国人颅骨颈动脉管外口及其周围某些结构的形态观察与测量

本文对国人颅骨133例,266个颈动脉管外口形状大小进行了观察与测量。结果表明:颈动脉管外口形状不一。可区分为圆形、卵圆形和南瓜子仁形三种,其中以圆形者为数最多。颈动脉管外口长宽径和距颈静脉窝及锥体尖端之间距离两侧不等,并具有地区性差异。鼓小管下口在个别颅骨缺如。颈静脉窝之大小深浅不一,其中以右侧较大而深者为最多。     

Canal systems in the temporal bone and their right-left differences

The first part of the facial canal is the pars labyrinthica. Its means lateral length is in our material 2.63 mm on the right and 3.03 mm on the left side. The mean width of the pore on the fundus area was 1.3 mm on the right side and 1.07 mm on the left. The geniculate fossa had a mean length of 2.54 mm on the right and of 3.14 mm on the left side. The widths of different areas of the pars labyrinthica and fossa geniculata were also measured. The angle between the first and second parts of the Fallopian canal was estimated with different methods. The mean width of the tympanic part of the facial canal was found to be 1.79 mm on the right side and 1.67 mm on the left, the mean width of the mastoideal part was 1.8 mm on the right side and 1.7 mm on the left. Distances of the mastoideal part of the Fallopian canal to mastoideal cells, ear drum, sigmoid sinus and external surface of the temporal bone were also measured. Measurements of the sigmoid sinus, the bulb of internal jugular vein and the cavum musculi stapedii are included, too. The ranges found in our material are also given.     

Anatomy and topography of the tracheobronchial lymph nodes in man during the postnatal period of ontogeny

Tracheobronchial lymph nodes (TBLN) have been studied in 71 corpses of persons at different ages. The TBLN are revealed by means of polychromic injection of Gerota mass into the lung tissue, or directly into the lymph nodes revealed. The number of the inferior and superior (right and left) TBLN varies within a wide range. Longitudinal dimentions of the lymph nodes increase with age. A certain age dependence in topography of the inferior and superior TBLN is stated. In persons of mature and elderly age, dextrobronchial type in arrangement of the inferior TBLN is found more often, and at younger age periods--even type of their arrangement is specific. The right superior TBLN in newborns, children and adolescents possess an evenly concentrated type of localization, and at later age periods--dispersive and unevenly concentrated. The superior left TBLN in newborns and children are mainly situated in the TB angle area, in persons of mature and elderly age--on the lateral surface of the thoracic part of the trachea. The form of the TBLN depends on their localization. A certain relation is determined between the localization of the inferior TBLN and the number of the superior (right and left) TBLN.     

Quantitative microscopic characteristics of cardial glands in in the human esophagus in postnatal ontogenesis

Microscopical investigation of oesophagus, obtained from corpses of 33 men and 33 women has been carried out (staining with hematoxylin and eosin, van Gieson). The cardial glands have been revealed in 92.4% of cases in the inferior and in 4.6% of cases in the superior third of the oesophageal wall. They have not been revealed in the superior third of the oesophageal wall. They have not been revealed in its medial third. Amount of acini in the section is essentially changeable. In elderly and old persons the ducts of the glands often form ampullar dilatations. The acinar areas on the section remain stable during the greatest++ period of the postnatal ontogenesis and only during old age they decrease slightly. The proper plate of the mucous membrane in the inferior part of the oesophagus in the zone, where the cardial glands are situated, is always thicker than in the area free from the acini. Close interrelations have been revealed between the cardial glands and lymphoid tissue of the oesophageal wall. The intensity of the glandular-lymphoid interrelations is insignificant in newborns and in children of suckling age. It is maximal in persons of mature and elderly age. Remaining at a sufficiently high level, the glandular-lymphoid associations in old persons are manifested in a less degree than in the previous age groups. No difference in organization of the cardial glands has been revealed in the superior and inferior parts of the oesophageal wall, as well as any sex peculiarities.     

Dependence of the topography of the hepatic veins on the external shape of the liver, its size and on age

Hepatic preparations obtained from 186 newborns, children and mature persons have been studied. In newborns and babies the size of the right and left hepatic lobes are nearly the same. Beginning from an early age, the right hepatic lobe begins to grow, and the oblongatal or oval form of the liver changes into a triangle one. With changes in its size and form, the topography of the hepatic veins changes, too. In children younger than 1 year of age having the oblongatal or oval form of their liver, the diameters of the right, middle and left hepatic veins are nearly equal. In mature persons having the triangle form of the liver, the right hepatic vein is the largest and its diameter is twice as large as that of the left hepatic vein. Additional hepatic veins flowing into the inferior vena cava, are mainly formed by the branches participating in drainage of the right hepatic lobe. In 25 cases there are additional large hepatic veins; they are observed in cases when the right hepatic vein is poorly developed.     

Lymph node topography and various features of the metastasis of malignant kidney tumors

Due to investigations of 102 renal preparations performed on corpses of mature persons, topographic peculiarities of the lymph nodes, getting lymph from the left and right kidneys, are revealed. Every lymph node of the left kidney gets greater amount of lymphatic vessels than every node of the right kidney. The lymph, running from the right kidney, usually gets through a less number of the subsequently arranged nodes up to the thoracic duct, as compared to the lymph, that runs from the left kidney. A typical position for the node, which the renal lymphatic vessels get into, is the fatty tissue in the area of the angle formed by the aorta edge and the inferior wall of the corresponding renal artery. The lymphatic nodes of the right kidney are arranged in the fatty tissue more compact than the left ones. These peculiarities, revealed by morphological investigations, are proved by analysis of 114 case histories of persons suffering from malignant neoplasms in the kidneys.     

Venous valves in the large branches of superior vena cava

In 97 human cadavers the valves of the following blood vessels were investigated with regard to their cusps and their sizes and positions: the internal jugular veins, the subclavian veins, the brachiocephalic veins, and the superior vena cava. The cusps of each of the valves, which consist of two or three parts, are neither always of equal size nor obligatorily sufficient. Unipartite valves may be sufficient as well as insufficient. