Non-essential UV-sensitive bacteriophage T4 mutants affecting early DNA synthesis: a third pathway of DNA repair.

Non-essential bacteriophage T4 mutants uvs58 and uvs79 showed a lower UV sensitivity than either the excision-repair mutant v am5 or the replication-dependent recombination-repair mutant y10. The UV sensitivity of double and triple mutants carrying one of the mutations uvs58 or uvs79, and v am 5 or (and) y10 was higher than the sum of the sensitivities of the single mutants. The uvs58 mutation was mapped to the early gene region, close to amN81 (gene 41). The unirradiated mutants uvs58 and uvs79 accumulated newly synthesized DNA at a slower rate than wild-type T4. Double mutants uvs58:am59 and uvs79:am59 showed DNA synthesis in E. coli B su- to be arrested at a 3--5 times lower level than that in am59-infected cells. Chloramphenicol, added 9--12 min after infection, suppressed arrests of DNA synthesis, the double mutants showing a lag of 8 min as compared with am59. Results from analysis of sucrose gradients of parental uvs58 and uvs79 DNA were in agreement with the suggestion of a mutation in an early function. The mutants uvs58 and uvs79 are suggested to be defective in a component of the DNA replication apparatus with a function in the adaptation to irregularities in the DNA structure. The third pathway of UV repair is tentatively designated as non-catalytic replication repair.     

Genetic control of recombination processes in Aspergillus nidulans. I. Effect of uvs-mutations on the frequency of spontaneous and ultraviolet ray-induced intergenic recombination]

Effect of 3 uvs mutations (uvs 12, 19 and 25) on recombination processes in Aspergillus nidulans is studied. All the mutations are found either to affect the fertility of carp bodies and germination ability of askospores, or result in complete inability of heterokaryons to form cleistocarpia. Two mutations change the frequency of spontaneous meitotic crossing-over at pro-paba region of the chromosome I and do not affect the rate of mitotic recombination at w-centromeric region of the chromosome II: uvs 12 mutation increases, and uvs 19 mutation decreases the frequency of meiotic recombination. One mutation (uvs 25) decreases the rate of spontaneous mitotic crossing-over. All uvs mutations decrease the frequency of VU light induced mitotic recombination at w-centromeric region of the chromosome II. The data obtained, together with earlier reported characteristics of uvs mutants, suggest that recombination mechanisms in yeast participate in reparation processes more actively than in prokariotes. Different effects of the same uvs mutations on spontaneous frequency of meiotic and mitotic crossing-over draw to the conclusion that genetic control and molecular mechanisms of these processes in A. nidulans are not identical.     

RAD29 and RAD31--new genes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts, participating in control of DNA repair. Isolation and genetic study of mutants

Base excision repair (BER) and nucleotide excision repair (NER) are two main cellular responses to DNA damage induced by various physical and chemical factors. After exposure of the strain that carries the NER-blocking rad2 mutation to UV light, several mutants hypersensitive to the UV light lethal action and simultaneously sensitive to methylmethanesulphonate (MMS) were isolated. Two of these mutants (Uvs64 and Uvs212) were examined in detail. The mutants were found to carry recessive, monogenically inherited lesions that had pleiotropic, though different, phenotypes: both mutants were also sensitive to nitrous acid (HNO2), whereas Uvs212 was sensitive to hydrogen peroxide as well. Moreover, the homozygote for the uvs212 mutation, but not for uvs64, blocks the sporulation. Since the mutations examined were not allelic to any of the known rad mutations that cause MMS sensitivity or to each other, it is concluded that two new genes involved in the control of yeast DNA repair were detected. Furthermore, these genes were mapped to different regions of the right arm of chromosome 2 where repair genes were not found. Thus, two new genes, designated RAD29(UVS64) and RAD31(UVS212) and probably involved in base excision repair, were identified.     

