NF-κB免疫生物学作用的研究进展

25年前首次发现NF-κB,其是免疫系统中诱导基因表达的重要调节因子,在免疫系统的发育和功能中发挥着重要的生物学作用.固有免疫和适应性免疫,免疫系统中各组织和细胞的发生和发育等过程都受转录因子NF-κB家族的调控.尽管有关NF-κB研究已经很成熟,但仍有许多新的重大发现.综述此领域的新的研究进展,从而为NF-κB在免疫生物学中的应用提供更广阔的视角.     

巨噬细胞功能的神经内分泌调节

巨噬细胞(macrophage,Mφ)是免疫系统中一类重要的防御和调节性细胞,它不仅参与非特异性免疫反应,还参与特异性免疫反应,并分泌某些单核因子影响其它免疫细胞的功能。以往,对Mφ功能的调节机制的研究多集中于免疫系统内部,如细胞之间及各种因子的调节作用。近年,神经内分泌免疫学的出现,使人们的注意力从免疫系统内部逐渐移向免疫系统外部。那么,神经内分泌系统究竟对免疫系统是否具有调节作用?如果有,这种调节作用的机制是什么?     

DOCK8的分子结构及生物学功能

DOCK8(dedicator of cytokinesis 8)是一种非典型鸟嘌呤核苷酸交换因子(guanine nucleotide exchange factors,GEF),参与细胞内信号网络的调节和小分子G蛋白的激活。DOCK8在免疫应答的信号传导、肌动蛋白骨架的重建、免疫突触形成、免疫细胞的功能调节等方面有着重要的作用,成为了科研人员探究的热点。现对DOCK8的分子结构和生物学特性研究进展进行综述,进一步阐明DOCK8在免疫系统中的生物学功能以及相关疾病的发病机制。     

miR-181在免疫系统中的研究进展

介绍miR-181家族成员在免疫系统功能和作用的研究进展。miR-181是一个重要的免疫系统调控因子,涉及到B细胞、T细胞等免疫细胞的增殖分化,生物体免疫应答、免疫耐受以及炎症反应等生理过程的变化,同时miR-181与白血病,红斑狼疮等免疫系统疾病的发生和发展存在一定的关系。对miR-181家族成员在免疫系统中的功能与作用、存在问题以及未来的研究发展趋势做一综述,以期为免疫系统疾病提供新的治疗策略。     

单胃动物肠道微生物菌群与肠道免疫功能的相互作用

动物胃肠道栖息着大量的微生物,这些微生物及其代谢产物在营养、免疫等方面对宿主的健康有重要的意义。近年来研究发现肠道微生物与免疫系统间存在密切的交流和互作机制,尽管肠道共生菌具有定植抑制效应,但肠道微生物也可通过其特定组分刺激免疫细胞如Tregs细胞、Th17细胞的分化,肠道菌群的紊乱可能导致细菌移位、肠道屏障功能损伤,影响机体健康。宿主免疫系统可通过分泌多种免疫效应因子如MUC、sIgA、ITF、RegIIIγ、α-防御素等调节肠道微生物的分布和组成,调节肠道菌群的稳态。本文综述了单胃动物肠道微生物菌群的组成,深入探讨了肠道微生物菌群与动物肠道免疫功能之间的相互作用。     

1,25—二羟维生素D3的免疫调节作用

１,２５（ＯＨ）２Ｄ３是维生素Ｄ３的形式,其生物效应是由１,２５（ＯＨ）２Ｄ３受体（ＶＤＲ）介导的。单核细胞、激活的淋巴细胞等免疫系统细胞均有ＶＤＲ的表达,１,２５（ＯＨ）２Ｄ３对免疫系统功能有重要调节作用,主要表现于：在分子水平上抑制白细胞介素２（ＩＬ－２）、γ－干扰素（ＩＮＦ－γ）及粒单系集落刺激因子（ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ）等细胞因子的表达;细胞水平上调节免疫系统细胞的增殖分化及其免疫功能;在整体水平     

灵杆菌脂多糖的研究进展

灵杆菌脂多糖是粘质沙雷氏菌细胞壁中提取的中性脂多糖,可刺激机体先天免疫系统释放多种免疫活性因子,具有增强机体免疫、抗肿瘤、抗炎、抗感染等功能.当灵杆菌脂多糖进入机体后,首先与LBP相结合,LBP将灵杆菌脂多糖运送到免疫细胞的膜表面,随后CD14将灵杆菌脂多糖转运至TLa4及MD-2蛋白复合体,进而调节免疫系统发挥功能....     

