陕西秦岭半仓山蝎蛉的生物学观察

2004~2005年,在陕西省南部米仓山黎坪国家森林公园研究了秦岭蝎蛉Panorpa qinlingensisChouetRan的年生活史和生物学习性,通过饲养,成功获得卵、幼虫、蛹等虫态。结果表明,秦岭蝎蛉在米仓山1年发生2代,以预蛹在土室里越冬,5月中旬始见越冬代成虫,5月中旬末~6月上旬为越冬代成虫羽化盛期,7月下旬~8月中旬为第1代成虫羽化盛期,成虫在室内可存活35~60 d。羽化近1周后开始交尾,交尾4~8 d后开始产卵,单雌产卵量35~180粒,卵期5~9 d;幼虫型,共4龄,历期38~50d;蛹为强颚离蛹,蛹期8~18 d。记述了主要生物学习性。     

湖南土家族的体质特征

以20至69岁的湖南土家族人为观察测量对象,根据1392人(男896,女496)的身高,1038人(男668,女370)的头部测量,364人(男235,女129)的五官测量和观察结果,分析该民族的体质特征,并与国内其他民族相比较。     

The ionic selectivity of two voltage activated channels and an acetylcholine activated channel in an Onchidium neuron

1. The selectivities of the ion channels underlying the action potential and the hyperpolarizing response to acetylcholine of the GH cell of Onchidium have been analysed. 2. The rising phase of the action potential is due to an increase in the permeability of the membrane to both Na+ and Ca2+. The Na+ channel is permeable to Li+ and is somewhat permeable to formamidinium, guanidinium and ammonium ions. The Ca2+ channel is permeable to Sr2+ and Ba2+, but not to Mn2+ and Mg2+. 3. The Cl- channel operated by ACh is permeable to chlorate, but not to formate and propionate ions. 4. The selectivities of these channels are similar to those of a number of other channels in other organisms.     

Karyotype Analysis of 5 Species of Polygonatum Mill.

The present paper reports the chromosome numbers and karyotypes of five species in Polygonatum from Anhui of China. The materials used in this work are listed in Table 1, Photomicrographs of somatic metaphase and karyograms of the five species of Polygonatum in Plate 1, 2, 3, the idiograms in Fig. 1-11 and a comparison of the karyotype of them is provided in Table 2. The results are shown as follows: 1. Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.)Druce Two materials were examined. One from Mt. Huangshan, Anhui, has 2n= 16 = 10m (3sc)+ 6sm (Plate 1 :A, B). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 1. The chromosomes range in length from 2.85 to 8.85 μm, with the total length 48.63μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 3.11, The karyotype belong to Stebbins’(1971) 2B. The two chromosomes of the first pair have arm ratios 1.01 and 1.29 respectively, and The first pair has one chromosome carrying a satellite attached to the short arm, showing heterozyosity .The chromosome num ber of 2n= 16 in P. odoratum and its karyotype are reported for the first time. The other from Langyashan, Chu - xian, Anhui, is found to have 2n = 18 = 10m (Isc)+2sm+6st(2sc) (Plate 1: C, D). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 2. The chromosomes range in length from 2.43 to 8.29μm, with the total length 46.67µm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 3.41. The karyotype is also of 2B. In a somatic chromosome complement the 2nd pair have one chromosome carrying a satellite attached to the long arm, showing heterozygosity. 2. Polygonatum filipes Merr. Two materials were examined. One from the Huangshan, Anhui is found to have two cytotypes: 2n= 16 and 2n=22. This paper reports one of them. The karyotype formula is 2n=22=8m+8sm(2sc)+6st(Plate 3: Q, R). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 3. The chromosomes range in length from 2.55- 5.85μm, with the total length 45.01 μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2.29. The karyotype belongs to 3B. The other material from the Fangchang, Anhui, is shown to have four cytitypes: 2n= 14, 2n= 16, 2n=20 (Plate 3: W) and 2n=22. This paper reports two of them. Type I: the karytype formula is 2n=14=10m+4sm (Plate 3: S, T). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 5. The chromosomes range in length from 2.59 to 7.61μm, the total length 37.44μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest is 2.94. the karyotype belongs to 2B. Type II :The karyotype formula is 2n=16=8m+4sm+4st (Plate 3: U, V). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 4. The chromosomes range in length from 2.65 to 8.21 μm, the total length 46.01 μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 3.10. The karyotype belongs to 2B. The chromosome numbers of 2n=20, 2n= 14 and 2n=22, and karyotype of 2n= 14 and 2n=22 in P. filipes are reported for the first time. 3. Polygonatum cytonema Hua Two materials were examined. One from the Langyashan, Chuxian, anhui, is found to have 2n = 18 = 8m (2sc)+ 6sm+ 4st (Plate 2: K, L). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 7. The chromosomes range in length from 3.41 to 9.21 μm, the total length 56.34μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest is 2.70. The karyotype belongs to 2B. The other material from the Huangshan, Anhui, has two cytotypes: 2n=20 and 2n= 22. Type I: The karyotype formula is 2n= 20= 8m+ 6sm+ 6st (Plate 2: M, N). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 8. The chromosomes range in length from 1.75 to 5.03μm, with the total length 32. 91μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2. 87. The karyotype is also of 2B. Type II: The karyotype formula is 2n=22=6m+ 8sm+4st+ 4t (Plate 2: O, P ). The idiogram is Shown in Fig. 10. The chromosomes range in length from 1.75 to 4.95 μm, with total length 35.05μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2.83. The karyotype brlongs to 3B. 4. Polygonatum desoulayi kom. The material from Xuancheng, Anhui, is found to have karyotype 2n = 22 = 10m (2sc) + 6sm (lsc) + 6st ( Plate 2. I, J). The idiogram is shown in Fig. 6. The chromosomes range in length from 1.86 to 5.61μm, with the total length 41.98μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 3.02. The karyotype is also of 3B. The first pair has one chromosome carrying a satellite attached to the long arm, showing heterozygosity. The chromosome number and karyotype of Chinese material are reported for the first time. 5. Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All. The material from the Langyashan, Chuxian, Anhui is found to have two cytotypes. Type 1: the karyotype formula is 2n = 18 = 2m+ 2sm+ 10st+ 2t+ 2T (Plate 1: G, H). The idiogram is shown in Fig.9. The chromosomes range in length from 1.86 to 4.03μm, with total length 28.28μm and the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2.17. The karyotype classification belongs to 3B. Type II: The karyotype formula is 2n=24=6m+4sm+12st+2T (Plate 1: E, F). The idiogram is shown in Fig. II. The chromosomes range in length from 2.01 to 5.03μm, with total length 41.36μm and the ratio of longest to shortest 2.50. The karyotype is also of 3B. The chromosome numbers and karyotypes of Chinese material are reported for the first time.     