UV-induced recessive lethals in uvs strains of Neurospora which are deficient in UV mutagenesis

The frequencies of spontaneous and UV-induced recessive lethal mutations were compared for UV-sensitive and wild-type heterokaryons of Neurospora crassa. These heterokaryons were homokaryotic either for one of two alleles of uvs-3, or for uvs-6 or uvs+. For uvs-3, which is known to have mutator effects, spontaneous recessive lethals were found to be 4-6 times more frequent than observed in uvs+. After correction for clonal distribution of spontaneous mutants, an observed 2-fold increase for uvs-6 was not statistically significant and may have been due to chance occurrence of a few large clones of mutants. Treatment with low doses of UV (50-200 J/m2) produced very similar overall rates of increase for recessive lethals in uvs and uvs+ heterokaryons. This means, that in contrast to results obtained when mutation to ad-3 was measured, both uvs-3 alleles showed highly significant increases for recessive lethals when treated with UV. It is proposed that certain types of UV damage may be processed into recessive lethal mutations by an alternate mechanism from that responsible for viable mutations.     

A new type of UV-sensitive mutant of phage T4D

Within a group of more than 20 UV-sensitive mutants of T4D, 4 UV-sensitive mutants with the same sensitivity as T4 x were isolated independently of each other. They were uvs9, uvs21, uvs35, and uvs52. The double mutants with x and y₁₀ were constructed: they are slightly more UV sensitive than T4 v₁. The double mutant with uvs5 was not found. The mutations of uvs9, 21, 35, and 52 are closely linked with v₁. The photoreactivable sector (PRS) is 0.4. One of the mutants, uvs52, has the same sensitivity for methyl methanesulphonate (MMS) as T4⁺, shows a stronger multiplicity reactivation than the wild type, shows the same sensitivity relative to T4⁺ and T4 v₁ in Luria-Latarjet tests and in monocomplex UV inactivation, and raises the recombinant frequency in crosses with irradiated phage. The uvs52⁺ function has the same sensitivity to UV as the v⁺ function. Complementation between uvs52 and v₁, if present is difficult to demonstrate owing to an appreciable MR contribution to increased survival. The possibility that uvs52 is an allele of v₁ is discussed. The observations fit the assumption that uvs52 is an excision-repair mutant with a low excision rate.     

Characterization of ultraviolet light-induced ouabain-resistant mutations in Chinese hamster cells.

Ouabain-resistant mutations in Chinese hamster cells have been quantitatively characterized. The mutation frequencies were found to be induced curvilinearly with treatments of increasing doses of ultraviolet light (UV). For the range of UV doses tested (5--20 J/m(2)), the observed frequency, Y, as a function of UV dose X, follows a curvilinear function, Y = (-28 + 13.37 X--1.52X(2) + 0.08X(3)) . 10(-6). The frequencies of UV-induced mutations were directly correlated with cell survival, indicating a similar causal relationship between cell killing and mutation induction. Under the same experimental conditions, X-rays induced 6--thioguanine-, but not ouabain-, resistant mutations. UV-induced ouabain-resistant (ouar) mutants exhibit a selection disadvantage. Their phenotypic expressions are modifiable by various agents. Wild type and 16 ouar mutants were compared with respect to their sensitivity to ouabain inhibition of 86Rb uptake by whole cells. All the ouar mutants assayed are less sensitive to the drug than are wild-type cells. In the absence of ouabain, the Na+--K+--ATPase activities can be significantly higher or lower than that of the wild-type cells.     

Genetic analysis of DNA repair in Aspergillus: evidence for different types of MMS-sensitive hyperrec mutants

To identify genes which affect DNA repair and possibly recombination in Aspergillus nidulans, mutants hypersensitive to methyl methanesulphonate (MMS) were induced with ultraviolet light (UV) or gamma-rays. About half of them contained associated translocations and many were hypersensitive to UV and/or defective in meiosis. Two are alleles of the known uvsB gene while most others define new genes. In addition, among available uvs mutants many were found to be MMS-sensitive. Some of the various uncharacterized ones were identified as alleles of known uvs, but 5 of them were mapped in 2 new genes, uvsH and uvsJ. To identify functional and epistatic groups, mutants from each uvs gene were tested for effects on recombination and mutation, and double mutant uvs strains were compared for UV survival to their component single mutant strains. 3 epistatic pairs were identified, (1) uvsF and H, (2) uvsB and D, and (3) uvsC and E. Conclusive interpair tests were difficult, because such double mutant combinations were frequently lethal or nearly so. The first pair, uvsF and H, shared some of the properties of excision-defective mutants, both uvs being very highly sensitive to UV for mutation as well as survival. But unlike such mutants, uvsH was also sensitive to gamma-rays and defective in meiosis. Both uvs showed normal levels of meiotic recombination, but greatly increased spontaneous mitotic crossing-over, being the most "hyperrec" types among all uvs. The second pair, uvsB and uvsC, which was similarly hyperrec showed only slight increases of UV-induced mutation (less than 2-fold). As a main effect, these uvs caused very high frequencies of unbalanced, unstable segregants from diploid conidia (30 X), but few of these were recognizable aneuploids. The third pair, uvsC and E, which are known to be rec- for gene conversion, caused reduced mitotic crossing-over in diploids and increased levels of haploid segregants. These mutants are spontaneous mutators, but showed less UV-induced mutation than wild-type controls.     

