南京堇菜属植物资源及其园林应用前景分析

通过对南京市堇菜属植物资源进行调查与分析,介绍了南京市堇菜属植物资源的种类、分布及观赏特性,阐述了堇菜属植物在园林绿化中的观赏应用价值,认为其在南京园林绿化中具有很大的开发应用前景。     

植物内生酵母研究简况

当前国内、外对植物内生菌的研究主要集中在内生真菌、内生细菌的多样性及其相关应用等方面,而关于植物内生酵母多样性及应用的研究相对较少.目前研究表明,所分离出的植物内生酵母最常见于隐球菌属、德巴利酵母属、孢子酵母属和红酵母属,并且内生酵母在植物中定殖的具体机制尚未确定.概述了现有研究中关于植物内生酵母的研究现状及应用研究进...     

DNA序列在悬钩子属植物分子系统学研究中的应用进展

悬钩子属植物种类繁多,类群复杂,而且多为多倍体和杂种。该文就近年来国内外有关DNA序列在悬钩子属植物分子系统学研究中的应用现状和进展进行了综述,并对中国悬钩子属植物系统发育研究进行了展望。研究认为:叶绿体DNA序列多应用非编码区,且多与ITS序列联合分析;核基因组中ITS序列应用最为广泛,主要用于研究悬钩子属空心莓组与木莓组的进化关系、栽培品种间亲缘关系及部分杂种和多倍体的起源等;在该属植物中发现了ITS个体内多态性,但未进行ITS假基因检测,其系统学应用价值需重新评价;低拷贝核基因只有GBSSI和LEAFY有相关应用。同时认为,悬钩子属植物系统学研究中应用的DNA序列及研究类群均较少,缺乏对整个悬钩子属全面而系统的研究。指出应进一步选择具有代表性的样本、筛选合适的DNA片段,并结合形态学、孢粉学和细胞学等手段对中国悬钩子属植物系统关系进行深入研究。     

芒属植物重金属耐性及其在矿山废弃地植被恢复中的应用潜力

芒属植物重金属耐性强,并且是重要的能源植物,其在矿山废弃地植被恢复中的应用备受关注.芒属植物对多种重金属耐性强,但不属于重金属超累积植物.目前的研究认为,根系代谢能力强、根际存在多种共生微生物及抗氧化和光合作用能力强是芒属植物重金属耐性强的重要原因,但更为全面的耐性机理需要深入研究.芒属植物在矿山废弃地植被恢复的应用潜力大,可以清除土壤重金属、改善土壤性质和促进生物多样性发展.本文总结分析了芒属植物生物学特性、重金属耐性特点、机理及其在矿山废弃地植被恢复中的应用潜力,提出了应用芒属植物进行矿山废弃地植被恢复的基本思路,并对芒属植物的重金属耐性机理及应用的未来研究方向进行展望,以期为利用芒属植物开展矿山废弃地植被恢复提供借鉴.     

乌桕属植物资源在城市绿化中的应用研究

介绍了乌桕属多种植物的生态分布,阐述了该属植物在城市绿化中的前景;并具体分析了以乌桕和山乌桕（红叶乌桕）为代表的该属植物在城市绿化中的配置原则（色彩适宜性、生境适宜性）及应用模式（自然式配置、规则式配置）。最后,建议在乌桕属植物分布区内的城市绿化中大力推广使用。     

毛兰属植物化学成分及药理活性研究进展

毛兰属植物由于近年来同属于兰科的石斛属植物的过度采挖,而取代名贵中药石斛类作为药材应用。为了了解其化学成分及能否替代石斛应用,本文对毛兰属植物的化学成分及药理活性研究进展进行了综述。目前毛兰属植物研究所涉及的种类仅5种,从该属植物中分离出化学成分13种,包括菲类、9,10-二氢菲类及二聚体、联苄、甾体和脂肪族化合物等结构类型。药理研究表明,一些成分如毛兰素和毛兰菲在抗肿瘤和抗氧化等方面显示了较好的活性。开展毛兰属植物的研究,对发现新的药用活性成分及资源保护有重要意义。     

