Discriminant analysis on cells from developing squamous cancer of the respiratory tract.

Cytologic preparations made from the tracheobronchial tree taken by the Schreiber catheter have been scanned by three color microphotometry. The digitized cell images were processed by the analytical cytodiagnostic programs of the TICAS system. Cells were sorted into two control groups and five groups of increasing atypia ranging from normal epithelium to invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Standard statistical tests, including Wilk's Lambda, Rao's V, and the Kruskal-Wallis tests are performed on these subsets of cell image features. This study demonstrates that discriminant analyses permit differentiation between normal cells and those from marked atypia or carcinoma and that the classification achieves a high degree of agreement with visual assignment.     

AgNOR technique could be useful for differential diagnosis of squamous carcinomatous cells and atypical cells related to human papillomavirus in cervical smears

The human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated effect can mimic invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Measurements of the argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) area of cells from smears with HPV infection of the cervix with marked atypia were carried out to differentiate this pathology from keratinizing carcinomas. After destaining, the smears were incubated in the dark for 25 min with a mixture of silver nitrate and gelatin in formic acid. After washing with deionized water and sodium thiosulfate, the slides were dehydrated and mounted with Canada balsam. The average AgNOR area was determined by image cytometry using the immersion oil objective and selecting 100 cells in each smear. Twenty-three patients with a mean AgNOR area of 1.32 µm² among their samples showed normal colposcopies and cervical smears after 18 months. In four patients, whose samples were diagnosed as atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance with viral atypia, the average AgNOR area was 7.70 µm²; biopsies showed keratinizing squamous carcinomas in three of these cases and moderately differentiated squamous carcinoma in one of them. We propose a cutoff of 2.2 µm² for the AgNOR area of cells from smears with HPV infection of the cervix with marked atypia to differentiate this group from keratinizing carcinomas.     

Immunoperoxidase staining of cervicovaginal smears after radiotherapy.

Cervicovaginal smears from 2 women with postirradiation dysplasia, 4 women with postirradiation squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, 30 women with irradiation atypia and 5 healthy, nonirradiated women were stained immunohistochemically with six keratin antibodies. For four of the antibodies--CK19 (BA17), EMA, PKK-1 and CAM 5.2--squamous cells showing irradiation atypia, postirradiation dysplasia or postirradiation squamous cell carcinoma were more likely to stain positively than were nonirradiated squamous cells. For three of the antibodies in which multiple squamous cells stained positively, the proportion of squamous cells showing postirradiation dysplasia or postirradiation squamous cell carcinoma staining strongly was equal to or greater than the corresponding overall proportion for squamous cells showing irradiation atypia. This was statistically significant with only one antibody, PKK-1. No statistically significant differences were seen in staining of irradiated and nonirradiated squamous cells by MAK-6 and AE1:AE3. The data show that some keratin antigens are more often expressed in the irradiated groups and that there may be differences in the degree of antigen expression between squamous cells showing postirradiation dysplasia or postirradiation squamous cell carcinoma and squamous cells showing irradiation atypia.     

The <Emphasis Type="Italic">NOLA2</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">RPS3A</Emphasis> genes as highly informative markers of human squamous cell carcinoma of lung

cDNA libraries enriched with sequences that are differentially transcribed in normal and tumor tissues were prepared using the subtractive hybridization of mixtures of cDNAs from ten patients with squamous cell carcinoma (lung cancer) and the corresponding mixtures of cDNAs from normal tissues of the same patients. An analysis of the libraries revealed two genes, NOLA2 and RPS3A, whose expression in patients with squamous cell carcinoma increased by 70%. A high frequency of enhanced expression of these genes in the cancer makes them highly informative markers of squamous cell carcinoma, which, together with other markers, can be used for reliable diagnosis of the disease.__________Translated from Bioorganicheskaya Khimiya, Vol. 31, No. 2, 2005, pp. 195–199.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Slizhikova, Vinogradova, Sverdlov.     

