造礁石珊瑚对低温的耐受能力及响应模式

通过实验室生态模拟,研究了低温胁迫下三亚湾5种造礁石珊瑚（十字牡丹珊瑚、佳丽鹿角珊瑚、花鹿角珊瑚、强壮鹿角珊瑚、澄黄滨珊瑚）的耐受性,分析了造礁石珊瑚对低温的响应模式.结果表明：造礁石珊瑚耐受低温能力与其骨骼类型有关,枝状珊瑚最先死亡,块状珊瑚的耐受能力明显高于枝状珊瑚;14 ℃持续3 d是三亚湾枝状造礁石珊瑚的致死低温;14 ℃持续3 d为块状澄黄滨珊瑚的致白化低温;12 ℃持续10 d为叶片状十字牡丹珊瑚的致死温度;块状澄黄滨珊瑚受到低温胁迫时表面形成粘膜,阻止了珊瑚进一步排出共生虫黄藻. 耐高温的珊瑚对低温也表现出较强的耐受能力,珊瑚对低温胁迫的响应模式与对高温的响应模式基本一致, 即珊瑚首先不伸展触手,紧接着不断释放粘液并排出共生藻,最后白化、死亡.     

贵州独山中泥盆世带珊瑚类的研究

本文研究了贵州南部独山地区中泥盆统龙洞水组所产的带珊瑚类标本。讨论了带珊瑚类的系统发育、祖源、阶段级进和锒嵌进化现象。认为带珊瑚类来源于志留纪的闭珊瑚类,带珊瑚类应归入中珊瑚目,并应与志留纪的泡沫珊瑚相区别。文中对“泡沫珊瑚”提出了新的分类。     

珊瑚人工繁育技术研究进展

在气候变化、环境污染以及人工采集等因素致使珊瑚野生资源不断衰退的背景下,开展珊瑚的人工繁育是修复珊瑚生态系统、保护生物多样性、减少野生珊瑚采集的主要出路之一.本文对国内外珊瑚人工繁育技术和研究进展进行综述,探讨了珊瑚有性和无性繁殖技术以及原地和异地繁育技术的特点与不足;重点从光照、水流、营养盐、微量元素、非自养珊瑚品种的饵料,以及适宜的微生物环境等方面总结了循环海水系统繁育珊瑚的研究进展,并对我国珊瑚研究现状进行了总结.光照是珊瑚水族箱养殖或异地繁殖的关键因素之一,不同种类的珊瑚对光照强度和色温有不同的需求,珊瑚照明创新技术的发展及其能耗对于珊瑚异地繁育非常重要.此外,珊瑚对铵氮、硝氮、亚硝氮及磷酸盐等营养盐的变化非常敏感,各类机械、化学和生物的技术被应用于降低培养体系中营养盐的含量.尽管珊瑚循环海水养殖系统在照明、水流和营养盐控制方面已经有了长足的进步,珊瑚人工繁育仍然任重道远.将来的突破方向在于有性繁殖、性状改造与疾病防治技术等方面.     

不同生长状态珊瑚光谱特征

珊瑚礁生态系统迅速退化是目前重要的生态环境问题之一,应用遥感技术监测大范围珊瑚礁的结构组成和变迁有很大的潜力。珊瑚光谱响应特征受珊瑚生态习性影响,在光学上相似而容易造成混淆误判。采集了西沙群岛大量石珊瑚样品的光谱,对其光谱特征进行分析及成因探讨。通过导数光谱、主成分分析研究了不同生长状态珊瑚的光谱差异,并建立珊瑚生长状态高光谱遥感判别准则。结果表明,珊瑚的光谱特性及其变化均较为复杂,受珊瑚种类和生长环境影响,光谱形状主要由共生藻色素吸收决定的。结合520—530 nm、564—574 nm和600—605 nm的导数光谱可以区分健康珊瑚、白化珊瑚和藻类覆盖的死珊瑚。总体判定准确度优于80%,误判的主要来源是种内珊瑚反射率差异。研究表明珊瑚礁环境高光谱遥感可以定量评估珊瑚状态的变化。     