雪胆属植物的组织培养与栽培研究进展

雪胆属植物中含有丰富的三萜皂苷类成分,同时因抗菌、消炎和抗肿瘤等作用受到越来越多的关注。随着雪胆属植物深入研究的不断展开,其临床应用也越来越广泛。为缓解雪胆属植物资源匮乏的状况,为其资源保护和开发利用提供理论基础,本综述对雪胆属植物的组培和栽培方面的研究进行了总结和展望,并对雪胆属植物比较有价值的研究方向进行了探讨,旨在为雪胆属植物进一步的开发利用提供一定的科学依据。     

芒属植物资源研究、利用现状和开发前景北大核心CSCD

对芒属17种植物的自然资源状况,从分类学、遗传育种学和生理学等方面研究的进行了综述,梳理了芒属植物资源利用现状,并展望了芒属植物的应用前景和产业价值。同时指出,对芒属类群的研究深度和应用程度极不均衡,对适应于极端环境的地区特有类群开发利用不够。为全面促进芒属植物资源开发利用,助力芒属新品种的研发和推广,倡议加强极端环境下芒属种质资源研发,实现更广阔的应用前景。     

中国酸浆属植物药用资源研究

对在我国分布的茄科酸浆属植物进行综述,从植物生物多样性、本草记载、化学研究、药理研究、临床应用等方面体现了酸浆属植物的药用价值。为酸浆属植物的药物开发奠定了基础。     

香椿属中三萜类化学成分及生物活性研究进展

香椿属植物在我国民间应用广泛,自1846年香椿属建立以来,不少学者已经对本属植物进行各方面的研究,包括植物生态学和植物化学方面。但到目前为止还不曾见到对该属植物中化学成分和生物活性方面的研究进展进行综述报道。目前对香椿属植物化学成分及生物活性的报道相对集中在三萜类成分,此类成分也是香椿属所在的楝科其他植物特征性成分,该科植物中存在特有的新奇的三萜类成分,不论是化学成分还是生物活性方面都是是当前的研究热点。鉴于此作者对目前国内外报道的香椿属植物中三萜类成分的化学成分及其生物活性研究进行归纳总结,特别是香椿属中三萜的类型以及不同类型三萜代表性的生物活性进行系统归纳,以便为以后研究香椿属其他植物或进一步深入研究开发提供文献支持。     

辐照技术应用于茶叶上的研究进展

本文综述了国内外辐照处理对茶叶卫生质量、感官品质、内含物的影响以及农残降解的研究进展,展望了辐照技术在茶叶上的应用前景和发展方向,为辐照技术在茶叶上的产业化应用提供参考依据。     

模拟降雨条件下施肥方法对坡面磷素流失的影响

采用模拟降雨的方法研究了3种施肥方法对P素流失形态与流失过程的影响。结果表明,P肥在土壤中的混匀程度越高,则越容易导致生物有效P（BAP）的流失,混施条件下,径流中水溶态P（DP）与AP含量,DP／BAP与BAP／TP（总P）比值均较高;其次为穴施;实施条件下DP,BAP含量最低,DP／BAP与BAP／TP比值也相对较低,与对照间的差异不明显。施肥方法对径流中TP含量影响较小,从减少P素肥料流失的角度来讲,3种施肥方法作用大小顺序为：条施＞穴施＞混施。     

Acid Stream Water Remediation Using Limestone Sand on Bear Run in Southwestern Pennsylvania

Instream limestone sand application is used at many sites in Pennsylvania to neutralize acidic stream water resulting from acid deposition. However, questions remain about the effectiveness of limestone sand in the treatment of acid waters, such as reduced contact time at high flow, remobilization of aluminum, and adverse effects on macroinvertebrates. A 1‐year evaluation of limestone sand application to Bear Run, an acidic stream in southwestern Pennsylvania, was begun in 1999. Another nearby acid stream, Linn Run, served as a control. Water quality during baseflow and episodic acidification events, along with fish and macroinvertebrates, were monitored to evaluate impacts of the sand application. Hydrogen ion (H ⁺ ) concentration and total dissolved aluminum (TDA) were significantly reduced, and acid neutralizing capacity was significantly increased downstream of the limestone sand application compared with the upstream site on Bear Run. These parameters at the downstream sites were also different (∝ 0.10) from the comparable sites on the control stream. TDA and hydrogen ion concentrations were significantly decreased (∝ 0.10) compared with concentrations before the sand application to Bear Run but not on the control stream. No fish were present upstream of the sand application site, and only a few fish were found downstream at the mouth of Bear Run. Standing crop, number of taxa, and Shannon‐Weaver diversity index values indicated that macroinvertebrate populations were negatively impacted 300 m downstream from the sand application and improved at the site 1,600 m downstream. Although water quality was improved on Bear Run, benefits to macroinvertebrates depended on downstream location, and fish populations did not show improvement.     

