湖南八面山银杉群落特征及其残遗性和保守性分析

为了解中国特有孑遗植物银杉( Cathaya argyrophylla Chun et Kuang)的生存现状,对位于湖南八面山脚盆辽的银杉+南方铁杉﹝Tsuga chinensis var. tchekiangensis ( Flous) Cheng et L. K. Fu﹞+甜槠﹝Castanopsis eyrei ( Champ.) Tutch.﹞-猴头杜鹃( Rhododendron simiarum Hance)群落进行调查,分析其群落特征及种群年龄结构,比较分布在不同区域的6个银杉群落中种子植物属的分布区类型及其相似性系数;在此基础上,讨论了银杉群落的残遗性特征。结果显示：脚盆辽银杉群落共有维管植物66种,包括蕨类植物4种和种子植物62种(裸子植物4种、被子植物58种);该群落乔木层的主要优势种为甜槠、猴头杜鹃、银杉和南方铁杉,重要值分别为13.12%、9.28%、8.86%和7.49%;该群落的Simpson和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分别为0.94和3.20, Pielou均匀度指数Jsw和Jsi分别为0.81和0.92,说明该群落物种多样性偏低但物种分布均匀,与中亚热带山地的暖性针阔叶混交林特征一致。从生活型谱看,该群落中各频度百分比由高至低依次为A级、B级、C级、D级、E级,与Raunkiaer标准频度图谱基本一致,表明该群落整体上处于较为稳定的亚顶极状态。从银杉种群年龄结构看,种群中幼龄个体占一定比例,但80~180 a的中龄个体比例偏低;从该群落优势种的径级结构看,甜槠、猴头杜鹃和鹿角杜鹃( Rhododendron latoucheae Franch.)种群为增长型种群,而银杉、南方铁杉和福建柏﹝Fokienia hodginsii ( Dunn) Henry et Thomas﹞种群为衰退型种群。从脚盆辽银杉群落种子植物属的分布区类型看,温带分布型属占51.06%,略高于热带分布型属(占48.94%),说明该区域属于热带亚热带过渡区;除纬度外,海拔也能够在一定程度上影响其分布区类型组成。在处于粤北、粤桂山地和贵州高原3个植物区系亚地区的6个银杉群落中,种子植物属分布区类型的相似性系数为0.35~0.67,群落建群种所在属如铁杉属﹝Tsuga ( Endlicher) Carrière﹞、润楠属( Machilus Nees)、水青冈属( Fagus Linn.)和福建柏属( Fokienia Henry et Thomas)等在各群落间有相似性和共通性,且多为古老成分和孑遗成分,表明现存的银杉群落具有相近的变迁历史,分布地域具有明显的亚热带山地避难所特征,体现出其演替过程的残遗性和保守性。研究结果表明：在银杉群落中适度疏通林窗,降低林下郁闭度,有利于银杉幼树的生长,使银杉种群得到可持续更新和演替。     

银杉的锯齿烯族成分与系统位置的讨论

本文根据我们从银杉树干中分得的一类特殊成分——锯齿烯族七个化合物 及其在松科各属中的分布情况,讨论银杉属的系统位置。 银杉(Cathaya argyrophylla Chun er Kuang)是本世纪五十年代在我国发现的松科新 属(单种属)新种。银杉属自1958年被发表以来,分类学家和形态学家对该属在松科中 的系统位置一直颇感兴趣。根据形态结构特征,有些学者认为本属与松属、云杉属和黄杉 属接近,其系统位置可居于松属与云杉属或黄杉属之间。本文根据我们从银杉树干中 首次分离出来的已知锯齿烯族化合物,同松科各有关属进行比较,其结果与上述学者意见基本相符合。     

松科——裸子植物的骄傲（下）

冷杉属———球果独树一帜松科中还有一个冷杉亚科,包含６个属,中国均有分布,它们是冷杉属、油杉属、黄杉属、铁杉属、云杉属和银杉属。这一亚科植物的叶均为条形或四棱形。如果从球果上看,冷杉属又独树一帜,因为这个亚科中只有该属的球果种鳞是脱落性的。笔者５０年...     

我国一级保护的八种植物

我国一级保护的八种植物丁成华（江苏省沛县魏庙中学,２２１６３９）在新编初中《生物学》第一册第１０８页中提到我国一级保护的八种植物。这八种植物中,人参属濒危种类,金花茶、银杉、珙、水杉、望天树、秃杉属稀有种类,桫锣属渐危种类。本文拟就我们掌握的一些资料...     

