基于发生学与形态学资料对盾纤目纤毛虫(原生动物,纤毛门)的系统修订

根据细胞分裂中口器发生的类型、形态结构特征及近祖-衍化性状的推断,利用简约性原理及聚类分析方法对盾纤目纤毛虫的目下系统关系做了探讨和修订.主要结论包括:1)确认该类群为一目级的单源发生系,下含3个亚目:嗜污亚目、帆口亚目、触毛亚目;2)嗜污亚目经廓清认定了52个有效属,分别隶属重新调整后的13个科;3)帆口亚目经厘定共有20个有效属,调整入7个科中;4)触毛亚目3个科,包含13个地位明确的属.文中对前人所建系统中不尽合理、存疑以及混乱之处做了讨论和建议性修正.     

PHYLOGENY OF SPIROGYRA AND SIROGONIUM (ZYGNEMATOPHYCEAE) BASED ON RBCL SEQUENCE DATA1

DNA sequence data were obtained for the gene encoding the large subunit of RUBISCO (rbcL) from 26 strains of Spirogyra and seven of Sirogonium, using as outgroups 10 genera in the Zygnematales and Desmidiales (Closterium, Cosmarium, Cylindrocystis, Gonatozygon, Mesotaenium, Netrium, Penium, Zygnema, Zygnemopsis, Zygogonium). Sequence data were analyzed using maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML), and Bayesian inference (BI), with bootstrap replication (MP, ML) and posterior probabilities (BI) as measures of support. MP, ML, and BI analyses of the rbcL data strongly support a single clade containing Spirogyra and Sirogonium. The Spirogyra taxa are monophyletic, with the exception of Spirogyra maxima (Hassall) Wittrock, which is nested within a clade with Sirogonium and shares with them the characters of loosely spiraled chloroplasts (<1 complete turn per cell) and anisogamy of gametangial cells; S. maxima differs from Sirogonium in displaying well‐defined conjugation tubes rather than a tubeless connection involving bending (genuflection) of filaments. The ML and BI analyses place this Sirogonium/Spirogyra maxima clade sister to the remaining Spirogyra. Morphological differences among strains of Spirogyra grouped together on the basis of rbcL data, including laboratory strains derived from clonal cultures (Spirogyra communis, S. pratensis), indicate that some characters (filament width, chloroplast number) used in the traditional taxonomy of this group are poor measures of species identity. However, some characters such as replicate end walls and loose spiraling of chloroplasts may be synapomorphies for Spirogyra clades.     

甜菜蚜(半翅目,蚜科)的种下分化——基于形态与分子数据

甜菜蚜Aphis,fabae scopoli是世界广布性害虫,主要为害甜菜、蚕豆、荞麦、玉米等农作物以及欧洲卫矛、金莲花等园林植物,该种包含6个亚种,即指名亚种A.fabae fabae Scopoli、刺菜亚种A.fabae cirsiiacanthoidis Scopoli、卫茅亚种A.fabae evonymi Fabricius、牛蒡亚种A.fabae mordvilkoi B(o)rner & Janich、茄亚种A.fabae solanella Theobald和蓟亚种A.fabae eryngii E.E.Blanchtard.由于各亚种形态特征十分相似,分类学上通常依据次生寄主植物来鉴定.至于这些亚种是否成立,不同的学者观点不同.为此,本研究选取了甜菜蚜4个亚种(卫矛哑种和蓟亚种除外),基于比较形态特征和分子遗传差异来确定这些亚种的分类地位.光学显微镜下观察并测量了10个常用的鉴别形态特征,判别分析结果表明牛蒡亚种和指名亚种具有较高的交叉重叠范围,而刺菜亚种和茄亚种部分个体互相重叠,部分个体相对独立,形态特征结果分析说明这些特征并不能对4个亚种进行有效区分.基于线粒体基因Cyt 6、用于DNA条形编码的COⅠ基因序列片段和它的5'端,对4个亚种34个个体的分子数据进行了分析,结果表明4个亚种的所有个体之间基于COⅠ和Cyt b序列的遗传距离范围均为0.0%～1.3%;基于遗传距离所构建的邻接树(NJ)明显聚为两支(支持率100%),两分支之间的遗传距离范围为1.1%～1.3%,各亚种内部的遗传距离范围为0.00～0.03%;结果表明甜菜蚜可能是一个止在分化的物种,基于DNA序列的分析并不支持4个亚种的划分.     