中国珊瑚枝属地衣之新记录和稀有种

对福建武夷山地衣物种多样性研究,发现了一些珊瑚枝属地衣的中国新纪录和稀有类群。它们是东亚珊瑚枝细枝变种和东亚珊瑚枝矮枝变种(中国新记录种),侧顶果珊瑚枝、大珊瑚枝头状变种和疣珊瑚枝为稀有种。标本保藏于中国科学院微生物研究所菌物标本馆地衣标本室(HMAS-L),并对其进行了简明的描述和讨论。     

海南三亚鹿回头造礁石珊瑚生长变化与人类活动的影响

采用全球珊瑚礁监测网络(GCRMN)推荐的永久样方法首次在国内开展珊瑚礁生长的监测和研究。在海南三亚鹿回头岸礁区建立了10个珊瑚礁永久样方,分别于2003年12月、2004年4月、2004年9月和2005年4月开展了4次造礁石珊瑚生长的现场监测,并对周边人类活动进行了相关调查。研究发现,鹿回头东北部岸礁区4个样方的珊瑚覆盖率稳定增长,珊瑚生长良好,监测期间的珊瑚生长覆盖率平均为3.1%,珊瑚死亡覆盖率平均为1.3%;中部和南部岸礁区5个样方的珊瑚覆盖率明显下降,珊瑚出现衰退,衰退范围有明显扩大,珊瑚生长覆盖率平均为2.2%,珊瑚死亡覆盖率平均达到7.9%。珊瑚新个体的繁殖数量极少,平均新生珊瑚数量近1个/m2,新生珊瑚覆盖率对珊瑚生长覆盖率的贡献较低。人类活动对鹿回头岸礁区珊瑚生长的影响主要有两类:一是捕捞、炸鱼、船只抛锚、潜水等物理破坏;二是沿岸养殖场和旅游餐馆污水排放产生的水质污染,导致珊瑚生长机理的破坏。其中,水质污染是造成中部和南部岸礁区样方珊瑚死亡的主要原因,与沿岸养殖场和餐馆的分布、排污时间以及排污量有密切关系。     

运用线粒体COⅠ基因分析深圳海域石珊瑚系统发育关系

通过COⅠ基因特异扩增测序,对深圳东部海域45种石珊瑚COⅠ基因片段序列进行了比较分析。结果表明,该片段序列的平均(A+T)含量为61.2%,所有物种的序列碱基(A+T)含量大于(G+C)含量,与其它无脊椎动物线粒体DNA序列基本一致,序列都处于高度饱和的状态。45种造礁珊瑚的平均遗传距离为0.126。采用邻位连接(NJ)、最大似然(ML)和最小进化(ME)法对本研究中45种石珊瑚COⅠ基因片段构建了系统发育树。结果显示45个石珊瑚品种分别聚为两个大的分支,木珊瑚科、滨珊瑚科、菌珊瑚科、枇杷珊瑚科、鹿角珊瑚科的18个品种聚为分支Ⅰ,蜂巢珊瑚科、铁星珊瑚科、梳状珊瑚科、裸肋珊瑚科、褶叶珊瑚科的27个品种聚为分支Ⅱ,处于进化树基部。分支Ⅱ的聚类结果与传统形态学分类存在巨大差异,提示石珊瑚表型的变异性可能对传统分类存在影响。     

福建东山石珊瑚伴生物种多样性

本文记录了福建东山锯齿刺星珊瑚(Cyphastrea serrailia)、标准菊花珊瑚(Favia speciosa)和盾形陀螺珊瑚(Turbinaria peltata)等6种造礁石珊瑚。石珊瑚的立体生境中,栖息着埋栖、穴栖、缝栖、附着和游动等5种栖息习性的154种伴生物种。埋栖的连贵藤壶和穴栖的羽膜石蛏、珊瑚绒贻贝等是造礁石珊瑚伴生物种的表征。     

