2n雄配子的无融合生殖披碱草（Elymus rectisetus）减数分裂行为研究

用能自然产生2n雄配子的无融合生殖六倍体披碱草为材料,研究了无融合生殖披碱草的减数分裂行为。结果表明：2n雄配子的无融合生殖披碱草减数分裂行为较为异常。在间期细胞内经常有微核存在;在前期I,有倒位环、多介染色体等异常现象;在中期I,染色体有不等分裂的倾向;在后期I和末期I,有染色体的单极分裂（63.9%）、染色走向一极的倾向（21.7%）和多极分裂（3.3%）等现象,单极分裂的结果是不减数配子的产生。在减数分裂Ⅱ中,有高比例的二分子孢子（55.7%）和三分子孢子（23.7%）的形成,二分子孢子在发育后期也直接导致了2n配子的产生。因此,染色体的单极分裂、二分体和三分体形成这3种方式是披碱草2n雄配子的形成的主要途径。     

单子叶植物无融合生殖的研究进展

植物的无融合生殖是指不经过雌雄配子融合而产生种子的一种特殊生殖方式。由于利用无融合生殖途径可以固定杂种优势 ,从而改良现有植物的育种策略 ,因此对无融合生殖的研究已成为生物学科的新生长点。本文主要从无融合生殖的概念和类型 ,无融合生殖在单子叶植物中的分布 ,无融合生殖的胚胎学 ,分子生物学和遗传学机制及创造新的无融合生殖种质资源的方法等 6方面对单子叶植物的无融合生殖的研究进展进行了综述 ,并提出了今后开展无融合生殖研究的思路和设想     

高粱SSA-1无融合生殖胚胎学研究

经常规石蜡切片法,在光学水平观察了高粱（Ｓｏｒｇｈｕｍ ｂｉｃｏｌｏｒ （Ｌ．） Ｍｏｅｎｃｈ） ＳＳＡ－１ 无融合生殖的胚胎发生。高粱ＳＳＡ－１ 的无融合生殖为无孢子生殖和二倍体孢子生殖两种类型。两种生殖类型的单核胚囊经３ 次有丝分裂形成７ 细胞（８ 核）的成熟胚囊,由卵细胞、２ 个助细胞、２ 个极核和３ 个反足细胞组成。反足细胞迅速分裂增殖,形成由２０—３０ 个细胞组成的细胞团。此外,还具有一定频率的无孢子生殖多孢原和多胚囊现象。在未授粉情况下,卵细胞自发分裂形成典型的禾本科类型单子叶胚。经切片统计表明,ＳＳＡ－１ 的无融合生殖频率为４２％ ,证明该系为一兼性无融合生殖系。文中还讨论了ＳＳＡ－１ 无融合生殖过程的特点。     

植物无融合生殖相关基因研究进展

无融合生殖是指不经过精卵融合即可形成胚从而进行种子繁殖后代的一种特殊的无性生殖方式, 无融合生殖胚的形成没有父本的参与, 其后代是母本基因型的完整克隆, 因此是植物杂种优势固定与利用的一种最理想的途径, 具有巨大的潜在利用价值, 被誉为“无性革命”。按其胚体发生的途径, 无融合生殖可分为二倍体孢子生殖、无配子生殖和不定胚生殖三种类型。本文介绍了植物胚发育、胚乳发育、减数分裂等涉及无融合生殖过程的相关基因的研究进展, 同时介绍了可能与植物无融合生殖途径调控相关的几个基因片段的研究情况。     

单子叶植物无融合生殖的研究进展

植物的无融合生殖是指不经过雌雄配子融合而产生种子的一种特殊生殖方式。由于利用无融合生殖途径可以固定杂种优势,从而改良现有植物的育种策略,因此对无融合生殖的研究已成为生物学科的新生长点。本文主要从无融合生殖的概念和类型,无融合生殖在单子叶植物中的分布,无融合生殖的胚胎学,分子生物学和遗传学机制及创造新的无融合生殖种质资源的方法等6方面对单子叶植物的无融合生殖的研究进展进行了综述,并提出了今后开展无融合生殖研究的思路和设想。     