生物信息学及其在菌物学研究上的应用

主要介绍生物信息学的基本概念、发展历程、特点、研究领域、面临的挑战以及生物信息学在菌物研究上的应用成果。分析了生物信息学在菌物研究方面的应用前景,并提出了研究和开发的建议。     

生物炭对不同土壤化学性质、小麦和糜子产量的影响

以小麦和糜子为供试作物,利用室外盆栽试验,研究了不同添加量生物炭与矿质肥配施对两种不同土壤化学性质及小麦和糜子产量的影响。生物炭当季用量设5个水平：B0 (0 t/hm2)、B5 (5 t/hm2)、B10 (10 t/hm2)、B15 (15 t/hm2)和B20 (20 t/hm2),氮磷钾肥均作基肥施用。结果表明：1.与对照相比,施用生物炭可以显著增加新积土糜子季土壤pH值,其他处理随生物炭用量的增加虽有增加趋势但差异不显著;显著增加新积土土壤阳离子交换量,增幅为1.5 %—58.2 %;显著增加两种土壤有机碳含量,增幅为31.1 %—272.2 %;2.两种土壤的矿质态氮含量、新积土土壤有效磷和速效钾含量随生物炭用量的增加而显著提高,氮磷钾增幅分别为6.0 %—112.8 %、3.8 %—38.5 %和6.1 %—47.2 %;3.生物炭可显著提高塿土上作物氮吸收量,而作物磷、钾吸收量虽有增加,但差异不显著。生物炭对小麦和糜子的增产效应尚不稳定,在试验最高用量时甚至产生轻微抑制作用。总之,施用生物炭在一定程度上可以改善土壤化学性质,提高土壤有效养分含量,但生物炭对土壤和作物的影响与土壤、作物类型及土壤肥力密切相关。     

Short-term effects of aerially-applied fire-suppressant foams on water chemistry and macroinvertebrates in streams after natural wild-fire on Kangaroo Island, South Australia

In remote areas, wild-fires often must be controlled by applying fire-retardants and suppressants dropped from small aircraft. However, impacts of these chemicals on natural stream ecosystems are poorly known. Unintentional aerial application of fire-fighting chemicals (Phos-Chek WD-881 and ForExspan S) onto two small streams during a natural wildfire on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, provided an opportunity to study the short-term effects on water chemistry and aquatic invertebrates. Within 2 weeks of application, samples of water and macroinvertebrates were collected from sites upstream of the application point, within the zone of application, and downstream where burning had been controlled on two streams. Three sites on a reference stream in the same sub-catchment that had been burned by the same fire but without application of fire-suppressants were also sampled. All sites were resampled three months later (within two weeks of the first flushing rains). There were no marked differences in water quality among the sites on the reference stream but in one of the impacted streams where flow had ceased before the fire, dissolved and total phosphorus concentrations were elevated at the site where the fire-suppressants were applied. Phosphorus concentrations were reduced 2–3-fold at this site after brief flushing by rain. Conversely, dissolved and total N and P concentrations at the other impacted stream that flowed permanently did not differ among the sites and there was no evidence for persistent changes to water quality from the applied fire-suppressant foams. Taxon richness was higher at the application and downstream sites than at upstream sites in the two impacted streams. There were also no discernible effects of the fire-suppressants on macroinvertebrate assemblage composition or taxon richness within the two streams two weeks after the chemical application or soon after flushing rains. Assemblage composition in the temporary stream was significantly different from that in the reference and the other impacted stream but also appeared unaffected by the fire-suppressants. The lack of impact on resident stream macroinvertebrates may result partly from their inherent high tolerance to the harsh physical and chemical conditions of these streams, many of which typically cease flow in summer.     

