RNA介导的病毒抗性在转基因烟草中的遗传分析

以含非翻译马铃薯Y病毒外壳蛋白(PVY—MCP)基因的抗病和感病T0代转基因烟草为材料,对转基因及RNA介导的病毒抗性在T1～T4代转基因植株中的遗传进行了研究。结果表明,在含低拷贝(1～2个)转基因的感病植株后代中,转基因是作为一个单显性遗传位点,遵循孟德尔遗传分离规律,各世代转基因植株仍表现感病。含多拷贝(4～6个)转基因的抗病植株,转基因在T1代的分离虽符合多位点插入的15：1和63：1遗传规律,但转基因发生了重排,RNA介导的病毒抗性表现为不稳定遗传。从含多拷贝转基因的抗病植株的T1代株系中,分离获得了两株含2个拷贝转基因的抗病植株;其后代中,转基因及抗性遗传遵循孟德尔遗传分离规律,可稳定遗传和表达,获得纯合的抗病转基因株系。对转基因在不同抗病类型植株中整合方式分析显示,抗病植株中多存在转基因的反向串联重复序列。     

转反义Trx s基因小麦灌浆期间籽粒和成熟后种子萌发期间的过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性变化

检测转反义Trx s基因小麦灌浆期间籽粒和萌发期种子中过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及其同工酶变化的结果表明,在籽粒成熟过程中,转基因小麦籽粒中POD和CAT活性均低于非转基因小麦:在小麦种子萌发过程中,转基因小麦种子中的POD和CAT活性也均低于非转基因小麦.     

转CiCHS基因拟南芥的黄酮代谢及抗氧化能力分析

该研究克隆了中间锦鸡儿的查尔酮合成酶基因(CiCHS)并转入野生型拟南芥和tt4突变体,用qRT-PCR检测了转基因拟南芥中内源AtCHS基因的表达量,用分光光度法分析了转基因拟南芥的总黄酮、丙二醛含量及DPPH自由基清除能力,用HPLC法检测了转基因拟南芥的柚皮苷含量。结果显示:(1)转基因拟南芥中,内源AtCHS基因的表达量约为野生型的十分之一,总黄酮含量明显高于野生型;HPLC测得转基因株系中柚皮苷含量高于野生型;紫外照射处理前后转基因拟南芥中丙二醛积累量明显少于野生型。(2)转基因株系提取物对DPPH自由基清除能力显著高于野生型。(3)CiCHS基因互补拟南芥tt4突变体,转基因株系的种皮呈现浅棕色。研究表明,中间锦鸡儿CiCHS基因异源表达后生成了柚皮苷,使转基因植物的抗氧化性增强,部分恢复了tt4突变体的种皮颜色。     

用PCR和SDS-PAGE两种方法对转基因大豆的检测

采用PCR和SDS-PAGE电泳两种方法对转基因大豆(美国)和非转基因大豆(国内3个不同样品)进行了检测．结果显示：转基因大豆可以检测出195bp的花椰菜花叶病毒启动子(CaMV35S)序列片段和320bp的抗草甘膦基因(EPSPS)片段;SDS-PAGE蛋白质电泳中有一约40kDa的蛋白带出现;而非转基因的3个国内大豆品种中均没有CaMV35S启动子序列片段和抗草甘膦基因片段,SDS-PAGE蛋白质电泳检测也没有发现转基因大豆中存在的40kDa的蛋白带．     

16S rDNA克隆文库法探索转基因香石竹对土壤细菌群落的影响

【目的】通过研究转基因香石竹对土壤细菌群落的影响,为转基因香石竹的环境安全性评价提供依据。【方法】通过构建16S rDNA克隆文库,分析种植转基因和非转基因香石竹的土壤中细菌的群落结构组成。【结果】转基因和非转基因香石竹土壤中,共有的菌群有变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria),其中α-变形菌门、β-变形菌门、浮霉菌门为优势菌群;而在放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)及未培养菌(Uncultured bacterium clone)等菌群存在部分差异。【结论】通过16S rDNA克隆文库方法揭示了转基因香石竹的土壤中细菌多样性十分丰富,其栽培对土壤细菌群落结构影响有限。     

植物转基因沉默及对策

转基因 (ｔｒａｎｓｇｅｎｅ)是指所有通过基因工程手段构建 ,导入受体生物细胞并稳定整合到该受体细胞基因组中的外源基因。人们对植物进行遗传转化的最终目的是让转基因在受体植物基因组中得到稳定整合并在当代及其子代中得到有效、稳定的表达 ,但是由于存在多种影响因子和限制因素 ,使得转基因在受体植物中的表达往往事与愿违。现实证明 ,转基因在受体植物中往往不能稳定表达 ,有时甚至完全不表达 ,出现了所谓的转基因沉默现象 (ｔｒａｎｓｇｅｎｅｓｉｌｅｎｃｉｎｇ)。转基因沉默并不等同于由于转基因在受体细胞中ＤＮＡ序列的歧变或因…     