THE PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF TRUE PORPOISES (MAMMALIA: PHOCOENIDAE) BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL DATA

Prior studies of phylogenetic relationships among phocoenids based on morphology and molecular sequence data conflict and yield unresolved relationships among species. This study evaluates a comprehensive set of cranial, postcranial, and soft anatomical characters to infer interrelationships among extant species and several well-known fossil phocoenids, using two different methods to analyze polymorphic data: polymorphic coding and frequency step matrix. Our phylogenetic results confirmed phocoenid monophyly. The division of Phocoenidae into two subfamilies previously proposed was rejected, as well as the alliance of the two extinct genera Salumiphocaena and Piscolithax with Phocoena dioptrica and Phocoenoides dalli . Extinct phocoenids are basal to all extant species. We also examined the origin and distribution of porpoises within the context of this phylogenetic framework. Phocoenid phylogeny together with available geologic evidence suggests that the early history of phocoenids was centered in the North Pacific during the middle Miocene, with subsequent dispersal into the southern hemisphere in the middle Pliocene. A cooling period in the Pleistocene allowed dispersal of the southern ancestor of Phocoena sinus into the North Pacific (Gulf of California).     

PHYLOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS OF THE GENUS MONOMORPHINA (EUGLENACEAE) BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR DATA1

Morphological studies of 16 strains belonging to the genus Monomorphina revealed a single, parietal, orbicular chloroplast in their cells. The chloroplast has a tendency to be perforated and disintegrates in aging populations and thus may appear to be many chloroplasts under the light microscope. A single chloroplast in the cells of Cryptoglena skujae is also parietally located and highly perforated. It never forms a globular and closed structure, but is open from the side of the furrow, resembling the letter C. We have verified the Monomorphina pyrum group (M. pyrum–like) on the basis of phylogenetic analysis of SSU rDNA and morphological data. The strain CCAC 0093 (misidentified as M. reeuwykiana) diverges first on the SSU rDNA phylogenetic tree. The rest of the M. pyrum–like strains form a tight cluster, subdivided into several smaller ones. Because morphological differences between the M. pyrum–like strains (including the strain CCAC 0093) do not conform to the tree topology, we suggest that they all (except the strain CCAC 0093) belong to M. pyrum. We designate a new species, M. pseudopyrum, for the strain CCAC 0093, solely on the basis of molecular characters. We also suggest that M. reeuwykiana and similar species should stay in Phacus and Lepocinclis unless detailed molecular and morphological studies show otherwise. Emended diagnoses of the genera Monomorphina and Cryptoglena and the species M. aenigmatica are also proposed, as well as the delimitation of an epitype for M. pyrum, the type species for the genus Monomorphina.     

PHYLOGENETIC AND TAXONOMIC REASSESSMENT OF THE DELESSERIACEAE (CERAMIALES, RHODOPHYTA) BASED ON TWO MOLECULAR DATA SETS

Scinaia latifrons Howe is one of the main species in rhodolith beds between 30 and 90 feet; however, little known about the morphological changes of this species. Consequently, we investigated the phenological changes of the species at San Lorenzo channel from December 1998 to December 1999 (based on bi-weekly sampling during the first 6 months and monthly sampling during the last part of the study). The gametophyte phase of the species is present from December to late May and the sporophyte potentially is present the rest of the year. The peak of the development occurs in April and reproduction occurs in small size plants with two cohorts in the period. This species presents an allometric growth pattern due to the lack of correlation between size and width of the plant or branching patterns. Our data suggest that temperature and light control the development of the plant. Furthermore, we found the spermatagonial structure in the same thallus as the female/carposporophyte plant indicating that this species is monoeious (contrary to what was considered previously). This suggests that some taxonomic problems are present in this species in relation with S. cottoni.     