新疆富蕴加波萨尔地区晚奥陶世床板珊瑚及其地层意义

一、前言加波萨尔地区位于新疆维吾尔自治区富蕴县南部。地理上属于东准噶尔北部低山丘陵区。该区晚奥陶世床板珊瑚和日射珊瑚化石数量丰富、种类繁多。本文首次描述的珊瑚化石资料,填补了该区奥陶纪珊瑚动物群的空白,为区域地层划分和对比提供了可靠的化石依据,对恢复该区晚奥陶世古地理、古气候面貌亦将起十分重要的作用。因篇幅限制,本文专门描述床板珊瑚中无连接构造类。其他珊瑚资料将另文报道。文中描述的珊瑚化石及地层剖面,是笔者     

鹿回头多孔鹿角珊瑚与丛生盔形珊瑚性腺组织学研究

造礁石珊瑚繁殖生物学是开展珊瑚有性修复技术的基础, 对珊瑚礁生态系统修复具有重要的指导意义。本研究选取三亚鹿回头多孔鹿角珊瑚(Acropora millepora)与丛生盔形珊瑚(Galaxea fascicularis)作为研究对象, 观察它们性腺特征, 明确多孔鹿角珊瑚与丛生盔形珊瑚有性繁殖类型。结果表明: (1) 多孔鹿角珊瑚是雌雄同体产卵型珊瑚, 丛生盔形珊瑚是假雌全异株产卵型珊瑚; (2) 多孔鹿角珊瑚和丛生盔形珊瑚的虫黄藻都由后天获取; (3)多孔鹿角珊瑚在其卵母细胞和精母细胞发育到Ⅳ时相后, 卵巢与精巢之间肠表皮消失, 并在随后的5 d 左右产卵; 丛生盔形珊瑚在其卵母细胞发育到Ⅲ时相后的20 d 左右产卵。本研究结果, 为三亚海域造礁石珊瑚繁殖生物学的深入研究提供基础数据支持。     

Carboniferous reef succession of the Panthalassan open-ocean setting: example from Omi Limestone, central Japan

Summary The Carboniferous-Permian (Visean-Midian) Omi Limestone in the Akiyoshi Terrane, central Japan is a large carbonate unit developed on a seamount in the Panthalassa Ocean. As the seamount subsided during Carboniferous and Permian time, the carbonate deposition at the top of a seamount was almost continous. Terrigenous siliciclastic sediments are absent, because the seamount was situated in an open-ocean setting. The lower part of this seamount-type limestone records a nearly continuous Carboniferous reef succession. Sedimentary facies in the Carboniferous part of the Omi Limestone are generally highly diverse, but their diversity varies in each age. The Upper Carboniferous part consists of highly diversified facies including fore reef, reef front, reef crest, sand shoal, and lagoon facies, while a simple facies assemblage, composed only of fore reef, reef front, and sand shoal facies, occurs in the Lower Carboniferous. The Carboniferous reef succession consists of four phases characterized, in ascending order, by the coralbryozoan-crinoid community, problematic skeletal organism-microencruster community, chaetetid-microencruster community, and calcareous algal community. The first phase, comprising the coral-bryozoan-crinoid community, occurs in theEndothyra spp. Zone to theEostaffella kanmerai Zone (Visean to Serpukhovian). This community acted only as sediment-bafflers and/or contributors. The second phase, represented by the problematic skeletal organism-microencruster community, is developed in theMillerella sp. Zone to theAkiyoshiella ozawai Zone (Bashkirian to lowermost Moscovian), and the third phase, comprising the chaetetid-microencruster community, occurs in the overlyingFusulinella biconica Zone (Lower Moscovian). These two communities are characterized by highly diversified reef-building organisms that had the ability to build rigid frameworks. Calcareous algae and incertae sedis such asHikorocodium, solenoporaceans and phylloid algae characterize the fourth phase, which occurs in theBeedeina sp. Zone (Upper Moscovian). The changes of the reef communities were sucessive for a long period of more than 40 m.y., and each community was distributed in various environments. In addition, the continuous subsidence of the isolated seamount resulted in environmental stability. These properties indicate that this succession represents the biotic evolution of reef-building organisms. The problematic skeletal organism-microencruster community and chaetetid-microencruster community of the Late Carboniferous formed wave-resistant and rigid frameworks along with abundant submarine cements. The growth of these reef frameworks resulted in the formation of highly diversified sedimentary facies comparable to those of a modern reef complex. Such reefs are also recognized in the seamount-type Akiyoshi Limestone, but rare on Carboniferous Pangean shelves. Therefore, the formation of these types of reefs appear to be characteristic of open-ocean seamount settings, which differed from epicontinental shelf settings in having no siliciclastic input, being exposed to relatively strong openocean waves and swells, and probably more environmental stability resulting from the relatively continuous subsidence of the seamount.     

滇西保山地区丁家寨组生物群的时代

首次系统描述保山地区丁家寨组的类化石,详细讨论丁家寨组所产类和腕足类动物群及孢粉植物群的时代和性质,提出丁家寨组的时代应与华南早二叠世的紫松阶相当,即相当于国际上的Ａｓｓｅｌｉａｎ阶至Ｓａｋｍａｒｉａｎ阶。确认丁家寨组不存在不同时代化石的再沉积混杂或大量化石时代倒置的异常现象。丁家寨组出现特提斯型Ｅｏｐａｒａｆｕｓｕｌｉｎａ动物类;腕足类组合属介于西澳区和泰马区之间的过渡动物群,西澳区的色彩较浓;     

河北唐山下奥陶统牙形刺生物地层的新认识

本文作者在安太庠等(1983)研究过的唐山赵各庄剖面,对下奥陶统冶里组和亮甲山组较系统地采集了牙形刺样品,通过对所获牙形刺标本和安太库等(1983)所描述的牙形刺动物群仔细研究后,对包括分带和对比意见有新的认识。安太庠等(1983)把自寒武系凤山组顶部至下奥陶统亮甲山组这段地层,自下而上建立了Cordylodus proavus,Utahconus beimadaoensis-Monocostodus sevierensis,Cordylodus rotundatus-"Acodus"oneotensis,Scolopodus quadraplicatus-S.opimus,Scalpellodus tersus,Serratognathus bilobatus,S.extensus和Paraserratognathus paltodiformis等8带,其中Cordylodus proavus带为寒武系顶,Utahconus beimadaoensis-Monocostodus sevierensis至Scolopodus quadraplicatus-S.opimus等带为下奥陶统冶里组,其余则为下奥陶统亮甲山组,寒武系-奥陶系界线置于Utahconus beimadaoensis-Monocostodus sevierensis带之底。这一牙形刺序列和寒武系-奥陶系界线划分方案在国内被广泛引用至今(王志浩等,2011)。本文通过补充采集到的牙形刺标本和安太庠等(1983)报道的材料,根据一些重要分子在地层中的分布及公认的牙形刺分带原则,对安太庠等(1983)的牙形刺分带方案重新修订,自下而上修订为Cordylodus proavus,C.lindstromi,Iapetognathus jilinensis,Cordylodus angulatus,Chosonodina herfurthi-Rossodus manitouensis,Glyptoconus quadraplicatus,Scalpellodus tersus-Triangulodus aff.bifidus,Serratognathus bilobatus,S.extensus和Paraserratognathus obesus等10带,寒武系-奥陶系界线则置于Iapetognathus jilinensis带之底。根据这一修订后的牙形刺序列,寒武系顶至下奥陶统冶里组部分的牙形刺带可与国内、外相同层位的牙形刺带进行精细对比,而亮甲山组的牙形刺虽有明显的地方性特点,但除其顶部因更具地方性而不能直接对比外,其中下部仍可与华南区下奥陶统红花园组相对比。     

海南岛早志留世晚期腕足类Xinanospirifer的发现--兼论南好组

海南岛保亭县毛感乡南兵至南好公路边南好组以往被确认为下石炭统岩关阶 ,并认为与其下的上志留统足赛岭组呈角度不整合接触。著者最近在该剖面南好组中发现兰多维列世特里奇期晚期 (LateTelychian)Xi nanospirifer腕足动物群和三叶虫Latiproetuscf.latilimbatus,证明久归于下石炭统岩关阶南好组的地质时代应改归于早志留世 (Llandoverian) ;海南岛地区在早志留世明显属于扬子地台区的范畴 ;从地质时间上还暗示南好组与其下伏的足赛岭组不可能存在角度不整合接触 ;     

Late Devonian - Early Carboniferous vertebrate microremains from the Carnic Alps, northern Italy

Vertebrate microremains from the Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous of the Carnic Alps are predominantly chondrichthyan, with minor placoderm and actinopterygian remains. The faunas are sparse and, with very few exceptions, occur only in conodont-rich pelagic limestones (Pramosio Limestone) representative of the palmatolepid-bispathodid conodont biofacies. Phoebodont and jalodont chondrichthyans, also reflecting open-ocean environments, predominated during the Famennian, and eventually symmoriids seem to predominate during the Early Carboniferous. The presence of Siamodus in this assemblage gives a new locality for this genus known from few regions in the world and allows confirming its stratigraphical range (limpidus Zone) and its relation to deep-water environments. The Late Devonian vertebrate faunas are tropical and cosmopolitan, having much in common with coeval taxa from the North-Gondwanan margins and Asian terranes. Composition of the vertebrate faunas is consistent with the Carnic Alps terrane having occupied a position intermediate between Gondwana and Laurussia, as hypothesized by various authors, but because of sparsity of the taxa represented and the pronounced cosmopolitan nature of both the conodont and vertebrate faunas, the data are not compelling.     

Biostratigraphic subdivision and correlation of Uppermost Carboniferous/Lower Permian sediments in the Southern Alps: Fusulinoidean and condont faunas from the Carnic Alps (Austria/Italy), Karavanke Mountains (Slovenia), and Southern Urals (Russia)

Summary In order to establish a refined biostratigraphic subdivision and correlation of the Uppermost Carboniferous/Lower Permian deposits of the Southern Alps (Carnic Alps, Karavanke Mountains; Austria/Italy/Slovenia), two major microfossil groups (fusulinoideans, conodonts) were investigated within the same sample. The fusulinoidean species diversity (71 species, including five new species and three new subspecies) and generic composition were reviewed and complemented. Additionally, the data on fusulinoidean assemblages were supplemented by co-occurring conodont faunas (seven species). Accompanying studies on material from the type sections of the Southern Urals (Russia) were made to improve the biostratigraphic correlation with the Russian standard zonation and to discuss paleobiogeographical aspects of the faunal associations. An integrated microfacies analysis of the sampled material in the Southern Alps serves to evaluate the relationships between certain genera and specific microfacies types. The fusulinoidean fauna of the Lower “Pseudoschwagerina” Limestone is of late Gzhelian age. The Carboniferous/Permian boundary is close to the base of the Grenzland Formation, which covers the entire Asselian and a part of the Sakmarian. The Upper “Pseudoschwagerina” Limestone and Trogkofel Limestone are Lake Sakmarian to Artinskian. The studies sequences in the Karavanke Mountains. formerly known as “carbonate and clastic Trogkofel beds”, correlate to the Lower “Pseudoschwagerina” Limestone, respectively with parts of the Grenzland Formation. Due to the lithologic differences, new formation names (Dolzanova Soteska Fm., Born Fm.) were introduced for the so-called “Trogkofel” Limestone along the Dolzanova Soteska. Whereas late Gzhelian/Asselian fusulinoidean faunas of the Southern Alps correspond to the Southern Uralian faunas to a large extent, Sakmarian and Artinskian faunas reveal an increasing divergence in species and genus composition. Climatic as well as geographic barriers may have prevennted the dispersal of Paleotethyan taxa into the Southern Urals. Biostratigraphic correlation of Sakmarian to Artinskian deposits is therefore possible only on the basis of the sparse conodont faunas.     