过表达IbOr基因甘薯增强抗旱性的生理机制

以超表达甘薯橙色基因(IbOr)的转基因甘薯(TS)以及非转基因甘薯(NT)为实验材料,通过15%聚乙二醇6000(PEG-6000)模拟干旱条件,研究转基因与非转基因甘薯幼苗在水分胁迫不同时间的光合系统,膜脂过氧化及抗氧化防御系统中主要指标的变化情况,探讨转基因甘薯耐旱性的生理机制。结果显示:(1)随PEG-6000胁迫时间延长,甘薯叶片的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量及其叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率都显著降低,但转基因株系降低幅度小于非转基因植株。(2)在正常供水和水分胁迫下,超表达IbOr基因甘薯叶片中O-·2、MDA含量均低于非转基因甘薯,即转基因甘薯具有较低的活性氧水平且脂膜受损伤较小。(3)PEG-6000胁迫24h后,甘薯叶片中SOD、POD酶活性均增加,48h达到最大值,且转基因甘薯中2种酶活性显著高于非转基因甘薯。研究表明,过表达IbOr基因可以有效减轻甘薯在水分胁迫条件下受损害的程度,且可能主要通过提高甘薯的抗氧化胁迫能力来完成。     

转Bt基因水稻秸秆降解对土壤微生物可培养类群的影响

以高抗螟虫、已释放应用的 Bt水稻 (克螟稻 1号 )及其亲本 (非 Bt水稻 )为材料 ,在实验室条件下研究了转 Bt基因水稻及其亲本秸秆在降解过程中对土壤微生物主要类群的影响 ,这些类群包括细菌、真菌、放线菌、反硝化细菌、解磷微生物。结果表明 :(1)降解过程中 Bt蛋白浓度在前两周内迅速下降 ,随后降解速度变慢 ,17d以后至 5 3d,Bt蛋白浓度基本上保持在 6 .72 8～6 .196 ng/ g的水平。 (2 )秸秆降解过程中 ,不同处理细菌数量的变化趋势相似 ,转基因水稻与其亲本之间差异显著 ,非转基因细菌数量高于转基因细菌数量。(3)除降解初期第 3天、第 6天之外 ,其他取样时期的转基因水稻真菌数量要显著高于非转基因和对照。(4)放线菌数量没有明显变化规律 ,除第 6、9、2 6、35天外 ,非转基因数量显著高于转基因。(5 )非转基因秸秆降解反硝化细菌活性高于转基因 ,而解磷微生物活性处理之间无明显差异。     

马铃薯卷叶病毒基因间隔区转化的马铃薯抗病性研究

将本室合成、克隆的马铃薯卷叶病毒(Potato Leafroll Virus, PLRV)中国分离株的基因间隔区(intergenic sequence, IS)双链cDNA以正、反向两种方式分别构建于转化载体pROK2中,通过致瘤农杆菌介导,以马铃薯叶圆片为转化材料,转化马铃薯栽培品种Desiree,获得了转基因植株.卡那霉素抗性分析和PCR检测目的基因,证明PLRV IS双链cDNA已经整合到转基因马铃薯的染色体基因组中.将转基因植株移栽网棚用蚜虫接种PLRV,观察症状并用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)检测转基因植株中PLRV含量.结果表明,表达PLRV IS正意和反意RNA的转基因植株,接种病毒后表现无症状或症状轻微,PLRV平均滴度均较未转基因对照植株低.表达正意RNA的转基因植株PLRV滴度降低43%～72%,表达反意RNA的转基因植株PLRV滴度降低72%～86%,由此可见,表达PLRV IS反意RNA的转基因马铃薯对PLRV抗性较强.     

大麦转基因座位结构的研究

利用质粒营救法获得基因枪法转化的4种转绿色荧光蛋白基因(green fluorescent protein,GFP)大麦的转基因座位序列,序列分析显示4种材料的转基因座位中均有完整栽体的串联重复现象,表明转基因整合是同源重组的结果.同时转基因座位中也存在不完整载体片段、基因组片段的混杂排列,说明转基因整合时也发生异常重组.微粒轰击的转基因整合是由异常重组和同源重组共同完成的.     