无融合生殖在植物育种中的应用

无融合生殖(apomixis)是一种代替有性生殖的,不发生核融合而产生种子的生殖方式。它是介于有性生殖与无性生殖之间的一种特殊生殖方式。     

无融合生殖

自1745年博内(Bonnet)在研究蚜虫中发现孤雌生殖以来,世界各地的植物学家,也在众多的植物中发现了这种奇特的生殖现象,迄今为止,已记录到36科300余种植株的孤雌生殖。为同有性生殖和无性生殖相区分,植物学家把它定名为无融合生殖。 由于无融合生殖生理机制十分复杂,长期以来,对其概念的界定,植物学界一直没有统一。我国学者蔡得田和陈冬玲,在1993年提出:无融合生殖是指发生在植物胚珠中,不经过精卵融合形成胚,以种子进行繁殖的生殖方式。此界定包括三部分内容,一是它与无性生殖明显的区别是发生在性器官中;二是没有性融合过程而区别于有性生殖;三是以种子繁殖     

无融合生殖

在自然界,大多数高等生物的生活周期都有明显的配子体世代和孢子体世代交替的现象。孢子体经过减数分裂产生配子,雌雄配子受精融合,成为下一代孢子体的开始,这就是有性生殖,是生物最主要的生殖方式。但是,有些生物的生活周期绕过了这个重要过程,不经过雌雄配子融合,直接从配子体或孢子体的一个或一群细胞发育为子代新个体,这种生殖方式叫做无融合生殖(apomixis),这是无融合生殖的广义概念。无融合生殖的狭义概念则认为是有性生殖的一种特殊方式或变态。这种生殖方式在动、植物界都存在,但在植物界更为普遍,且类型较多。     

被子植物的无融合生殖

被子植物的无融合生殖孙敬三刘永胜辛化伟（中国科学院植物研究所,北京１０００９３）ＡＰＯＭＩＸＩＳＩＮＡＮＧＩＯＳＰＥＲＭＳＳｕｎＪｉｎｇ－ｓａｎ,ＬｉｕＹｏｎｇ－ｓｈｅｎｇ,ＸｉｎＨｕａ－ｗｅｉ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＢｏｔａｎｙ,ＡｃａｄｅｍｉａＳ...     

植物的无融合生殖

植物的无融合生殖肖辅珍,王景林（首都师范大学生物系,北京１０００３７）１无融合生殖及其类型无融合生殖（Ａｐｏｍｉｘｉｓ）是被子植物不经过精卵结合而产生种子的特殊生殖方式［１］。它广泛存在于自然界的多种植物中,或代替有性生殖（专性的）,或与有性生殖共存...     

Flavanols in somatic cell division and male meiosis of tea (Camellia sinensis) anthers

Young anthers excised from closed tea flower buds ( Camellia sinensis L.) were stained as fresh tissues with p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde reagent to localize flavanols associated with nuclei and chromosomes, apart from those flavanols stored in vacuoles. This staining reagent yields a blue colour for flavanols. In the nonsporogenic somatic cells of developing anthers, flavanols were found to be attached to chromosomes at all mitotic stages. Male meiosis started at a bud size of about 3.5 mm in diameter in pollen mother cells which displayed generally more or less pronounced blue nuclei and cytoplasm. The meiotic divisions from prophase I to telophase II were characterized by blue stained nuclei and chromosomes, but within the cytoplasm there was, if any, a random and very poor reaction for flavanols. Metaphase and telophase of meiotic divisions showed maximally condensed chromosomes staining dark blue. Early in telophase II, the cytoplasm was again stained blue; this faded at late tetrad stage. Flavanols of young mitotic and older non-mitotic anthers were determined using high pressure liquid chromatography--chemical reaction detection (HPLC-CRD). Catechin, epicatechin, B2, and epigallocatechin were minor compounds, whereas epicatechin gallate and epigallocatechin gallate were found in higher amounts. The major flavanol compound of the anthers, epicatechin gallate, exhibited a significant affinity to histone sulphate, as shown by UV-VIS spectroscopic titration.     