湖南银杉考察初报

银杉(Cathaya argyrophylla Chun et Kuang)是第三纪遗留植物。1977年10月,在湖南省邵阳地区西南部的界福山发现了与长苞铁杉混生的银杉群落,这是我国(世界)继四川南川、广西花坪之后第三次发现银杉(傅立国等;植物杂志,4,42—43,1981)。1981年,湖南省科委委托湖南省林学会组织省林业厅,省师范学院,邵阳地区林业局及林业科学研究所,林业调查队、新宁县林业局、气象站,城步县林业局等单位于10月至11月对银杉进行了综合性科学考察。     

银杉的胚胎发育

银杉属(Cathaya Chun et Kuang)是近年来在我国发现的又一个松柏类特有属。本文描述银杉从原胚到成熟胚的发育过程。根据胚胎学资料来看,银杉的胚胎发育与松属最接近:原胚由4层细胞组成,每层有4个细胞;裂生多胚现象是普遍的,一个受精卵在胚柄伸长并形成2个胚管细胞时分别形成4个幼胚;后期胚胎发育和成熟胚的结构基本上与松属一致。银杉的莲座细胞不再分裂,没有看到莲座胚的形成,而松属的莲座层细胞往往分裂形成莲座胚,因此,银杉幼胚的数目一般较松属的为少。此外,银杉的胚细胞分裂较松属的稍晚。根据我们对银杉胚胎发育的研究,与Erdtman研究花粉的结论是一致的,银杉与松属最接近。但与Яценко-Хмелевский和Будкевич根据银杉木材的研究所得的结论不同,他们认为银杉与云杉或黄杉接近。我们认为胚胎学的资料是值得引起注意的。     

濒危植物银杉的群落特征及其演替趋势

银杉（Ｃａｔｈａｙａａｒｇｙｒｏｐｈｙｌａ）群落的外貌主要由具革质细型叶的常绿针叶中高位芽植物和具革质小、中型叶的常绿阔叶小、中高位芽植物所决定。其结构一般分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层,在有些群落内草本层不发育。组成银杉群落的高等植物有２３９种,半数以上的种类集中在杜鹃花科（Ｅｒｉｃａｃｅａｅ）等９个科中。群落中热带型属的比重低于温带型属的比重,说明银杉群落虽然分布于亚热带,却具有较强的温带分布类型的性质。现有银杉群落处在演替系列的针叶混交林和针阔混交林两个阶段,过度干扰可能使针叶混交林逆向演替到灌丛阶段;处在针阔混交林阶段的银杉群落是相对稳定的亚顶极,将维持相当长的时期,但随着土壤条件的不断改善,有向阔叶群落演替的趋势。     

中国特有植物银杉林的现状和未来

银杉是我国特有的珍稀植物,仅在四川、贵州、湖南和广西四省区残存。其地理分布可归结为大娄 山、越城岭、八面山和大瑶山等4个集积地。现有的银杉林全部为混交林．主要有7个类型：银杉-甜槠混交林、银杉-石栎混交林、银杉-亮叶桦混交林、银杉- 广东五针松混交林、银杉- 长苞铁杉混交林、银杉- 大明松 混交林及银杉- 南方铁杉- 福建柏混交林。银杉处于优势地位、群落相对稳定,但银杉更新不良。在自然演替 中,阔叶树种的入侵对银杉构成严重威胁,最终将会取代银杉。为了保护银杉,在林地对阔叶树进行透光伐,在林窗人工移植银杉幼苗幼树是必要的。     

银杉——我国的又一植物活化石

银杉(Cathaya argyrophylla)是我国特有的珍稀孑遗植物。它是继水杉之后,本世纪五十年代在我国发现的又一植物活化石。远在一千万年以前,即第三纪时,银杉在地球上有过广泛的分布,德国和苏联西伯利亚地区都曾发现其化石。然而,当今它只在我国西南部地形复杂、群山高耸的“避难所”中得以残存,成为世界驰名的珍贵稀有植物。银杉的发现引起了国际植物学界的极大重视。我国的植物学家,对这一孑遗树种更为珍惜,从多方面进行了研究,现就有关的几个问题分述如下: 银杉的分布区及其生境     

银杉生物学特性的初步研究

<正> 银杉为我国特有的珍贵稀有植物,银杉生物学特性的研究尚未见有报道。因此,我们于1979年开始在花坪林区(海拔960～1460米)及桂林雁山(拔海154米),选择银杉野生成年植株和1～15年生栽培植株进行生物学特性观察,以掌握其生长发育特性,为制定人工栽培技术措施提供科学依据。     