一氧化氮的生物学效应

一氧化氮是新近发现的一种重要的细胞内信使和神经介质,它在免疫系统、心血管系统、神经系统等的调节中起着重要的作用。ＮＯ功能的研究为生物学的许多领域提供新的认识。     

神经营养因子与支气管哮喘

神经营养因子是机体产生的能促进神经元存活、生长、分化的一类多肽或蛋白质分子,其主要功能是促进神经系统的生长发育.最新研究发现,其与免疫系统关系密切,是支气管哮喘发病的重要介质.因此,神经营养因子可能是连接免疫系统和神经系统的一座桥梁.该文介绍神经营养因子在支气管哮喘发病中的重要作用.     

TIPE2在炎症、免疫相关疾病和肿瘤中的研究进展

肿瘤坏死因子-α诱导蛋白8样分子2(tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein 8-like 2,TIPE2)是一种新型的先天免疫和细胞免疫的调节因子。TIPE2负向调节Toll样受体和T细胞受体的功能,其在免疫系统的选择性表达可抑制炎症反应并维持免疫稳态。大量研究表明,TIPE2是多种肿瘤生成和肿瘤免疫平衡动态调节的负性调节分子,是自然杀伤(natural killer,NK)细胞成熟和抗肿瘤免疫的潜在检查点。TIPE2在炎症、免疫相关疾病和肿瘤的发生发展过程中起重要作用,具有作为临床生物标志物的潜力。本文总结了TIPE2的结构特点、生物学功能及其在疾病中的异常表达和临床意义,为疾病治疗提供新的策略。     

Natural IgM antibodies, the ignored weapons in tumour immunity

During its lifetime each multi-cellular organism is permanently exposed to infectious agents and transformed cells. Without an early recognition and a rapid elimination system, there would be no development and no life. The innate or natural immunity, seems to be more important for the detection of "foreign" cells and particles than has been thought. Even if not every transformed cell has the ability and potency for malignant behaviour, the important question is not, why malignant cells arise, but instead, why malignancy occurs so infrequently. We have shown in a recent paper, by using the human hybridoma technology, that tumour immunity is not induced by malignant cells, but instead the result of innate immunity and that natural IgM antibodies play an important role in immunosurveillance mechanisms against transformed cells in humans (Br?ndlein et al., 2003b). In this review typical features of natural IgM antibodies are discussed and tumour-specific reactivities and different apoptotic functions on epithelial cancer cells are illustrated.     

Fruiting body production in basidiomycetes

Mushroom cultivation presents an economically important biotechnological industry that has markedly expanded all over the world in the past few decades. Mushrooms serve as delicacies for human consumption and as nutriceuticals, as “food that also cures”. Mushrooms, the fruiting bodies of basidiomycetous fungi, contain substances of various kinds that are highly valued as medicines, flavourings and perfumes. Nevertheless, the biological potential of mushrooms is probably far from exploited. A major problem up to now is that only a few species can be induced to fruit in culture. Our current knowledge on the biological processes of fruiting body initiation and development is limited and arises mostly from studies of selected model organisms that are accessible to molecular genetics. A better understanding of the developmental processes underlying fruiting in these model organisms is expected to help mushroom cultivation of other basidiomycetes in the future. Received: 17 January 2000 / Received revision: 7 March 2000 / Accepted: 3 April 2000     