Nicotine alters bovine oocyte meiosis and affects subsequent embryonic development

The effects of nicotine on nuclear maturation and meiotic spindle dynamics of bovine oocytes and subsequent embryonic development were investigated. Maturation rates (85%-94%) derived from nicotine treatments at 0.01 to 1.0 mM were similar to the control (86%), but significantly decreased at 2.0 to 6.0 mM. Haploid complements of metaphase II oocytes in 0.01 to 1.0 mM nicotine (approximately 90%) were similar to the control, while lower (ranged from 63% to 76%, P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) haploid oocytes were observed in the 2.0 to 6.0 mM nicotine groups. The majority of the PB1-free oocytes derived from 3.0 to 6.0 mM nicotine treatments were diploidy (2n = 60). Spindle microtubules changed from characteristically being asymmetrical in the controls to being equally distributed into two separate chromosome groups in the nicotine treatments. Nicotine disorganized the microfilament organization and inhibited the movement of anaphase or telophase chromosomes to the cortical area. The inhibited two chromosome groups became two spindles that either moved close in proximity or merged entirely together resulting in diploidy within the affected oocyte. Nicotine treatment significantly reduced the rate of cleavage and blastocyst development after parthenogenetic activation. Diploidy and cell number were drastically reduced in the resultant blastocysts. In conclusion, nicotine can alter the normal process of bovine oocyte meiosis and affects subsequent embryonic development.     

Chromosome cohesion and segregation in mitosis and meiosis

The faithful segregation of the genetic material into daughter cells during cell division is crucial for the production of healthy progeny. Sister chromatid cohesion and separation are fundamental to this process. Progress has been made in our molecular understanding of cohesion and mechanisms for the dissolution of cohesion have been uncovered.     

The spread of apomixis and its effect on resident genetic variation

In a simulation model we investigated how much of the initial genetic variation that is retained in a population after a dominant mutation has brought apomixis to fixation in it. A marker allele associated with the apomixis mutation is generally retained after the fixation of apomixis, particularly if the two alleles are closely linked. The spread of asexuality, however, normally leads to almost no loss of genetic variation, neither with respect to cytotypes nor with respect to genotypes. This holds for large populations and apomixis mutants with strong pollen production. In smaller populations, and with apomicts with reduced pollen production, the outcome is more variable, ranging from no genetic variation retained to only weakly reduced variability compared with the initial state. These results help explain the high genetic variability in many apomicts. They also imply that natural selection will have many genotypes to act on even after the spread of apomixis.     

OsSGO1 maintains synaptonemal complex stabilization in addition to protecting centromeric cohesion during rice meiosis

Shugoshin is a conserved protein in eukaryotes that protects the centromeric cohesin of sister chromatids from cleavage by separase during meiosis. In this study, we identify the rice (Oryza sativa, 2n=2x=24) homolog of ZmSGO1 in maize (Zea mays), named OsSGO1. During both mitosis and meiosis, OsSGO1 is recruited from nucleoli onto centromeres at the onset of prophase. In the Tos17-insertional Ossgo1-1 mutant, centromeres of sister chromatids separate precociously from each other from metaphase I, which causes unequal chromosome segregation during meiosis II. Moreover, the release of OsSGO1 from nucleoli is completely blocked in Ossgo1-1, which leads to the absence of OsSGO1 in centromeric regions after the onset of mitosis and meiosis. Furthermore, the timely assembly and maintenance of synaptonemal complexes during early prophase I are affected in Ossgo1 mutants. Finally, we found that the centromeric localization of OsSGO1 depends on OsAM1, not other meiotic proteins such as OsREC8, PAIR2, OsMER3, or ZEP1.     