Crystal structure of hen egg-white lysozyme at a hydrostatic pressure of 1000 atmospheres

The crystal structure of tetragonal hen egg-white lysozyme at a hydrostatic pressure of 1000 atmospheres has been determined by X-ray diffraction to a nominal resolution of 2 A. The crystals, originally grown in 0.83 M-NaCl, had to be transferred to 1.4 M-NaCl to prevent crystal cracking at 300 to 400 atm. The a and b axes of the unit cell contracted by 0.6%, whilst the c axis increased by 0.1%. The unit cell volume contracted by 1.1%. Both the 1 atm and the 1000 atm structures were refined by restrained least-squares to yield final R factors of 14.9% in each case. Since the data were collected by an accurate difference protocol, the change in structure is considered to be more accurate than the absolute structure. The probable accuracy of the atomic shifts is shown to be +/- 0.06 A. The estimated volume decrease of the whole molecule corresponded to an isothermal compressibility of 4.7 X 10(-3) kbar-1. The contraction was non-uniformly distributed. Domain 2 (residues 40 to 88) was essentially incompressible, whilst domain 1 (residues 1 to 39, 89 to 129) had a compressibility of 5.7 X 10(-3) kbar-1. The interdomain region was also compressible. The average B factor decreased about 1 A2 at 1000 atm, but there was a wide range of decreases and increases in individual values. The pressure-induced deformation was analyzed with difference distance matrices. The beta-sheet (residues 42 to 60) and helix 2 (residues 24 to 36) were deformed the least under pressure. The other helices were more deformed and one loop region (residues 61 to 87) actually appeared to expand. The main-chain atoms of the beta-sheet and helix 2 were used to perform a least-squares superposition of the 1 atm and 1000 atm models. The root-mean-square pressure-induced shift for all atoms was 0.2 A, with a few atoms moving more than 1 A. There was no evidence for co-ordinated movement about the hinge axis defined by alpha carbon atoms 38 and 97. The 1 atm and 1000 atm refined structures included 151 and 163 ordered water molecules, respectively. The changes in these ordered water molecules and the mean compressibility of all of the solvent in the crystal will be described elsewhere.     