细胞衰老和凋亡相关蛋白表达在宫颈鳞癌变中的意义

目的：许多细胞周期调控因子和衰老相关标志物如p14ARF、p15INK4b、p16INK4a 和p53 在G1 细胞周期阻滞和癌基因诱导的衰老中意义重大。这些关键的调节蛋白在多种恶性肿瘤中经常发生突变或是缺失。在本研究中将探讨这些因子在宫颈癌发生中的意义。方法：在本研究中在正常宫颈上皮、宫颈上皮内瘤变和宫颈鳞癌中,应用免疫组织化学方法检测p14ARF、p15INK4b、p16INK4a、Bcl-2、p53 表达,并分析它们的表达与宫颈癌变的相关性。结果：p16INK4a 在正常宫颈鳞状上皮10%（2/20）表达阴性,在大部分CIN 和宫颈鳞癌中表达阳性,其中在85%（17/20）CIN 和75%（15/20）鳞癌中呈弥漫性强阳性表达,CIN 和宫颈鳞癌中的阳性表达率显著高于正常上皮（P〈0.01）,CIN 和宫颈鳞癌的间表达率无显著差异。p15INK4b 在正常宫颈鳞状上皮中65%（13/20）表达弱阳性,在100% （20/20）CIN 和95%（19/20）宫颈鳞癌中表达弥漫性阳性,各组之间阳性表达率无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。p14ARF在40%（8/20）正常宫颈上皮细胞中表达呈弱阳性（1＋）,在宫颈鳞癌中表达呈弥漫性强阳性90%（18/20）,在45%（9/20）CIN中表达阳性,各组之间阳性表达率无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。Bcl-2 在20%（4/20）正常宫颈上皮表达呈弱阳性,在18/20CIN中其表达强度和比率均增加,阳性表达率为90%（18/20）,Bcl-2 在鳞癌中700%（14/20）呈强阳性和弥漫阳性,CIN 和宫颈鳞癌中的阳性表达率显著高于正常上皮（P〈0.01）,CIN 和宫颈鳞癌的间表达率无显著差异。P53 免疫组化染色显示在正常宫颈上皮为表达为20%（4/20）,在大多数CIN25%（5/20）和鳞癌中核阳性85%（17/20）,在鳞癌中的阳性表达率显著高于正常宫颈上皮和CIN 病变（P〈0.05）。结论：宫颈鳞癌变涉及包括细胞凋亡和细胞衰老在内的多种信号分子表达异常,这些分子可能在宫颈鳞癌发生发挥重要作用并在宫颈癌早期诊断中有重要意义。     

A comparative morphometric and cytophotometric study of intraductal hyperplasia and intraductal carcinoma of the breast

The Feulgen DNA content and the nuclear measurements of four groups of intraductal proliferations of the breast (hyperplasia, atypical hyperplasia, well-differentiated carcinoma without cytologic atypia and intraductal carcinoma with cytologic atypia) were compared. Intraductal carcinoma with atypia was the only group distinct from the others on the basis of DNA content, nuclear area and perimeter. Although the other groups were separable from intraductal carcinoma with atypia, they could not be reliably distinguished from each other by any combination of measurements. At best, 69% of well-differentiated intraductal carcinomas could be distinguished from atypical hyperplasias using a combination of DNA content and nuclear perimeter measurements. Thus, the difficult distinction of atypical hyperplasia from well-differentiated intraductal carcinoma by light microscopy was not aided by DNA analysis or by nuclear measurements.     

HIF-2α、VEGF在子宫颈鳞癌组织中的表达及其临床意义

目的检测宫颈鳞癌组织及正常宫颈组织中HIF-2α、VEGF基因与蛋白的表达情况,探讨其在子宫颈鳞癌的临床意义。方法随机选取64例子宫颈鳞癌组织和22例正常宫颈组织,收集年龄、FIGO分期和淋巴结转移等临床相关指标,采用实时荧光定量PCR法及免疫组织化学法(Elivision法)检测各组织中HIF-2α、VEGF的表达。结果实时荧光定量PCR分析结果表明HIF-2α、VEGF mRNA表达较正常宫颈组织显著增加,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),且二者mRNA水平呈正相关(r=0.778,P0.001)。免疫组织化学法结果表明HIF-2α、VEGF蛋白在宫颈组织中的阳性表达率分别为宫颈鳞癌组93.8%、正常宫颈组18.2%,两组比较差异有统计学意义,且HIF-2α与VEGF呈显著相关(r=0.514,P0.05)。HIF-2α、VEGF的mRNA表达均与年龄无关,但与FIGO分期、淋巴结转移关系密切(P0.05),FIGO分期高、有淋巴结转移的子宫颈癌组织HIF-2α、VEGFmRNA表达水平均相应对照组升高。结论与正常宫颈组织相比,HIF-2α、VEGF mRNA和蛋白在宫颈鳞癌中均呈高表达。     

B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: towards understanding its cellular origin