Drift in ultraviolet sensitivity and expression of mutations during synchronous growth of cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans

Synchrony with respect to cell division and DNA synthesis in cultures of Anacystis nidulans was induced by a light-dark-light regimen. At periodic intervals in the cell-division cycle, DNA, RNA, protein contents, UV sensitivity and induction of mutations were assayed. The DNA, RNA and protein syntheses were periodic and reached maximal values before the separation of cells. The DNA content started to increase at about the 5th hour and doubled at about the 13th hour followed by a plateau of 4-6 h. Wild-type A. nidulans was highly sensitive to UV radiation during the period showing an increase in cell number (rise phase) and the early part of DNA synthesis (synthetic phase). Significant resistance to UV, however, developed in the later stage of the DNA synthesis. This resistance decreased considerably during the next rise phase. On the other hand, in a UV-sensitive strain of A. nidulans (uvs67) there was no appreciable change in the UV sensitivity during the cell-division and DNA-synthesis phases. Induction of mutation frequency patterns of all the markers (fil, blu, yel, vir, nit, strR) in the wild-type showed a short initial lag followed by an abrupt increase resulting in a peak of mutation frequency in the early part of DNA synthesis and subsequently a second plateau. The induction of mutation frequencies in the uvs67 strain was comparatively low and remained constant throughout the cell division cycle. These results suggest the possibilities of an error-prone dark repair and a stringent relationship between DNA replication and repair of UV damage for expression of mutations in cyanobacterium A. nidulans.     

Electiveness of photorepair, influence of dark-repair on shape of dose-response curves, and high-dose decline, in UV-induced colour mutations of Serratia.

Strain CV of Serratia marcescens mutates by UV with high frequency to 3 groups of mutants (w, h, s) differing in colour from the red wild-type. The mutational dose—response curve has a curvature corresponding to about 3 hits. It reaches a peak and declines at high doses. Inactivation curves have a broad shoulder and mostly, but not always, a break to a lesser slope at UV doses near the peak of mutations. Photoreactivation (PR) gives a dose reduction of about 2 for both inactivation and mutation including the break and peak. The dose curve with PR for w-mutations shows 1 hit-, and the other types 2-hit curvature leading to a change of mutation spectrum with dose due to PR. The UV-sensitive mutant uvs21 of CV has a survival curve with a small shoulder and a long upward concavity without a break, and the mutation curve is of the one-hit type without a peak and decline. PR gives a dose reduction of 12 for inactivation and of 7.5 for mutation. The 3-hit mutation curve of CV is interpreted by assuming that 2 further hits are required to protect the 1-hit pre-mutations from being abolished by the repair lacking in uvs21. UV induction of SOS repair cannot be responsible for the 3-hit curvature because UVR of phages and induction of prophage are already saturated at rather low doses. High-dose decline (HDD) of mutations in CV is probably caused neiher by a fraction of UV-resistant cells in the population nor by post-mutational selective inhibition of growth of mutants by UV-inactivated neighbour cells. As HDD is not observed in uvs21, possibly the non-mutagenic repair lacking from uvs21 interferes with the mutation finishing processes at high doses in the repair-proficient strain CV. However, UV induction of this interference cannot be a one-hit process but requires a very large number of hits.     