On the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta

The phylogenetic relationships of the Clitellata were investigated with a data set of published and new complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of 51 species representing 41 families. Sequences were aligned on the basis of a secondary structure model and analysed with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. In contrast to the latter method, parsimony did not recover the monophyly of Clitellata. However, a close scrutiny of the data suggested a spurious attraction between some polychaetes and clitellates. As a rule, molecular trees are closely aligned with morphology-based phylogenies. Acanthobdellida and Euhirudinea were reconciled in their traditional Hirudinea clade and were included in the Oligochaeta with the Branchiobdellida via the Lumbriculidae as a possible link between the two assemblages. While the 18S gene yielded a meaningful historical signal for determining relationships within clitellates, the exact position of Hirudinea and Branchiobdellida within oligochaetes remained unresolved. The lack of phylogenetic signal is interpreted as evidence for a rapid radiation of these taxa. The placement of Clitellata within the Polychaeta remained unresolved. The biological reality of polytomies within annelids is suggested and supports the hypothesis of an extremely ancient radiation of polychaetes and emergence of clitellates.     

On the ontogeny of the haptor and the evolution of the Monogenea

Data on the ontogeny of the posterior haptor of monogeneans were obtained from more than 150 publications and summarised. These data were plotted into diagrams showing evolutionary capacity levels based on the theory of a progressive evolution of marginal hooks, anchors and other attachment components of the posterior haptor in the Monogenea (Malmberg, 1986). 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks are assumed to be the most primitive monogenean haptoral condition. Thus the diagrams were founded on a 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hook evolutionary capacity level, and the evolutionary capacity levels of anchors and other haptoral attachement components were arranged according to haptoral ontogenetical sequences. In the final plotting diagram data on hosts, type of spermatozoa, oncomiracidial ciliation, sensilla pattern and protonephridial systems were also included. In this way a number of correlations were revealed. Thus, for example, the number of 5 + 5 marginal hooks correlates with the most primitive monogenean type of spermatozoon and with few sensillae, many ciliated cells and a simple protonephridial system in the oncomiracidium. On the basis of the reviewed data it is concluded that the ancient monogeneans with 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks were divided into two main lines, one retaining unhinged marginal hooks and the other evolving hinged marginal hooks. Both main lines have recent representatives at different marginal hook evolutionary capacity levels, i.e. monogeneans retaining a haptor with only marginal hooks. For the main line with hinged marginal hooks the name Articulon-choinea n. subclass is proposed. Members with 8 + 8 hinged marginal hooks only are here called Proanchorea n. superord. Monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks only are here called Ananchorea n. superord. and three new families are erected for its recent members: Anonchohapteridae n. fam., Acolpentronidae n. fam. and Anacanthoridae n. fam. (with 7 + 7, 8 + 8 and 9 + 9 unhinged marginal hooks, respectively). Except for the families of Articulonchoinea (e.g. Acanthocotylidae, Gyrodactylidae, Tetraonchoididae) Bychowsky's (1957) division of the Monogenea into the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea fits the proposed scheme, i.e. monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks form one old group, the Oligonchoinea, which have 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks, and the other group form the Polyonchoinea, which (with the exception of the Hexabothriidae) has a greater number (7 + 7, 8 + 8 or 9 + 9) of unhinged marginal hooks. It is proposed that both these names, Oligonchoinea (sensu mihi) and Polyonchoinea (sensu mihi), will be retained on one side and Articulonchoinea placed on the other side, which reflects the early monogenean evolution. Except for the members of Ananchorea [Polyonchoinea], all members of the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea have anchors, which imply that they are further evolved, i.e. have passed the 5 + 5 marginal hook evolutionary capacity level (Malmberg, 1986). There are two main types of anchors in the Monogenea: haptoral anchors, with anlages appearing in the haptor, and peduncular anchors, with anlages in the peduncle. There are two types of haptoral anchors: peripheral haptoral anchors, ontogenetically the oldest, and central haptoral anchors. Peduncular anchors, in turn, are ontogenetically younger than peripheral haptoral anchors. There may be two pairs of peduncular anchors: medial peduncular anchors, ontogentically the oldest, and lateral peduncular anchors. Only peduncular (not haptoral) anchors have anchor bars. Monogeneans with haptoral anchors are here called Mediohaptanchorea n. superord. and Laterohaptanchorea n. superord. or haptanchoreans. All oligonchoineans and the oldest polyonchoineans are haptanchoreans. Certain members of Calceostomatidae [Polyonchoinea] are the only monogeneans with both (peripheral) haptoral and peduncular anchors (one pair). These monogeneans are here called Mixanchorea n. superord. Polyonchoineans with peduncular anchors and unhinged marginal hooks are here called the Pedunculanchorea n. superord. The most primitive pedunculanchoreans have only one pair of peduncular anchors with an anchor bar, while the most advanced have both medial and lateral peduncular anchors; each pair having an anchor bar. Certain families of the Articulonchoinea, the Anchorea n. superord., also have peduncular anchors (parallel evolution): only one family, the Sundanonchidae n. fam., has both medial and lateral peduncular anchors, each anchor pair with an anchor bar. Evolutionary lines from different monogenean evolutionary capacity levels are discussed and a new system of classification for the Monogenea is proposed.In agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. EditorIn agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. Editor