A biophysical analysis of stem and root diameter variations in woody plants

A comprehensive model of stem and root diameter variation was developed. The stem (or root) was represented using two coaxial cylinders corresponding with the mature xylem and the extensible tissues. The extensible tissues were assumed to behave as a single cell separated from the mature xylem by a virtual membrane. The mature xylem and the extensible tissues are able to dilate with temperature and grow. Moreover, the extensible tissues are able to shrink and swell according to water flow intensity. The model is mainly based on the calculation of water volume flows in the "single cell" that are described using the principles of irreversible thermodynamics. The elastic response to storage volume and plastic extension accompanying growth are described. The model simulates diameter variation due to temperature, solute accumulation, and xylem, water potential. The model was applied to the peach (Prunus persica) stem and to the plum (Prunus domestica x Prunus spinosa) root. The simulation outputs corresponded well with the diameter variation observed. The model predicts that variations of turgor pressure and osmotic potential are smaller than the variations of xylem water potential. It also demonstrates correlations between the xylem water potential, the turgor pressure, the elastic modulus, and the osmotic potential. The relationship between the diameter and the xylem water potential exhibits a substantial hysteresis, as observed in field data. A sensitivity analysis using the model parameters showed that growth and shrinkage were highly sensitive to the initial values of the turgor pressure and to the reflection coefficient of solutes. Shrinkage and growth were sensitive to elastic modulus and wall-yielding threshold pressure, respectively. The model was not sensitive to changes in temperature.     

Embryological Studies in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.

This paper reports the studies of overall embryology of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. Development of the anther wall follows the dicotyledonous type. The cytokinesis of the microspore mother cell in meiosis is of simultaneous type. The arrangement of microspores in tetrad is tetrahedral, isobilateral and decussate. Microspores have various types of abortive to development. Mature pollen grain is of the 2-celled type. The ovule is bitegminous, crassinucellate and campylotropous. The megaspore mother cell gives rise to unequal dyad and then linear tetrad. The chalazal megaspore, the second or the third megaspore towards the micropylar end are functional megaspore. The development of the embryo sac conforms to the Polygonum type. Mature embryo sac has various types of variation. The fertilization belongs to the premitotic type of syngamy. The development of most embryoes belongs to the Onagrad type. The development of the endosperm belongs to the nuclear type and the endosperm near the chalazal end develops into haustorium.     

Single file ion diffusion and the Schmoluchowski equation

The Schmoluchowski equation is introduced into the problem of single file ion diffusion in a channel. The ions mutually interact due to coulomb repulsion and are also subject to a single ion potential due to the channel. The positions of the ions are represented by a continuous co-ordinate. The problem is reduced to the solution of a pair of transfer integral equations. The resistivity of finite and infinite channels is calculated for various dielectric constants and mean ionic separations. The ionic density for finite channels is also calculated. The results clearly demonstrate that strong coulomb interaction leads to a co-operative motion of the ions across channels.     

Functional morphology of the crista ampullaris: with special interests in sensory hairs and cupula: a review.

The functional significance of the ciliary interconnections and cupula has been reviewed. The ciliary interconnecting systems are divided into 2 types, i.e. side links and tip links. The side links acts to maintain the regular distance between the cilia thereby keeping the geometrical arrangement of the entire sensory hair bundle intact as well as to prevent close contact between neighbouring cilia. The tip links, stretching upwards from the tips of the shorter stereocilia to their taller neighbouring shafts, are actually involved in mechanoelectrical transduction. The cupula is composed of the cupula and subcupular meshwork. The subcupular meshwork consists of long branching filaments cross-bridged to one another. The cupula would function as a rigid plate and equally distribute the shear force of the cupula to all the ciliary bundles. The subcupular meshwork may play a role in the transmission of the shear strain force of the cupula to the ciliary bundle and may also exert an additional damping effect in order to prevent unwanted vibrations.     

陕西秦岭蝎蛉的生物学观察

2004～2005年,在陕西省南部米仓山黎坪国家森林公园研究了秦岭蝎蛉Panorpa qinlingensis Chou et Ran的年生活史和生物学习性,通过饲养,成功获得卵、幼虫、蛹等虫态。结果表明,秦岭蝎蛉在米仓山1年发生2代,以预蛹在土室里越冬,5月中旬始见越冬代成虫,5月中旬末～6月上句为越冬代成虫羽化盛期,7月下旬～8月中句为第1代成虫羽化盛期,成虫在室内可存活35～60d。羽化近1周后开始交尾,交尾4～8d后开始产卵,单雌产卵量35～180粒,卵期5～9d;幼虫蝴型,共4龄。历期38～50d;蛹为强颚离蛹,蛹期8—18d。记述了主要生物学习性。     

The pedicled transposition of the digastric and stylohyoid muscles in the treatment of velopharyngeal incompetence. Anatomic basis and clinical application]

The anatomical basis for the application of neurovascular pedicled muscle transfers of the digastric and stylohyoid muscles in the treatment of velopharynx incompetence is described. The fact that the neurovascular pedicle is located in the cranial third of the muscle bellies provides the safety of the operative procedure. The muscles have to be dissected with respect to that. The direction in which the transferred muscles pull is described. The muscle transposition is combined with the classic Wardill-Kilner operation to lengthen the soft palate. The transferred muscles have to avoid scar contraction and shortening of the soft palate and to gain a muscular function of the soft palate. The clinical use is justified in rare cases as demonstrated in one case.     

款冬的胚胎学

系统报道了中藏药款冬大小孢子的发生、雌雄配子体发育和胚胎的发育过程,药壁发育双子中型,绒毡层发育接近菊科中的“The Comos bipinnatus”型;成熟花粉为3细胞型;单株被,薄珠心,倒生胚珠,具发达的珠被绒毡层;胚囊发育4孢子型,接近五福花（Adoxa)型胚囊,受精作用属于有丝分裂前配子体融合类型,胚乳发育为核型,胚胎发育紫菀型千里光变型。讨论了该种胚胎学特征的生态学及系统学意义。     

The effect of copper supplementation on the concentration of copper in the brain of the brindled mouse.

The brindled mutant mouse is a useful model to study Menkes kinky-hair syndrome. The metabolic dysfunctions in both human and rodent are related to insufficient levels of bioavailable copper. Recently, copper supplementation therapy has been able both to prevent the appearance of various neuropathological changes and to prolong the life of these mutant mice. The optimum conditions for supplementation have been shown to be two intraperitoneal injections on postnatal days 7 and 10. The present study reports on the brain copper concentrations before, during and after the intraperitoneal copper therapy. The results demonstrate that postnatal days 7 and 10 correspond to two important epochs in copper homoeostasis. The supplementation therapy seems to provide sufficient bioavailable copper to respond to the needs of the animal at these crucial time points. The results are discussed in terms of their importance to the human copper disorder.     

Calculation of the Electrophoretic Mobility of a Particle Bearing Bound Polyelectrolyte Using the Nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann Equation

A numerical method for determining the electrophoretic mobility of a polyelectrolyte-coated particle is presented. The particle surface is modeled as having a permeable layer of polyelectrolyte molecules anchored to its surface. Fluid flow within the polyelectrolyte layer is subject to Stokes drag arising from the polyelectrolyte segments. The method allows arbitrary distribution of polymer segments and charge density normal to the surface to be used. The hydrodynamic plane of shear may also be varied. The potential profile is determined by a numerical solution to the nonlinearized Poisson-Boltzmann equation. The potential profile is then used in a numerical solution to the Navier-Stokes equation to give the required mobility. The use of the nonlinearized Poisson-Boltzmann equation extends the results to higher charge density/lower ionic strength conditions than previous treatments. The surface potentials and mobilities for three limiting charge distributions are compared for both the linear and nonlinear treatments to delimit the range of validity of the linear treatment. The utility of the numerical, nonlinear treatment is demonstrated by an improved fit to the electrophoretic mobility of human erythrocytes as a function of ionic strength in the range 10 to 150 mM.     

黑缘红瓢虫对6种杀虫剂的敏感性测定

用点滴法在室内初步测定3黑缘红瓢虫Chilocorus rubidusHope幼虫对敌敌畏、氰戊菊酯、氟氯氰菊酯、硫丹、氧化乐果、灭多威等6种果园常用杀虫剂的敏威性。结果表明:黑缘红瓢虫幼虫对6种杀虫剂的敏感性依次为:氰戊菊酯、氟氯氰菊酯、硫丹、氧化乐果、敌敌畏、灭多威。LD50按以下次序增大:灭多威,氟氯氰菊酯,氧化乐果,氰戊菊酯,敌敌畏,硫丹。可见,硫丹对黑缘红瓢虫毒力最小,是最安全。敌敌畏等有机磷杀虫剂对它的毒力也较低,而拟除虫菊酯类药剂对黑缘红瓢虫的毒力则很高。同种药剂对不同用药水平地区的黑缘红瓢虫成虫的毒力差异显著,黑缘红瓢虫对氟氯氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯分别产生了5.4和7.6倍的抗药性,是羧酸酯酶活性提高所致。不同种类杀虫剂对黑缘红瓢虫和朝鲜球坚蚧Didesmococcus koreanusBorchs的选择指数差异极为显著,依次为硫丹、灭多威、敌敌畏、氰戊菊酯、氧化乐果、氟氯氰菊酯,如硫丹为2.6,而氟氯氰菊酯仅为0.04。硫丹是防治抗性朝鲜球坚蚧比较理想的一种杀虫剂。     