Uvm mutants of Escherichia coli K 12 deficient in UV mutagenesis

Summary Selection for defective reversion induction, after UV treatment of E. coli K 12, yielded uvm mutants. These mutants exhibited highly reduced or no UV mutability for all loci tested although they were moderately and normally mutable by X-rays and EMS, respectively. Uvm mutations confer only a slight sensitivity to killing by UV and X-rays and no clear sensitivity to the lethal effect of HN2, EMS or MMS. Growth and viability of untreated uvm cells were normal. The properties of uvm mutants are discussed in relation to those of other relevant mutant types and to some actual problems of induced mutagenesis.     

Mutants of Staphylococcus aureus deficient in recombinational repair : Improved isolation by selecting for mutants exhibiting concurrent sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation and N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-Nutrosoguanidine

Recombination-deficient (rec) mutants of Staphylococcus aureus strains 152 and Ps29 were sought by initially screening mutagenized cultures for mutants exhibiting increased sensitivity to both ultraviolet (UV) radiation and N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NG). Mutants thus isolated were analyzed for recombinational ability by transduction, and further characterized in terms of sensitivity to UV, NG, ability to repair UV-irradiated bacteriophage, and spontaneous and UV-induced DNA degradation. Mutagenesis of strain 152 yielded three isolates, one of which was rec, the second potentially lex, and the third possessing an undetermined repair deficiency. Mutagenesis of strain Ps29 resulted in the isolation of one mutant, which exhibited a rec genotype. In searching for rec mutants of S. aureus, the value of initially screening mutagenized cultures for mutants exhibiting concurrent sensitivity to UV and NG, as opposed to screening for UV sensitivity alone, is discussed.     

Mutagenesis in cultured mammalian cells. II. Induction of gene mutations in Chinese hamster cells

Mutations controlling the resistance to 6-mercaptopurine (6-M) and the ability to multiply in a medium with a low concentration of glucose (“glucose-independent” mutants) were induced in cultured Chinese hamster cells by N-nitrosomethylurea (NMU), 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR), UV and X-rays. The chemical agents were found to be very active in induction of mutations to 6-M resistance (NMU and BUdR) and mutations of “glucose independence” (NMU). These agents increase the yield of mutations as compared to the spontaneous mutation rate by about two orders of magnitude. The induced rate of 6-M-resistant mutations by X-rays was 2.0 ? 10⁻⁷ per viable cell per roentgen. BUdR approximately equally increases the cell's sensitivity to both inactivating and mutagenic action of X-rays. The maximum induction of mutations to 6-M resistance by UV was observed at 100 erg/mm². This dose leads to 1 16-fold increase of the mutation frequency as compared to the spontaneous rate. Further increase of the UV dose up to 200 erg/mm² resulted in a lower yield of mutations per dose unit. The highest yield of mutations to 6-M resistance induced by NMU, BUdR and X-rays was observed if cells were plated in selective medium several generations after the mutagenic treatment. The maximum yield of mutations to 6-M resistance induced by UV and of glucose-independence induced by NMU was recorded if cells were transferred to selective media immediately after treatment. The kinetics of expression of mutations and the decline of their number observed after prolonged incubation of treated cells in nonselective conditions are discussed.     

Mutants of Staphylococcus aureus with Increased Sensitivity to Ultraviolet Radiation

Nitrosoguanidine (NG) mutagenesis of Staphylococcus aureus resulted in the isolation of eight mutants exhibiting 3 to 28 times greater sensitivity to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. These mutants were further characterized by their ability to repair UV-irradiated bacteriophage, to act as recipients in the transduction of antibiotic resistance, and their sensitivity to NG. Based on the available data, six of these mutants are reduced in their ability to perform host-cell reactivation. One of the remaining two mutants may be deficient in post-replication repair.     

An uvsB mutant of Aspergillus nidulans with high variable spontaneous mutation and intergenic mitotic recombination frequencies

An UV-sensitive mutant has been isolated with a new technique which allows isolation of UV-sensitive and UV-non-mutable mutants in Aspergillus nidulans. This mutant is an allele of the known uvsB gene but shows some features not previously described in the alleles so far isolated. Its more important characteristics are: (1) Frequency of mitotic intergenic recombination is strongly increased in uvs/uvs diploids and it is highly variable in different clones: it varies from a minimum of 40-fold to a maximum of about 1000-fold in comparison with uvs+/uvs+ strains. (2) The frequency of mitotic intergenic recombination is increased also in the heterozygous diploids. (3) The frequency of spontaneous mutation is higher and highly variable in different subclones: it may be increased up to 1000-fold.     