PHYLOGENETIC AFFINITIES OF THE SARCINOCHRYSIDALES AND CHRYSOMERIDALES (HETEROKONTA) BASED ON ANALYSES OF MOLECULAR AND COMBINED DATA1

Small-subunit ribosomal RNA nucleotide sequences were inferred for Giraudyopsis stellifera Dangeard (Chrysomeridales), as well as for Pulvinaria sp. and Sarcinochrysis marina Geitler (Sarcinochrysidales,). Phylogenetic analyses of the molecular data indicate that the former is weakly related to the Phaeophyceae/Xanthophyceae clade, whereas the latter two have affinities to the Pelagophyceae, and the Sarcinochrysidales sensu stricto is transferred to this class. A recent study proposed that the Pelagophyceae belongs to a larger assemblage of chromophytic species characterized by reduced flagellar apparatuses. Although the flagellar apparatus characterizing the Sarcinochrysidales is reduced relative to the Chysomeridaels and some other chromophytes, it is the most complicated to be associated with “the reduced flagellar apparatus” lineage. Cladistic analyses of a traditional data set (largely ultrastructural features of the flagellar apparatus) and a combined traditional/molecular data set were used to assess the evolutionary trends of reduction in the flagellar apparatus within the heterokont chromophytes.     

基于独立元分析的MEG(脑磁图)数据分析和处理

独立元分析(independent component analysis,ICA)可用于分离混迭的MEG(Magnetoencephalography)多通道信号中的信号源。从ICA分解的结果中消除干扰源和噪声,并将剩余分量投影回MEG多通道数据空间,可得到净化的MEG信号,表示各个信号源的各独立元分别投影回多通道,可对各活动源进行空间定位。特别是,响应于外界刺激的诱发活动源亦可从重叠的MEG多通道信号中得到分离,这对脑功能研究及脑医学临床应用极有吸引力。提出了一个简单有效的基于ICA的MEG数据分析和处理方法,研究和分析了一些实际应用问题,特别是给出了听觉诱发响应的一些有意义的分析结果。     

THE PRASIOLALES (CHLOROPHYTA) OF ATLANTIC EUROPE: AN ASSESSMENT BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL,MOLECULAR, AND ECOLOGICAL DATA,INCLUDING THE CHARACTERIZATION OF ROSENVINGIELLA RADICANS (KÜTZING) COMB. NOV.1

Despite a simple morphology and intensive studies carried out for more than two centuries, the systematics of the Prasiolales still presents several unsolved problems. The taxonomic relationships of several common species of Prasiolales, mostly from northern Europe, were investigated by a combination of morphological observations, culture experiments, and molecular analyses based on rbcL sequences. The results indicate that Rosenvingiella and Prasiola are separate genera. The capacity for production of tridimensional pluriseriate gametangia and the presence of unicellular rhizoids are the morphological features that discriminate Rosenvingiella from filamentous forms of Prasiola. The molecular data indicate that uniseriate filaments can be produced in at least three different species of Prasiola. The genetic diversity of uniseriate filamentous Prasiolales is higher than their simple morphology would indicate, and the provisional retention of Schizogonium Kützing 1843 as independent genus is recommended. The rbcL phylogeny confirms that Prasiola calophylla, P. crispa, and P. stipitata are distinct species, whereas P. stipitata and P. meridionalis are probably conspecific. Rosenvingiella polyrhiza is a strictly marine alga, and most records of Rosenvingiella in Europe are referable to Rosenvingiella radicans, proposed here as a new combination based on Ulothrix radicans Kützing 1849 . This is a primarily terrestrial alga that can occur from upper intertidal rock to locations situated hundreds of kilometers inland. The great confusion that has arisen in Europe between these two species in the last century is mostly due to misidentifications of marine populations of R. radicans.     