基于菌群调控下的天然植物活性成分与全食态健康效用评价

肠道菌群与人体共同协作,菌群在帮助宿主对食物中的营养成分进行深入消化与利用的同时,也一同分享宿主为其提供的生存空间与营养物质,这是微生物与宿主之间形成的一种互利共生的特殊共存方式。这样的精妙结合,不仅使得微生物在人体中形成了固有的菌群结构,得到赖以生存的生物基位,也通过自身的功能代谢以及群体信号,为宿主在免疫、营养等方面提供所必需的调节与支撑。围绕药食同源天然植物的健康作用研究,目前大多着眼于对其功能组分的分离提取与活性评价。如植物多糖、多酚与黄酮等活性功能成分。然而在传统中医药中,植物多以全食态进行复配应用。目前在菌群水平研究中发现,对于影响人体健康水平的菌群模式并非固定且依赖于某一单菌种变化,微生物之间的生态竞争与代谢调控均以群体的方式与宿主持续进行共进化。药食同源天然植物,对菌群的调节作用主要还是依靠其全食态,这也从菌群这个微观生态环境的角度为传统中医学理论中对于中药食材即天然植物全食状态下的药效提供了重要佐证。因此,对于药食同源天然植物的开发与利用,应当结合菌群整体的调控进行分析,并对其全食状态与活性功能组分有充分的认识与评价。     

非水相体系酶催化反应研究进展

非水相酶催化反应是酶催化反应中的一个重要方面。非水相溶剂通常可增加底物溶解度,减少水相中的副反应,加快生物催化的速率和效率,在药物及药物中间体和食品等方面具有较大的应用价值。以下探讨了非水相体系对酶活力及酶促反应速率的影响因素,并阐述酶的化学修饰、固定化及定点突变对酶活力的影响,进一步分析无溶剂系统、反胶束、超临界流体及离子液体的不同溶剂体系对酶反应速率及催化效率的影响。此外,还列举一些非水相酶催化反应的应用实例。     

利用基因工程改良植物类胡萝卜素的合成

类胡萝卜素(carotenoids)是植物体内存在的一类重要天然色素物质的总称,其生物功能广泛.类胡萝卜素是人类饮食结构中重要的组成部分,并且在医药、化妆品及食品与饲料工业等方面扮演着重要的角色.类胡萝卜素还是一些维生素合成的前体,具有多种保健功能,可以提高人体免疫力,并具有抗癌的功效.目前有大量关于提高植物体内类胡萝卜素含量及定向改变其种类的研究,对类胡萝卜素代谢途径及其调控的理解是这些研究的基础.主要阐述植物天然类胡萝卜素的生物合成及利用基因工程对类胡萝卜素改良的研究进展.     

Food supplementation and testosterone interact to influence reproductive behavior and immune function in Sceloporus graciosus

The energetic resources in an organism's environment are essential for executing a wide range of life-history functions, including immunity and reproduction. Most energetic budgets, however, are limited, which can lead to trade-offs among competing functions. Increasing reproductive effort tends to decrease immunity in many cases, and increasing total energy via supplemental feedings can eliminate this effect. Testosterone (T), an important regulator of reproduction, and food availability are thus both potential factors regulating life-history processes, yet they are often tested in isolation of each other. In this study, we considered the effect of both food availability and elevated T on immune function and reproductive behavior in sagebrush lizards, Sceloporus graciosus, to assess how T and energy availability affect these trade-offs. We experimentally manipulated diet (via supplemental feedings) and T (via dermal patches) in males from a natural population. We determined innate immune response by calculating the bacterial killing capability of collected plasma exposed to Escherichia coli ex vivo. We measured reproductive behavior by counting the number of courtship displays produced in a 20-min sampling period. We observed an interactive effect of food availability and T-patch on immune function, with food supplementation increasing immunity in T-patch lizards. Additionally, T increased courtship displays in control food lizards. Lizards with supplemental food had higher circulating T than controls. Collectively, this study shows that the energetic state of the animal plays a critical role in modulating the interactions among T, behavior and immunity in sagebrush lizards and likely other species.     