Morphology of the female reproductive organs of the African lion (Panthera leo)

The topography and splanchnology of the reproductive organs of the African lioness were studied and described in situ and after removal. The kidneys were located far caudally in relation to the thirteenth ribs. The suspensory ligament was very well developed, originated in a fan‐like manner from the dorsolateral abdominal wall lateral to the kidney and extended up to a few centimetres cranial to the kidney. The proper ligament of the ovary as well as the round ligament was well developed. The round ligament inserted on the medial femoral fascia. The left ovary was bigger than the right. The ovarian bursa had a short mesosalpinx that did not cover any part of the ovary and the fimbriae extended along the entire length. The urethral tuberculum as well as the urethral crest were well developed. The left uterine horn was longer than the right. The uterine tube was found to open directly into the tip of the uterine horn and not onto a papilla. The reproductive organs of the lioness resembled those of the domestic cat and dog but with some major differences.     

植物学野外实习教学改革实践与探讨

探讨植物学野外实习教学改革与实践,改革野外实习内容和形式,引导学生主动探索自然界,主动获得植物学知识的能力。加强野外实习,培养学生学习植物学基本研究方法。野外实习结合科研活动,提高学生科学素质和创造能力。提出实施野外实习改革的奈件,为提高植物学野外实习教学质量提供参考。     

Phospholipid biosynthesis in sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane during development.

Biosynthesis of phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine in the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane has been investigated. The results show that sarcoplasmic reticulum, in addition to its main function, i.e. transport and accumulation of Ca2+, is able to synthetize phospholipids by the same pathways as endoplasmic reticulum of other tissues. The changes of activity of enzymes involved in phospholipid biosynthesis during muscle development have been analysed. The extent of sn-glycero-3-phosphate and lysophosphatidylcholine acylation by acyl-CoA or free fatty acids in the presence of ATP and CoA is the same at every stage of development. The specific activity of glycerolphosphate acyltransferase(s) increases progressively during development up to about the 10th day of postnatal life and then decreases to the adult level. Linoleate esterifies sn-glycero-3-phosphate to a higher extent than palmitate, especially during postnatal period. The main product of sn-glycero-3-phosphate acylation is phosphatidic acid. The specific activity of lysolecithin acyltransferase increases from the embryonic period to a maximum between the 4th and the 9th day of postnatal life followed by a decrease to the adult value. the low embryonic value to a maximum at about the 3rd day of postnatal life, followed by a decrease to the adult value. The activity of cholinephosphotransferase decreases from a high value observed during the earliest embryonic period studied until the 3rd day before birth, and then begins to increase again from about the 5th day of postnatal life. The activity of ethanolaminephosphotransferase decreases continuously with age. The main product of phosphatidylethanolamine methylation is phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine. The specific activity of phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase increases from     

掌裂橐吾的胚胎学

首次报道了掌裂橐吾的胚胎发育过程。药壁发育双子叶型;绒毡层发育属、The Cosmos bipinnatus”型,成熟花粉为3细胞型;单珠被,薄珠心,倒生胚珠;具发达的珠被绒毡层;胚囊发育为4孢子型,类似德鲁撒型（Drusa);胚乳发育为核型,胚胎发育为紫菀型千里光变型。     

Maturation process of secondary ossification centers in the rat and assessment of bone age.

The maturation process from the appearance to the fusion of the secondary ossification centers of extremities was studied in Wistar rats aged 0 to 134 weeks. The examination of the secondary ossification centers made by radiography. The assessment of the stage of development was made in accordance with the criteria proposed by Ohwada and Sutow. The secondary ossification center was found to be take one of the following three types of maturation processes : (1) the acute ossification, (2) the delayed ossification, and (3) the incomplete ossification. No fusion was observed up to 134 weeks in certain epiphyses of the rat. This type of ossification designated as the incomplete ossification may be specific to the mouse and rat. The relative lengths of time required for appearance and fusion in the average prospective life were obtained for the rat. They were compared with those of the mouse and man. The relative length of time necessary for maturity of the secondary ossification centers was shown to be the shortest in the rat and the longest in man. The results suggested that the rat may reach maturity in the bone age at 17 to 21 weeks of age. The rat at this age may be regarded as being adult corresponding to age 17 weeks in mice and 18 to 24 years in man.