介形类系统分类与起源演化的形态、分子和化石证据

介形类(Ostracoda)因其丰富的化石记录和广布的海陆现生代表类群,而被认为是进化生物学中研究生物多样性产生机制和演变历程的颇具潜力的重要模式生物。介形类在甲壳亚门中的谱系发生位置、起源及其内部各类群间的系统关系还存在诸多争议。基于其体制构造的形态学特征,介形类被归入甲壳亚门下的颚足纲(Maxillopoda),但来自18S rDNA序列数据分析却显示Maxillopoda不是单系群。基于化石记录和壳体形态特征,高肌虫(Bradoriida)长期以来被认为是介形类的一个祖先类群,但保存有软躯体的早寒武世化石的研究表明,Bradoriida不是介形类甚至可能也不属于甲壳类。不同的研究者所强调的壳体和肢体形态特征各异,导致介形类最大的现生类群速足目(Podocopida)的四个超科之间的关系也存在诸多推测。壳体和肢体特征在系统演化意义上的不兼容,需要分子生物学等证据的介入。分子、形态和化石证据的积累及各种信息整合是系统演化研究的必然趋势。     

基于形态和分子数据订正黄副铗(虫八)的一个异名(双尾纲,副铗(虫八)科)

从形态学和分子数据两方面对双尾纲Diplura、副铗(虫八)科Parajapygidae、副铗(虫八)属Parajapyx的少齿副铗(虫八)P.paucidentis Xie,Yang et Yin1988和黄副铗(虫八)P.isabellae(Grassi,1886)进行了比较分析,结果表明少齿副铗(虫八)是黄副铗(虫八)的一个异名.     

基于形态框架数据的淞江鲈种群鉴别(英文)

采用形态框架数据阐明了中国3个现存的淞江鲈地理种群的形态差异。每条鱼测量22个形态度量参数,用Burnaby的多变量方法校正形态度量参数,采用聚类和判别分析来区别种群的差异。结果显示:1)3个地理种群可以分成两组,第1组包括青龙河种群和富春江种群,第2组包括鸭绿江种群;2)根据F-remove值,挑选出最大的5个形态参数:D(2-3)、D(7-9)、D(6-5)、D(6-8)、D(2-1),用挑选后的5个形态参数进行判别分析的判别准确率达100%,显示这3个地理种群是形态上可辨别的种群。地理隔离和环境因子也许是淞江鲈种群形态差异的主要影响因素。虽然形态度量对于判别淞江鲈的种群有效,但对于其种群结构的进一步确认研究是必要的。     

PHYLOGENY OF THE DUMONTIACEAE (GIGARTINALES, RHODOPHYTA) AND ASSOCIATED FAMILIES BASED ON SSU rDNA AND INTERNAL TRANSCRIBED SPACER SEQUENCE DATA

Small subunit (SSU) rDNA was sequenced for 25 species in 19 genera of the Gigartinales (Rhodophyta). As well, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was sequenced, and a data matrix of 36 morphological characters was constructed for 16 species of Dumontiaceae. Phylogenetic trees were calculated from a multiple alignment of the SSU sequence data to infer relationships between species of Dumontiaceae and other gigartinalean taxa. The SSU analysis produced a polyphyletic Dumontiaceae. Notably, Acrosymphyton failed to associate with the included Gigartinales, let alone the Dumontiaceae, supporting an earlier proposal to remove it to a new family. The analyses were equivocal about the phylogenetic affinities of Dudresnaya , which clustered with the Kallymeniaceae, and the affinities of the Indo-West Pacific Gibsmithia , Kraftia , and Dasyphloea , the last-mentioned clustering with the Antarctic Gainiaceae, and these four taxa with Portieria (Rhizophyllidaceae). Further investigations are necessary to resolve relationships among these taxa. Rhodopeltis , a genus recently moved to the Dumontiaceae from the Polyideaceae, showed a weak association with the remaining northern Dumontiaceae. The final group consisted of cold-temperate Northern Hemisphere species. Phylogenetic analyses using a combination of SSU, ITS, and morphological data within this clade produced two strongly supported clades, a Dilsea / Neodilsea clade and a Cryptosiphonia / Dumontia clade. Dilsea is derived from a paraphyletic Neodilsea and may itself be polyphyletic. Atlantic and Pacific isolates of Dumontia contorta clearly showed sufficient divergence to warrant recognition as distinct species, and Dumontia alaskana , sp. nov. is proposed for the Pacific species.     

