring of various ages. Some of the ecological and evolutionary implications of these findings are also presented.     

广东鹅凰嶂自然保护区杜鹃红山茶种群结构与空间分布格局

研究了广东鹅凰嶂省级自然保护区杜鹃红山茶天然种群的基径、高度和冠幅结构,应用扩散系数、负二次指数、Cassie指数、丛生指数、平均拥挤度、聚块性指数和格林指数等聚集度指标测定了种群空间分布格局及其动态.结果表明:在天然分布区内,杜鹃红山茶种群以成年树为主体,幼苗严重缺乏,表现为衰退趋势,但不同地段中种群的径级、高度和冠幅结构不完全相同.不同地段中杜鹃红山茶种群空间分布格局表现为聚集分布或随机分布;在种群生长过程中,分布格局从聚集型向随机型转变.     

Responses of gibbons (Hylobates muelleri) to self,neighbor, and stranger song duets

To determine whether gibbons discriminate among songs given by different groups, I conducted a series of experimental playbacks of recorded Bornean gibbon (Hylobates muelleri)duets. The gibbons did not respond differentially to their own, neighbors’, and strangers’ songs. Failure to show vocal discrimination may be due to factors associated with the experimental procedure or may indicate that there is no selective advantage gained by responding differentially under the playback circumstances.     

八仙山国家级自然保护区山樱花种群结构特征

山樱花(Cerasus serrulata)是樱花的野生种,其花色和树形优美,是重要而稀少的樱属观赏植物资源.近年,在燕山山脉东麓的天津北部山区,发现比较集中分布的山樱花种群.为明确该野生山樱花种群特征,探究其生态分布习性,本研究选取了天津八仙山国家级自然保护区阴坡、山脊、阳坡3种不同坡位中的山樱花群落,设置样地进行了...     

Protective and territorial behavior in captive siamangs (Hylobates syndactylus)

Protective and territorial behavior was observed in 14 heterosexual pairs of adult siamangs in 11 zoos for a total of 1,155 h. The study shows that the quality of protective and territorial behavioral patterns was similar in the wild and in captivity. Under zoo conditions, the behavioral response (except calling) to conspecific and human rivals was similar. Males could be found more often at the front of the enclosure and were more active in protective and territorial behavior than were females. Males were more attentive to happenings outside their enclosures than were their mates, whereas females concentrated their protective and territorial activities on specific people or females of a conspecific group. Although the duration of each song and the average number of duet sequences as well as the temporal distribution of calling throughout the day were similar in the wild and in the zoo, the total duetting rate differed remarkably: it was much higher in captivity. Siamangs in acoustical and visual contact with neighboring conspecifics spent more time singing than did siamangs without such contacts. In captivity, pairs without young seemed to be more engaged in protective and territorial behavior patterns than were parents. Zoo Biol 16:309–325, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

The ecology of singing in Kloss gibbons (Hylobates klossii) on Siberut Island,Indonesia

Data are presented from a study of habituated Kloss gibbons on Siberut Island, Indonesia. Male Kloss gibbons can sing at any time from 0100 to 1300 hr, but the majority of songs is concentrated in the hour before dawn. Female Kloss gibbons sing only after dawn and the song bout includes a dramatic visual display. Neither countersinging nor coordinated chorusing has been proved in either sex. Males sing before dawn as often as possible but are inhibited by wet nights and by minimum temperatures below 21.5°C; postdawn songs of both sexes are inhibited by rain. The occurrence of any particular type of song bout is independent of the occurrence of the other types. Song trees used by males and those used by females do not differ in height. Song trees emerged from the neighboring canopy more than other available trees of similar height in the gibbons’ home range. Female song trees were most abundant on the slopes and where the trees were tallest. Almost all the male’s night trees could have been used for singing from had the weather been suitable. There was a greater likelihood of the male’s traveling a long way to the day’s first fruit source on mornings when he sang before dawn than on mornings when he did not. Considerations of sound transmission through tropical rain forest reveal that the times and frequencies used for singing by Kloss gibbons are optimal for communicating with neighboring groups.     

Population genetic structure of Monimopetalum chinense (Celastraceae), an endangered endemic species of eastern China

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Monimopetalum chinense (Celastraceae) standing for the monotypic genus is endemic to eastern China. Its conservation status is vulnerable as most populations are small and isolated. Monimopetalum chinense is capable of reproducing both sexually and asexually. The aim of this study was to understand the genetic structure of M. chinense and to suggest conservation strategies. METHODS: One hundred and ninety individuals from ten populations sampled from the entire distribution area of M. chinense were investigated by using inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR). KEY RESULTS: A total of 110 different ISSR bands were generated using ten primers. Low levels of genetic variation were revealed both at the species level (Isp=0.183) and at the population level (Ipop=0.083). High clonal diversity (D = 0.997) was found, and strong genetic differentiation among populations was detected (49.06 %). CONCLUSIONS: Small population size, possible inbreeding, limited gene flow due to short distances of seed dispersal, fragmentation of the once continuous range and subsequent genetic drift, may have contributed to shaping the population genetic structure of the species.     

海南岛霸王岭热带山地常绿林和热带山顶矮林群落特征

热带山地常绿林和热带山顶矮林均属于热带云雾林.为了揭示其群落结构和物种多样性特征,在海南岛霸王岭热带山地常绿林和热带山顶矮林分别设置8个和10个2,500 m2样方,调查所有DBH≥1cm的乔木、灌木和藤本植株.结果显示:(1)热带山地常绿林幼树(1cm≤DBH＜5 cm)和小树(5cm≤DBH＜ 10 cm)的平均密...