B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B‐ALL) is a clonal malignant disease originated in a single cell and characterized by the accumulation of blast cells that are phenotypically reminiscent of normal stages of B‐cell differentiation. B‐ALL origin has been a subject of continuing discussion, given the fact that human disease is diagnosed at late stages and cannot be monitored during its natural evolution from its cell of origin, although most B‐ALLs probably start off with chromosomal changes in haematopoietic stem cells. However, the cells responsible for maintaining the disease appear to differ between the different types of B‐ALLs and this remains an intriguing and exciting topic of research, since these cells have been posited to be responsible for resistance to conventional therapies, recurrence and dissemination. During the last years this problem has been addressed primarily by transplantation of purified subpopulations of human B‐ALL cells into immunodeficient mice. The results from these different reconstitution experiments and their interpretations are compared in this review in the context of normal B‐cell developmental plasticity. While the results from different research groups might appear mutually exclusive, we discuss how they could be reconciled with the biology of normal B‐cells and propose research avenues for addressing these issues in the future.     

KITENIN increases invasion and migration of mouse squamous cancer cells and promotes pulmonary metastasis in a mouse squamous tumor model

KAI1 C-terminal interacting tetraspanin (KITENIN) is reported to promote metastasis in mouse colon cancer models. We investigated the role of KITENIN on the progression of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). In a preliminary clinical study using resected tissues from head and neck SCC patients, KITENIN was highly expressed in tumors and metastatic lymph nodes, while KAI1 was more increased in adjacent mucosa than in tumor. KITENIN-transfected mouse squamous cancer (SCC VII/KITENIN) cells showed significantly higher invasion, migration, and proliferation than empty vector-transfected cells. In syngeneic mouse squamous tumor models, more increased tumor volume and enhanced lung metastasis were found in SCC VII/KITENIN cells-injected mice. Thus, KITENIN increases invasion and migration of squamous cancer cells and thereby promotes distant metastasis in mouse squamous tumor models.     

MACC1和C-Met在口腔白斑和口腔鳞状细胞癌中的表达及意义

目的:探讨分析MACC1和C-Met在正常口腔黏膜、口腔白斑及口腔鳞状细胞癌中的表达及其临床意义。方法:采用免疫组化SP法检测20例口腔黏膜、20例上皮异常增生白斑、50例口腔鳞癌组织中的MACC1、C-Met蛋白的表达情况,采用X2和spearman等级相关分析对结果进行判定。结果:MACC1、C-Met蛋白在异常增生型白斑和口腔鳞癌中的阳性表达率分别为50%、76%,35%、66%,均明显高于正常口腔黏膜(17.6%,5.0%),差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。MACC1和C-Met蛋白表达与口腔鳞癌的分期、淋巴结转移及分化程度密切相关(P0.05)。Spearman等级相关分析显示口腔白斑及口腔鳞癌中MACC1和C-Met的表达呈现正相关(P0.05)。结论:MACC1和C-Met在上皮不典型增生性白斑和口腔鳞癌中高表达,二者在口腔黏膜白斑的癌变和口腔鳞癌的发生发展中可能起重要作用。     

Polyploidy In Pleomorphic Adenomas With Cytological Atypia

Occasionally, in fine-needle aspirates of pleomorphic salivary gland adenomas, considerable cytonuclear atypia is present, which may give rise to a false-positive diagnosis. In this study DNA cytophotometry was performed on Feulgen restained smears prepared from material obtained by needle aspirates of normal salivary glands (n = 4), pleomorphic adenomas with (n = 5) and without (n = 4) atypia and a carcinoma in a pleomorphic adenoma. The results showed a clear diploid DNA histogram in the specimens of normal salivary gland and pleomorphic adenomas without atypia. In contrast, in the pleomorphic adenomas with atypia a distinct polyploid pattern was present in three out of the five DNA histograms with DNA values in 2c, 4c and 8c ranges. In two of these cases a 16c peak was also present and in the two remaining cases tetraploidy was demonstrated. In the carcinoma a main stemline at 4c was found. This report once more emphasizes the possible atypia which may be present in FNA of pleomorphic adenomas of the salivary gland. The atypia is due to polyploidy in a histologically benign tumour.     