Mutations in uvrD induce the SOS response in Escherichia coli.

We have isolated three new mutations in uvrD that increase expression of the Escherichia coli SOS response in the absence of DNA damage. Like other uvrD (DNA helicase II) mutants, these strains are sensitive to UV irradiation and have high spontaneous mutation frequencies. Complementation studies with uvrD+ showed that UV sensitivity and spontaneous mutator activity were recessive in these new mutants. The SOS-induction phenotype, however, was not completely complemented, which indicated that the mutant proteins were functioning in some capacity. The viability of one of the mutants in combination with rep-5 suggests that the protein is functional in DNA replication. We suggest that these mutant proteins are deficient in DNA repair activities (since UV sensitivity is complemented) but are able to participate in DNA replication. We believe that defective DNA replication in these mutants increases SOS expression.     

A nuclear mutation decreasing rho- production modifies the unstable nitrous-acid sensitivity of yeast

The nuclear mmgl mutation, which reduces rho- mutability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, renders the rho+ cells less sensitive to inactivation by nitrous acid (NA) but has little or no effect on the NA sensitivity of the rho0 cells devoid of mitochondrial (mt) DNA. Therefore the cells' NA sensitivity seems to be influenced by an interaction of the mmgl mutation and the mt genome rather than the mmgl mutation itself. The clonal variation of NA sensitivity is high in MMG+ yeast and significantly reduced in rho0 mutants and mmgl cells. The results presented suggest that frequent spontaneous heritable changes of the mt genome occur in MMG+ cells, which, (i) unlike rho- mutations, do not damage the respiratory capacity, and (ii) manifest themselves in a high clonal variation of NA sensitivity.     

Mutations in human cardiac troponin I that are associated with restrictive cardiomyopathy affect basal ATPase activity and the calcium sensitivity of force development

Human cardiac Troponin I (cTnI) is the first sarcomeric protein for which mutations have been associated with restrictive cardiomyopathy. To determine whether five mutations in cTnI (L144Q, R145W, A171T, K178E, and R192H) associated with restrictive cardiomyopathy were distinguishable from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-causing mutations in cTnI, actomyosin ATPase activity and skinned fiber studies were carried out. All five mutations investigated showed an increase in the Ca2+ sensitivity of force development compared with wild-type cTnI. The two mutations with the worst clinical phenotype (K178E and R192H) both showed large increases in Ca2+ sensitivity (deltapCa50 = 0.47 and 0.36, respectively). Although at least one of these mutations is not in the known inhibitory regions of cTnI, all of the mutations investigated caused a decrease in the ability of cTnI to inhibit actomyosin ATPase activity. Mixtures of wild-type and mutant cTnI showed that cTnI mutants could be classified into three different groups: dominant (L144Q, A171T and R192H), equivalent (K178E), or weaker (R145W) than wild-type cTnI in actomyosin ATPase assays in the absence of Ca2+. Although most of the mutants were able to activate actomyosin ATPase similarly to wild-type cTnI, L144Q had significantly lower maximal ATPase activities than any of the other mutants or wild-type cTnI. Three mutants (L144Q, R145W, and K178E) were unable to fully relax contraction in the absence of Ca2+. The inability of the five cTnI mutations investigated to fully inhibit ATPase activity/force development and the generally larger increases in Ca2+ sensitivity than observed for most hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mutations would likely lead to severe diastolic dysfunction and may be the major physiological factors responsible for causing the restrictive cardiomyopathy phenotype in some of the genetically affected individuals.     