Crystal structure, detonation performance, and thermal stability of a new polynitro cage compound: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptacyclo [5.5.1.13, 11. 15, 9] pentadecane

A new polynitro cage compound 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptcyclo [5.5.1.1(3,11).1(5,9)] pentadecane (NNNAHP) was designed in the present work. Its molecular structure was optimized at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p) level of density functional theory (DFT) and crystal structure was predicted using the Compass and Dreiding force fields and refined by DFT GGA-RPBE method. The obtained crystal structure of NNNAHP belongs to the P-1 space group and the lattice parameters are a = 9.99 ?, b = 10.78 ?, c = 9.99 ?, α = 90.01°, β = 120.01°, γ = 90.00°, and Z = 2, respectively. Based on the optimized crystal structure, the band gap, density of state, thermodynamic properties, infrared spectrum, strain energy, detonation characteristics, and thermal stability were predicted. Calculation results show that NNNAHP has detonation properties close to those of CL-20 and is a high energy density compound with moderate stability.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

Reference values for the concentrations of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Fe, I,Hg, Mn,Mo, Ni,Pb, Se,and Zn in selected human tissues and body fluids

This report attempts to formulate reference ranges of elemental concentrations for 15 trace elements in selected human tissues and body fluids. A set of samples consisting of whole blood, blood serum, urine, milk, liver, and hair were chosen and considered for 15 elements of biological significance: As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, I, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. The results represent wholly or partially data received from 40 countries of the global regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North, South, and Central America, Australia, and New Zealand. This survey, even if qualitative, has been useful in demonstrating certain trends of trace-element scenarios around the world. It is of course recognized that both diet and environment exert a strong influence on the distribution pattern of several elements, such as As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn. A limited comparison of the available information on soil status of different countries reflected some interesting associations for elements, such as Mn and Zn. Importantly, this study revealed that only a few countries were in a position to identify a reasonable amount of data on samples requested for this project. Regretably, for a number of countries, any dependable data for even such essential elements as Cu, Fe, and Zn were not available. In view of the nutritional importance of many elements, the time is ripe for concerted efforts by intergovernmental agencies to initiate investigations or commission task forces/projects to generate reliable reference data for selected global regions, which sadly lack data of any kind at present.     

Potential Compounds for Oral Cancer Treatment: Resveratrol,Nimbolide, Lovastatin,Bortezomib, Vorinostat,Berberine, Pterostilbene,Deguelin, Andrographolide,and Colchicine

Oral cancer is one of the main causes of cancer-related deaths in South-Asian countries. There are very limited treatment options available for oral cancer. Research endeavors focused on discovery and development of novel therapies for oral cancer, is necessary to control the ever rising oral cancer related mortalities. We mined the large pool of compounds from the publicly available compound databases, to identify potential therapeutic compounds for oral cancer. Over 84 million compounds were screened for the possible anti-cancer activity by custom build SVM classifier. The molecular targets of the predicted anti-cancer compounds were mined from reliable sources like experimental bioassays studies associated with the compound, and from protein-compound interaction databases. Therapeutic compounds from DrugBank, and a list of natural anti-cancer compounds derived from literature mining of published studies, were used for building partial least squares regression model. The regression model thus built, was used for the estimation of oral cancer specific weights based on the molecular targets. These weights were used to compute scores for screening the predicted anti-cancer compounds for their potential to treat oral cancer. The list of potential compounds was annotated with corresponding physicochemical properties, cancer specific bioactivity evidences, and literature evidences. In all, 288 compounds with the potential to treat oral cancer were identified in the current study. The majority of the compounds in this list are natural products, which are well-tolerated and have minimal side-effects compared to the synthetic counterparts. Some of the potential therapeutic compounds identified in the current study are resveratrol, nimbolide, lovastatin, bortezomib, vorinostat, berberine, pterostilbene, deguelin, andrographolide, and colchicine.     