植物无融合生殖鉴定方法的研究进展

由于利用无融合生殖途径可以固定杂种优势,从而改良现有植物的育种策略,因此对无融合生殖的研究已成为生物学科的新生长点,为了利用植物的无融合生殖,首先必须建立,发展和完善一套简单,准确的鉴定体系,目前有关植物无融合生殖的鉴定的方法,主要可以分为5大类型：（1）形态学观察法;（2）显微观察法;（3）生化鉴定法;（4）分子生物学的方法;（5）其它方法,主要对以上5类方法的各各鉴定方法进行了介绍,对几种已被证实有效方法的优缺点进行了比较,并就今后的改进方向进行了探讨。     

The evolution of meiotic sex and its alternatives

Meiosis is an ancestral, highly conserved process in eukaryotic life cycles, and for all eukaryotes the shared component of sexual reproduction. The benefits and functions of meiosis, however, are still under discussion, especially considering the costs of meiotic sex. To get a novel view on this old problem, we filter out the most conserved elements of meiosis itself by reviewing the various modifications and alterations of modes of reproduction. Our rationale is that the indispensable steps of meiosis for viability of offspring would be maintained by strong selection, while dispensable steps would be variable. We review evolutionary origin and processes in normal meiosis, restitutional meiosis, polyploidization and the alterations of meiosis in forms of uniparental reproduction (apomixis, apomictic parthenogenesis, automixis, selfing) with a focus on plants and animals. This overview suggests that homologue pairing, double-strand break formation and homologous recombinational repair at prophase I are the least dispensable elements, and they are more likely optimized for repair of oxidative DNA damage rather than for recombination. Segregation, ploidy reduction and also a biparental genome contribution can be skipped for many generations. The evidence supports the theory that the primary function of meiosis is DNA restoration rather than recombination.     

披碱草 Elymus rectisetus无融合生殖及其转育的研究进展

披碱草Elymus rectisetus(Nees in Lehm）A Loeve et Connor(2n=6x=42）,SSYYWW）是目前发现的小麦族（Triticeae）中唯一的无融合生殖种,属二倍性孢子形成的假受精无融合生殖类型,无融合生殖能固定杂种优势,简化育种程序,缩短育种年限,因此E.rectisetus无融合生殖及其向小麦中导入的研究一直受到遗传育种学家的重视,与有性生殖相比,无融合生殖类型大孢子母细胞（MMC）的形成有三个显著特点：（1）MMC在早前期合点形成液泡;（2）MMC核显著伸长,呈椭圆形或哑玲形;（3）MMC周围缺乏含,胼胝质的细胞壁E.rectisetus与披碱草属内的种间杂交取得较大进展,了其分类和遗传学研究。E.rectisetus与近缘属杂交成功例子逐渐增多,目前国内外已成功进行了普通小麦与E.rectisetus属间杂交,为最终将E.rectisetus无融合生殖基因导入小麦奠定了基础。     

A current perspective on apomixis in ferns

This review provides a synopsis of apogamous reproduction in ferns and highlights important progress made in recent studies of fern apomixis. First, a summary of the apomictic fern life cycle is provided, distinguishing between two pathways to diploid spore production that have been documented in apomictic ferns (premeiotic endomitosis and meiotic first division restitution) and briefly discussing the evolutionary implications of each. Next, recent trends in fern apomixis research are discussed, exposing a shift in focus from the observation and characterization of apomixis in ferns to more integrated studies of the evolutionary and ecological implications of this reproductive mode. Peer-reviewed contributions from the past decade are then summarized, spanning the identification of new apomictic lineages through to the developmental, phylogenetic, and population genetic insights that have been made in studies of fern apomixis during that time. Gaps in our understanding are also discussed, including the extent and implications of recombinant apomixis in ferns, the possible reversibility of reproductive mode (from apomictic to sexual) in ferns, and the genomic causes and consequences of apomixis in seed free vascular plants. To conclude, future directions for fern apomixis research are proposed in the context of modern technological advances and recent insights from studies of apomixis in other groups.