口腔鳞状细胞癌患者术后病变区菌群分析

摘要：目的 研究口腔鳞状细胞癌患者术后病变区菌群变化。方法 选择2017年12月至2018年12月于我院进行治疗的80例口腔鳞状细胞癌患者为研究对象,测定入选患者术前和术后第14天口腔病变中心区细菌检出率、构成比和数量。结果 患者术前病变区链球菌属的构成比（67.63%）和检出率（93.89%）最高,其次为葡萄球菌属、奈瑟菌属和普氏菌属。检出细菌数量为（4.06±0.42）~（5.49±0.53）CFU/cm2。患者术后病变区链球菌属的构成比（75.48%）和检出率（81.45%）最高,其次为普氏菌属、韦荣菌属、葡萄球菌属。检出细菌数量为（2.76±0.39）~（4.54±0.63）CFU/cm2。患者手术前后奈瑟菌属和梭杆菌属的检出率和数量差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,二氧化碳噬纤维菌属数量和细菌总量差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,而病变区各细菌构成比差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 口腔鳞状细胞癌患者术后链球菌属的构成比和检出率最高,未检测出梭杆菌属和奈瑟菌属细菌。     

凋亡抑制蛋白XIAP在舌鳞癌组织中表达的研究

目的：研究XIAP在舌鳞癌组织中的表达情况及其与舌鳞癌临床病理特征的关系。方法：采用免疫组织化学SP法检测舌鳞癌组织（36例）以及癌旁正常舌粘膜组织（20例）中XIAP蛋白的表达,并分析其与舌鳞癌临床病理特征的关系。结果：XIAP在舌鳞癌组织中表达阳性率为86．1％,在癌旁正常粘膜组织中阳性率为35％,肿瘤组织中XIAP蛋白阳性率明显高于正常粘膜;不同病理分级及临床分期病例XIAP阳性表达差异无显著性。结论：XIAP蛋白的高表达与舌鳞癌的发生有相关性,可能在舌鳞癌的发生、发展过程中有重要作用。     

Subclassification of murine T cells by computerized microphotometric analysis

Splenocytes separated by physical means and classified as T cells by immunologic tests and computerized microphotometric analysis are differentiated into subgroups by analysis of the distribution patterns of Feulgen-positive nuclear DNA. In like fashion T cells obtained as purified preparations after separation on a nylon column, and accepted as T cells by micromorphometric analysis were subjected to further computerized morphometric analysis of nuclear DNA to form subgroups of cells. In each case, the number and composition of the detected subgroups were consistent. The classification does not appear to reflect any obvious phases of the cell cycle and is not dependent upon the sex and strain of mice from which the cells were obtained.     

Fine needle aspiration cytology of radiation-induced changes in nonneoplastic breast lesions. Possible pitfalls in cytodiagnosis

The range of radiation-induced changes in fine needle aspiration (FNA) smears of the breast is described. In 41 of more than 800 patients who underwent breast-conserving treatment, a palpable breast lesion developed, and FNA was performed. In six cases, a recurrent carcinoma was present. In the remaining cases, three patterns of nonneoplastic lesions could be discerned: epithelial atypia (14 cases), fat necrosis (10 cases) and poorly cellular smears without epithelial atypia or fat necrosis (13 cases). It is important to be familiar with the patterns of radiation-induced epithelial atypia, since such atypia may lead to a misdiagnosis of recurrent carcinoma. These atypical cells may show impressive anisocytosis and anisonucleosis; however, the nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio remains normal and an admixture of bipolar cells is present. Cell dissociation and necrotic cell debris, as often seen in breast cancer smears, were never encountered in FNA smears from radiated nonneoplastic breasts.     

基于多组学数据的早期宫颈鳞状细胞癌分类

从分子层面对泛癌进行研究已经得到了很大的进展，但是对宫颈鳞状细胞癌的分子分类研究仍然需要更多的探索. 为了找到宫颈鳞状细胞癌潜在的子类，本文提出了一个基于多维组学数据的癌症亚型分类分析流程. 通过统计学方法对癌症基因组图谱（The Cancer Genome Atlas，TCGA）宫颈鳞状细胞癌的mRNA表达数据、小分子核糖核酸（microRNA，miRNA）表达数据、DNA甲基化数据以及拷贝数变异数据4个维度包含的分子进行筛选，然后对筛选后的分类特征进行整合聚类，进一步筛选能够区分不同子类的关键分类特征，并使用这些关键分类特征建立宫颈鳞状细胞癌分类模型. 本研究为宫颈鳞状细胞癌分子层面子类的识别提供了分析流程，得到了两个临床生存水平具有显著性差异的宫颈鳞状细胞癌子类，并确定了8个宫颈鳞状细胞癌的关键分类特征. 本研究中识别的宫颈鳞状细胞癌子类和关键分类特征为宫颈鳞状细胞癌早期分类及分类标志物的鉴定提供了重要参考.     