Analysis of repair processes by the determination of the induction of cell killing and mutations in two repair-deficient Chinese hamster ovary cell lines

Two UV sensitive DNA-repair-deficient mutants of Chinese hamster ovary cells (43-3B and 27-1) have been characterized. The sensitivity of these mutants to a broad spectrum of DNA-damaging agents: UV254nm, 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO), X-rays, bleomycin, ethylnitrosourea (ENU), ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS), methyl methanesulphonate (MMS) and mitomycin C (MMC) has been determined. Both mutants were not sensitive to X-rays and bleomycin. 43-3B was found to be sensitive to 4NQO, MMC and slightly sensitive to alkylating agents. 27-1 was sensitive only to alkylating agents. The results suggest the existence of two repair pathways for UV-induced cytotoxicity: one pathway which is also used for the removal of 4NQO and MMC adducts and a second pathway which is also used for the removal of alkyl adducts. Parallel to the toxicity, the induction of mutations at the HPRT and Na+/K+-ATPase loci was determined. The increased cytotoxicity to UV, MMC and 4NQO in 43-3B cells and the increased cytotoxicity to UV in 27-1 cells correlated with increased mutability. It was observed that the increase in mutation induction at the HPRT locus was higher than that at the Na+/K+-ATPase locus. As only point mutations give rise to viable mutants at the Na+/K+-ATPase locus the lower mutability at this locus suggests that defective excision repair increases the chance for deletions. Despite an increased cytotoxicity to ENU in 27-1 cells the mutation induction by ENU was the same in 27-1 and wild-type cells at both loci, which suggests that the mutations are mainly induced by directly miscoding adducts (e.g. O-6 alkylguanine), which cannot be removed by CHO cells. As EMS and MMS treatment of 27-1 cells caused an increase in mutation induction at the HPRT locus and a decrease at the Na+/K+-ATPase locus it indicates that these agents induce a substantial fraction of other mutagenic lesions, which can be repaired by wild-type cells. This suggests that O-6 alkylation is not the only mutagenic lesion after treatment with alkylating agents.     

Effect of degradative plasmid CAM-OCT on responses of Pseudomonas bacteria to UV light.

The effect of plasmid CAM-OCT on responses to UV irradiation was compared in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in Pseudomonas putida, and in Pseudomonas putida mutants carrying mutations in UV response genes. CAM-OCT substantially increased both survival and mutagenesis in the two species. P. aeruginosa strains without CAM-OCT exhibited much higher UV sensitivity than did P. putida strains. UV-induced mutagenesis of plasmid-free P. putida was easily detected in three different assays (two reversion assays and one forward mutation assay), whereas UV mutagenesis of P. aeruginosa without CAM-OCT was seen only in the forward mutation assay. These results suggest major differences in DNA repair between the two species and highlight the presence of error-prone repair functions on CAM-OCT. A number of P. putida mutants carrying chromosomal mutations affecting either survival or mutagenesis after UV irradiation were isolated, and the effect of CAM-OCT on these mutants was determined. All mutations producing a UV-sensitive phenotype in P. putida were fully suppressed by the plasmid, whereas the plasmid had a more variable effect on mutagenesis mutations, suppressing some and producing no suppression of others. On the basis of the results reported here and results obtained by others with plasmids carrying UV response genes, it appears that CAM-OCT may differ either in regulation or in the number and functions of UV response genes encoded.     

Ecologic ultraviolet--a real mutagenic factor for vegetative cells of Bacillus subtilis]

The frequency of leu----Leu+ reversions represented mainly by suppressor mutations is increased in Bacillus subtilis uvr+ and uvr-1 cells after exposure to natural sunlight. Dependence of mutation yield on the time of exposure is linear (one hit kinetics) in case of the uvr-1 strain. In the uvr+ cells the yield of mutations is also linear, but only at short times of exposure, the curve bending and levelling off the plateau after 10-min cell illumination. It has been established in the experiments with optical filters that the mutagenic effect is related to wavelengths which correspond to the UVB zone of ecological UV. The mutagenesis caused by sunlight can be modified (weakened) by some post-irradiation treatments of bacteria, which also led to a decrease of mutations frequencies in B. subtilis uvr+ and uvr-1 cells after exposure to 254-nm UV. The data indicate that: 1) mutagenic influence of sunlight can be overcome only by the joint action of activities of the two cellular repair systems--photoreactivation and excision repair, 2) the real mutagenic effect of sunlight on such a non-photoreactivating organism as B. subtilis would not be enhanced with the increase of the UVB flow in sunlight spectrum.