动物TLR4基因多态性及其抗病相关性研究进展

TLR4是天然免疫系统中的一种重要模式识别受体,可选择性识别病原微生物而启动天然免疫,在宿主天然免疫和获得性免疫中具有重要作用。此外,大量研究表明,TLR4基因的多态性与多种动物的细菌、病毒和寄生虫性疾病密切相关,说明通过TLR4基因的研究可为动物分子标记辅助选育研究提供依据。该文简要论述部分动物TLR4基因多态性及其与抗病相关性的研究进展。     

No evidence for a trade-off between reproductive investment and immunity in a rodent

Life history theory assumes there are trade-offs between competing functions such as reproduction and immunity. Although well studied in birds, studies of the trade-offs between reproduction and immunity in small mammals are scarce. Here we examined whether reduced immunity is a consequence of reproductive effort in lactating Brandt's voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii). Specifically, we tested the effects of lactation on immune function (Experiment I). The results showed that food intake and resting metabolic rate (RMR) were higher in lactating voles (6≤ litter size ≤8) than that in non-reproductive voles. Contrary to our expectation, lactating voles also had higher levels of serum total Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and anti-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) IgG and no change in phytohemagglutinin (PHA) response and anti-KLH Immunoglobulin M (IgM) compared with non-reproductive voles, suggesting improved rather than reduced immune function. To further test the effect of differences in reproductive investment on immunity, we compared the responses between natural large (n≥8) and small litter size (n≤6) (Experiment II) and manipulated large (11-13) and small litter size (2-3) (Experiment III). During peak lactation, acquired immunity (PHA response, anti-KLH IgG and anti-KLH IgM) was not significantly different between voles raising large or small litters in both experiments, despite the measured difference in reproductive investment (greater litter size, litter mass, RMR and food intake in the voles raising larger litters). Total IgG was higher in voles with natural large litter size than those with natural small litter size, but decreased in the enlarged litter size group compared with control and reduced group. Our results showed that immune function is not suppressed to compensate the high energy demands during lactation in Brandt's voles and contrasting the situation in birds, is unlikely to be an important aspect mediating the trade-off between reproduction and survival.     

食物限制对黑线仓鼠免疫功能的影响

温带地区小型哺乳动物经常面临着食物资源的波动。食物对动物的免疫功能具有重要影响。将19只成年雄性黑线仓鼠(Cricetulus barabensis)随机分为自由取食组(n=9)和限食组(n=10)。注射植物血球凝集素(PHA)来测定细胞介导的免疫反应,用匙孔血蓝蛋白(KLH)免疫动物,然后测定抗KLH抗体的浓度以反映其体液免疫功能。旨在检验食物限制是否会抑制黑线仓鼠的细胞免疫和体液免疫功能。结果发现,与对照组相比,限食组黑线仓鼠具有较低的体重、体脂、脾脏鲜重、血清瘦素水平、免疫球蛋白Ig G和Ig M浓度。而限食对胸腺鲜重、白细胞数、皮质酮水平以及PHA反应没有显著影响。结果表明黑线仓鼠免疫系统的不同成分对限食反应存在差异,在食物资源短缺时,黑线仓鼠防御细胞外病原体的能力降低,从而导致生存能力的下降。     

Seasonality, cohort-dependence and the development of immunity in a natural host-nematode system

Acquired immunity is known to be a key modulator of the dynamics of many helminth parasites in domestic and human host populations, but its relative importance in natural populations is more controversial. A detailed long-term dataset on the gastrointestinal nematode Trichostrongylus retortaeformis in a wild population of European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) shows clear evidence of seasonal acquired immunity in the age-structured infection profiles. By fitting a hierarchy of demographic infection-immunity models to the observed age-structured infection patterns, we are able to quantify the importance of different components (seasonality, immunity and host age structure) of the parasite dynamics. We find strong evidence that the hosts' immunocompetence waxes and wanes with the seasons, but also contains a lifelong cohort factor, possibly acting through a maternal effect dependent on the host's month of birth. These observations have important and broad implications for the ecology of parasite infection in seasonal natural herbivore systems.