苏北滨海—宝应地区石炭系牙形刺

本文记述了滨海县新港滨Ⅱ-2孔和宝应县黄浦黄10孔石炭系牙形刺13属16种5亚种和3个未定种。它们自下而上可归属4个牙形刺带和1个亚带。下石炭统的Siphonodella levis-Polyg-nathus inornatus带(含 Siphonodella eurylobata-Polygnaths streeli亚带)和 Gnathodus girtyi带;上石炭统的 Idiognathoides sulcatus带和 Idiognathodus delicatus-I.sinuosus带。     

Shape of shell of Carbonicola in relation to burrowing

In the British Pennines, from the middle of the lenisulcata Zone to the lower part of the communis Zone (Upper Carboniferous, lower Westphalian A), nine horizons, of which six are new or newly described, yield elongate specimens of the bivalve Carbonicola with evidence of former steep, near vertical burrowing in sediments of low organic carbon content. The faunas, of the groups of C. bellula (Bolton) sensu lato and of elongate C. aff. communis Davies & Trueman, were evidently invaders of the Pennine prodelta. They grade with established faunas of prolific highly variable Carbonicola found typically in richly carbonaceous shales and characterised by shallow burrowing, greater size, increased prcportionate shell height and length of anterior end, and probably increased obesity. Parallels exist with work on Anthraconaia. Anthraconauta . and the ecology of recent Unionacea. Results also bear on the palaeoecological ranges of Curvirimula and Naiadites .     

Early Cambrian biogeography in the North Atlantic region

A model of Early Cambrian trilobite biogeography in the North Atlantic region (Theokritoff 1979. Lethaia 12 , 281–295) is reviewed and modified in the light of new data. The presence of Wanneria in conglomerates bearing the Elliptocephala asaphoides fauna strengthens correlation of the E. asaphoides fauna as well as, by implication, the upper part of the Calluvia Zone with the middle part of the Bonnia-Olenellus Zone. The faunas of the Bastion Formation of East Greenland and of the Devil's Cove Limestone of northern Newfoundland are reinterpreted as shelf faunas. Additional occurrences of Archaeocyatha are noted in Spain and northwest Scotland but reports of Archaeocyatha in northern Norway and East Germany are not authenticated. Neither Salterella nor 'Volborthella' are now recognized as characteristic of any trilobite province. Although Ordovician acritarch provinces show congruence with trilobite provinces, available data on Early Cambrian plankton are not sufficient to support algal provincialism. Interpretation of the geological record suggests that the Early Cambrian lapetus Ocean was stratified with a well-mixed oxygenated zone overlying a phosphate-rich oxygen minimum zone and that the Elliptocephala asaphoides fauna should be reinterpreted as a warm-water fauna.     

福建龙岩苏邦栖霞组上部蜓类

本文记叙了福建省龙岩苏邦早二叠世栖霞组上部的类化石,计４属８种,并建立了Ｐｒａｅｓｕｍａｔｒｉｎａｎｅｏｓｃｈｗａｇｅｒｉｎｏｉｄｅｓ－Ｖｅｒｂｅｅｋｉｎａｃｒａｓｓｉｓｐｉｒａ组合带。这些类化石的发现,不但为该地区地层划分与对比提供了新的证据,而且对华南地区早二叠世地层划分有一定意义．