NF-κ B和HIF-1在宫颈上皮内瘤变和鳞癌中表达的意义

目的：初步探索NF-κB和HIF-1在宫颈上皮内瘤变和宫颈鳞癌中的表达及临床病理学意义。方法：以宫颈上皮内瘤变和宫颈鳞癌病例为研究对象,应用免疫组织化学方法检测NF-κB和HIF-1的表达情况并分析其表达在宫颈癌变中的意义。结果：NF-κB在正常宫颈上皮、CINⅠ、CINⅡ、CINⅢ、鳞癌的阳性表达率分别为16%,36%,44%,68%,72%。总体比较存在显著性差异x2=21.636,p〈0.01。组间两两比较显示正常上皮与CINⅢ和鳞癌有显著性差异。HIF-1α在正常宫颈上皮、CINⅠ、CINⅡ、CINⅢ、鳞癌的阳性表达率分别为12%,20%,40%,68%,76%。总体比较存在显著性差异x2=32.733,p〈0.01。组间两两比较显示正常上皮与CINⅢ（x2=16.333 p〈0.001）和鳞癌（x2=20.779 p〈0.001）有显著性差异。结论：NF-κB和HIF-1与宫颈鳞癌的发生有关,可能作为早期诊断的标志物。     

Anxa2, Stat3 在口腔鳞状细胞癌中的表达及意义

目的:探讨膜联蛋白A2(Anxa2)和细胞信号转导和转录激活因子3(Stat3)在口腔鳞癌组织中的表达及其临床意义。方法:选择口腔鳞癌石蜡标本80例为实验组,20例正常口腔黏膜组织为对照组。应用免疫组织化学法检测Anxa2和Stat3蛋白的阳性表达,并进行结果判定,采用x2和Spearman等级相关分析法分析二者表达差异性及其相关性。结果:Anxa2、Stat3在病例组中的阳性表达率,分别为81.3%(65/80)、87.5%(70/80),明显高于对照组中的表达率,25.0%(5/20)、30.0%(6/20),且差异有统计学意义(P0.05),Anxa2和Stat3蛋白表达水平与口腔鳞癌的分期、淋巴结转移及分化程度有密切关系。Spearman等级相关分析Anxa2和Stat3在口腔鳞癌组织中蛋白的表达呈正相关(r=0.302,P0.01)。结论:Anxa2、Stat3在OSCC的发生和转移过程中均具有重要的作用,且二者间也有相互作用的关系。     

P-cadherin controls the differentiation of oral keratinocytes by regulating cytokeratin 1/10 expression via C/EBP-beta-mediated signaling

P-cadherin belongs to the family of Ca²⁺-dependent homophilic glycosylated cell adhesion molecules. In the normal oral epithelium it shows a strong expression in the basal cell layer which gradually decreases in the suprabasal cell layers. The exact role of P-cadherin during the development and homeostasis of the oral epithelium has not been elucidated, yet. Here, we show for the first time that P-cadherin controls differentiation by regulating cytokeratin (CK) 1/10 expression in primary oral keratinocytes (POK) from normal, but interestingly not in POKs from oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) tissue. SiRNA knockdown of P-cadherin in normal POKs revealed a strong upregulation of CK1/10 expression on mRNA and protein level. In contrast, E-cadherin knockdown in normal oral keratinocytes did not show any influence on CK1/10 expression. Moreover, in comparison with normal control keratinocytes normal oral keratinocytes with reduced P-cadherin expression displayed an enhanced expression and a stronger nuclear staining of C/EBP-beta, a well-known regulator of CK1/10 expression in keratinocytes. Furthermore, after P-cadherin knockdown in normal POKs the promoter activity of a C/EBP-responsive luciferase construct was significantly higher than in normal POKs with regular P-cadherin expression. Additionally, we noticed a proliferation advantage in normal oral keratinocytes in contrast to keratinocytes with diminished P-cadherin expression. However, the inverted effect was seen in tumor derived primary oral keratinocytes. In summary, we show that P-cadherin contributes to the keratinocyte differentiation in the oral epithelium by influencing the CK1 and CK10 expression via C/EBP-beta-mediated signaling in normal but not in tumor derived oral keratinocytes from OSCC patients.     

Light-stimulated ultraweak photon reemission of human amnion cells and wish cells

Photon reemission in the ultraweak intensity range that is observed after irradiation of cell suspensions with light, reveals characteristic differences between normal human amnion cells and transformed wish cells from the same parental tissue. The reemission kinetics, approximated best by a hyperbolical process, were studied as a function of cell density, showing that: malignant Wish cells have a photon storage capacity that is not improved by increasing the cell density; and that normal amnion cells exhibit a photon storage capacity that strongly increases with increasing cell density. The interpretation of this effect and the nature of the emitter are discussed.