The effect of acetylsalicylic acid and oxalic acid on Myzus persicae and Aphidius colemani

Plants can respond to damage by pests with both induced direct defences and indirect defences by the attraction of their natural enemies. Foliar application of several plant-derived chemicals, such as salicylic acid and oxalic acid, can induce these defence mechanisms. The effect of acetylsalicylic acid and oxalic acid on the aphid Myzus persicae Sulzer (Homoptera: Aphididae) and its parasitoid Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) was investigated. Experiments were carried out with direct application of acetylsalicylic and oxalic acids on these insects, as well as choice and no-choice tests using foliar application of both chemicals on Brussels sprouts plants, Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera L. (Brassicaceae). Parasitoids were given a choice between treated and untreated plants for oviposition, and the effects of the chemicals on aphid and parasitoid development were determined. Although direct application of both chemicals increased aphid mortality, their foliar application did not induce resistance against aphids. The foliar application of such compounds, even in low concentration as shown in the choice tests, has the potential to induce indirect plant defences against aphids by encouraging aphid parasitisation. Although the direct application of both chemicals reduced parasitoid emergence from their hosts, the foliar application of acetylsalicylic acid and low concentrations of oxalic acid did not have a negative effect on parasitoid emergence ability. However, 10 m m oxalic acid reduced the number of emerged parasitoids in no-choice experiments. This study shows that foliar application of acetylsalicylic and oxalic acids has the potential to encourage aphid parasitisation, but care is needed as high concentrations of oxalic acid can have a negative effect on these beneficial organisms.     

Influence of sulphur fertilization on suppression of molybdenum uptake by berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.) grown on a molybdenumtoxic soil

Summary Berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) and oats (Avena satina L.) were grown in a greenhouse on a soil with a toxic level of available molybdenum. Significant increase in yield of berseem was observed on application of phosphorus and sulphur. The oat crop responded only to P application. The content of Mo in plants was enhanced by application of phosphorus. The application of sulphur depressed the Mo content of plants. The effect of P application was more conspicuous than the depressing effect of S application on Mo content of plants. The decrease in Mo content with S application was more pronounced in the oat crop. An application of 100 ppm S as gypsum caused 57.6 per cent decrease in the concentration of Mo which was below the threshhold toxic level. But in berseem, an application of 100 ppm S even could not lower the Mo concentration to a safer level. Gypsum and superphosphate were equally effective in lowering the concentration of Mo in berseem.Published as no 2 in the series: Molybdenum accumulation in forage crops, by the same authors.College of Agriculture and Radiation Soil Chemist, respectively.     

Effects of cyromazine and abamectin on the leafminer, Liriomyza huidobrensis and its parasitoid, Diglyphus isaea in celery

Field trials were conducted for 2 yr on celery (Apium graveolens L.) to determine the effects of two translaminar insecticides (abamectin and cyromazine) on the agromyzid leafminer, Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard), and the eulophid parasitoid, Diglyphus isaea Walker. Abamectin and cyromazine were applied once early in the growing season by spray or drip application. Yellow sticky traps and leaf samples were used to monitor population levels; a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer was used to monitor cyromazine residues within the celery plants during 1 yr. Spray applications of abamectin and cyromazine significantly reduced larval leafminers and D. isaea. Contrary to grower practices, application of cyromazine by drip irrigation systems had minor effects on larval leafminer and D. isaea as compared to spray application. Cyromazine residues in the plants treated by spray application declined sharply after 1 wk, and no residues were detected 2 wk after application; less than 0.05 ppm cyromazine residues were detected in plants treated by drip application. Implications of these results on management practices are discussed.     

The effect of the persistence of juvenile hormone mimics on their activity on Rhodnius prolixus

The apparent juvenile hormone (JH) activity of methyl 12-homo-juvenate on fed fifth instar Rhodnius prolixus is nearly twelve times greater if the compound is applied topically over a period of 7 days (serial application) rather than as a single dose 1 day after feeding. Of five other JH mimics tested, four were more active by serial application, although none showed so great an increase in activity as methyl 12-homojuvenate; only farnesyl methyl ether was more active by single application. It is considered that the generally greater activity shown in the serial application tests is because less JH mimic is wasted by degradation and/or excretion. Therefore the serial application test provides a more accurate estimate of inna e JH activity than the single application test.