PINNIPED LACTATION STRATEGIES: EVALUATION OF DATA ON MATERNAL AND OFFSPRING LIFE HISTORY TRAITS

Interspecific correlations are commonly used to explore the adaptive functions of life history traits in pinnipeds. Although adaptive conclusions are improved by the use of comparative methods that account for underlying phylogenetic relationships among species, they are still dependent on the quality of life history data. We collected pinniped species estimates for 12 maternal and offspring life history traits and evaluated these estimates based on sample size, duration of study, and methods used to obtain the data. Although excellent data exist for some species, high-quality estimates in all 33 species are not available for any of the traits studied. High-quality estimates of maternal postpartum mass are known for 12 species, neonate birth mass for 21, pup rate of mass gain for 12, lactation length for 10, and weaning mass for 10. High-quality estimates of milk composition, milk energy output, and maternal foraging behavior during lactation are limited to ≤ 50% of species, with a taxonomic bias favoring the larger phocid species. Obtaining data on small-bodied phocid species will be critical to gaining a better understanding of the relative roles of body size and phylogeny in the evolution of pinniped lactation strategies.     

鸟类鸣声行为对其物种分化和新种形成影响

鸟声和鸟类的形态特征一样,具有物种的特异性,在鸟类分类和野外识别方面是有意义的,从生物种的基本概念出发,新种的形成有赖于两个亲缘种群间不能相互婚配和繁殖隔离的产生。鸟类主要的有关特征是在配对形成过程中的听觉和视觉特征,如果出现鸣声特征的差异,而且这种差异已经超出了种间“语言通讯”的变化范围,那么它就有可能与群内其它异笥无法配对,从而被排除到该种群或种的范围之外,然而鸣禽的鸣唱有时在不同种群间变化很大,而在同一种群内比较稳定,从而形成种群的方言,在方言种群之间,如果长期隔离,就会在种群之间形成障碍乃至遗传上的隔离,从而使种群间失去了相互配偶的机会,新的亚种或种可能由此形成,文章最后假设出了基于鸣声行为的鸟类新种形成机理图解。     

BIOGEOGRAPHYOF BATRACHOSPERMUM GELATINOSUM (BATRACHOSPERMALES,RHODOPHYTA) IN NORTH AMERICA BASED ON MOLECULAR AND MORPHOLOGICAL DATA1

Fifteen populations of the widespread fieshwater red alga Batrachospermum gelatinosum (L.) De Candolle were sampled throughout the geographic range in North America from central Alabama, U.S.A. (33° N), to Ellesmere Island, Northwest Territories (NWT), Canada (80° N). Analysis of ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1 and 2 sequences yielded a parsimony tree with a large polytomy consisting of most populations plus a branch with one Nova Scotia and two NWT populations. The nucleotide variation, both within the polytomy and within the branch, was small (< 1%). The sequence divergence between the branch and polytomy was 3%. The lengths of the ITS 1 and 2 sequences of B. gelatinosum, 216–229 and 448–458 base pairs, respectively, fall within the very broad ranges reported for other red algae. The cluster analysis of 11 morphometric characteristics revealed three groupings of populations, partly based on geographic distribution. All tundra, eastern boreal forest, and mid-western hemlock-hardwood populations were in one grouping, whereas the deciduous forest, coastal plain, and eastern hemlock-hardwood populations were in a second. How ever, one deciduous forest population from Rhode Island, U.S.A. was unassociated. There was considerable overlap in morphometric characteristics among the three groupings. Based on this fact and the relatively small nucleotade variation in ITS sequences, we conclude that B. gelatinosum is a morphologically variable and geographically widespread species that is a valid taxonomic entity.     