New Coleoptera records from New Brunswick, Canada: Stenotrachelidae, Oedemeridae, Meloidae, Myceteridae, Boridae, Pythidae, Pyrochroidae, Anthicidae, and Aderidae

We report 19 new species records for the faunal list of Coleoptera in New Brunswick, Canada, six of which are new records for the Maritime provinces, and one of which is new Canadian record. We also provide the first recent records for five additional species in New Brunswick. One new species of Stenotrachelidae, Cephaloon ungulare LeConte, is added to the New Brunswick faunal list. Additional records are provided for Cephaloon lepturides Newman, as well the first recent record of Nematoplus collaris LeConte. Two species of Oedemeridae, Asclera puncticollis (Say) and Asclera ruficollis (Say), are newly reported for New Brunswick, and additional locality and bionomic data are provided for Calopus angustus LeConte and Ditylus caeruleus (Randall). The records of Ditylus caerulus are the first recent records for the province. Three species of Meloidae, Epicauta pestifera Werner, Lytta sayi LeConte, and Meloe augustcollis Say are reported the first time for New Brunswick; Epicauta pestifera is newly recorded in Canada. Lacconotus punctatus LeConte and the family Mycteridaeis newly recorded for New Brunswick. The first recent records of Borus unicolor Say (Boridae) are reported from the province. One new species of Pythidae, Pytho siedlitzi Blair, and the first recent records of Pytho niger Kirby are added to the faunal list of New Brunswick. Three species of Pyrochroidae are newly reported for the province, including Pedilus canaliculatus (LeConte) and Pedilus elegans (Hentz), which are new for the Maritime provinces. Five species of Anthicidae and the first recent record of Anthicus cervinus LaFerté-Sénectére are newly reported for New Brunswick. Anthicus melancholicus LaFerté-Sénectère, Sapintus pubescens (LaFerté-Sénectère), Notoxus bifasciatus (LeConte), and Stereopalpus rufipes Casey are new to the Maritime provinces faunal list. Ambyderus granularis (LeConte) is removed from the faunal list of the province. Three species of Aderidae, Vanonus huronicus Casey, Zonantes fasciatus (Melsheimer), and Zonantes pallidusWerner, are newly recorded for New Brunswick; Zonantes fasciatus and Vanonus huronicus are new for the Maritime provinces' faunal list. Collection data, bionomic data, and distribution maps are presented for all these species.     

Relations of the Al,B, Ba,Br, Ca,Cl, Cu,Fe, K,Li, Mg,Mn, Na,P, S,Si, Sr,and Zn mass fractions to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands

The variation with age of the 18 trace element mass fractions and some histological characteristics of intact prostate glands of 50 subjects aged 0–30 years was investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and a quantitative morphometric analysis. Mean values ± standard error of the mean (M ± SΕΜ) for the mass fractions (in milligrams per kilogram wet tissue) of these trace elements in pre-puberty were: Al 28.5 ± 9.0, B 0.40 ± 0.11, Ba 1.48 ± 0.44, Br 10.5 ± 1.5, Ca 241 ± 30, Cl 3,203 ± 278, Cu 3.51 ± 0.89, Fe 33.7 ± 4.1, K 2,364 ± 145, Li 0.020 ± 0.004, Mg 153 ± 23, Mn 0.46 ± 0.06, Na 2,286 ± 130, P 1,391 ± 100, S 1,698 ± 132, Si 62 ± 11, Sr 0.38 ± 0.08, and Zn 27.6 ± 2.3. During puberty and postpuberty, when there is a significant increase in circulating androgens, the mean values were: Al 7.2 ± 1.4, B 0.21 ± 0.05, Ba 0.25 ± 0.06, Br 5.8 ± 1.0, Ca 433 ± 81, Cl 2,314 ± 201, Cu 1.77 ± 0.13, Fe 20.9 ± 1.6, K 2,585 ± 118, Li 0.0088 ± 0.0014, Mg 232 ± 27, Mn 0.34 ± 0.04, Na 1,875 ± 107, P 1,403 ± 98, S 1,673 ± 73, Si 22.2 ± 3.1, Sr 0.22 ± 0.03, and Zn 93.3 ± 8.9. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) of percent volumes (%) of the stroma, epithelium and lumen in the prostate before puberty were 73.4 ± 2.6, 20.4 ± 1.7, and 4.45 ± 0.94, respectively, versus 46.5 ± 2.5, 38.5 ± 1.9, and 14.9 ± 1.2 during puberty and postpuberty. This work’s results confirm that the Zn mass fraction in prostate tissue is an androgen-dependent parameter. For the first time it has been demonstrated that the glandular lumen is a main pool of Ca, Mg, and Zn accumulation and that the stroma is a main pool of Al, B, Ba, Br, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, and Si accumulation in the normal human prostate, for the age range 0–30 years. It was concluded that the Ca, Mg, and Zn binds tightly within the prostatic fluid, because the volume of glandular lumen reflects the volume of prostatic fluid.