ALLOZYME SIMILARITY OF ATLANTIC AND PACIFIC SPECIES OF LITTORINA (GASTROPODA: LITTORINIDAE)

Four Littorina species from the Pacific (L. sitkana, L. brevicula,L. mandshurica, L. squalida) and four from the Atlantic (L.mariae, L. obtusata, L. saxatilis and L. littorea) were comparedelectrophoretically using 17 loci. Analysis of genetic identities showed that there were threegroups. The first group comprises L. sitkana, L. mariae, L.obtusata and L. saxatilis The second group consists of L. breviculaand L. mandshurica and the third one includes L. squalida andL. littorea. Our results support Reid's hypothesis of the originof Atlantic littorines from two Pacific ancestors. (Received 18 December 1991; accepted 30 March 1992)     

DIVERSITY AND PHYLOGENETIC PLACEMENT OF BRACTEACOCCUS TEREG (CHLOROPHYCEAE,CHLOROPHYTA) BASED ON 18S RIBOSOMAL RNA GENE SEQUENCE DATA1

Sequence data from the nuclear small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene was obtained for nine strains of Bracteacoccus Tereg, representing at least five morphological species and four distinct geographic locations. These, along with sequence data from two additional chlorophycean taxa, Spongiochloris spongiosa Starr and Ascochloris multinucleata Bold et MacEntee, and 48 published sequences from green algal taxa, were used to determine the phylogenetic placement of Bracteacoccus with respect to other chlorophycean green algae. Results support the monophyly of Bracteacoccus strains, contrasting with patterns observed so far for many other coccoid green algae. The range of variation among Bracteacoccus strains is similar to that of other congeners. Basal body orientation in Bracteacoccus has been interpreted as clockwise; however, the 18S data point to a relationship between Bracteacoccus and taxa with the directly opposed configuration of the flagellar apparatus. No close relationship was found to the multinucleated green coccoids with clockwise orientation of basal bodies, such as Spongiochloris, or to those with parallel basal bodies, such as Spermatozopsis. However, 18S data confirm that the motile and vegetative cells of Bracteacoccus are structurally distinct from the representatives of sphaeroplealean families currently studied. It is premature to reclassify Bracteacoccus until 18S comparisons can be made with additional sphaeroplealean taxa and with algae with similar flagellar structure such as Dictyochloris and Heterochlamydomonas.     

AN EVALUATION OF THE HYBRID SPECIATION HYPOTHESIS FOR XIPHOPHORUS CLEMENCIAE BASED ON WHOLE GENOME SEQUENCES

Once thought rare in animal taxa, hybridization has been increasingly recognized as an important and common force in animal evolution. In the past decade, a number of studies have suggested that hybridization has driven speciation in some animal groups. We investigate the signature of hybridization in the genome of a putative hybrid species, Xiphophorus clemenciae, through whole genome sequencing of this species and its hypothesized progenitors. Based on analysis of this data, we find that X. clemenciae is unlikely to have been derived from admixture between its proposed parental species. However, we find significant evidence for recent gene flow between Xiphophorus species. Although we detect genetic exchange in two pairs of species analyzed, the proportion of genomic regions that can be attributed to hybrid origin is small, suggesting that strong behavioral premating isolation prevents frequent hybridization in Xiphophorus. The direction of gene flow between species is potentially consistent with a role for sexual selection in mediating hybridization.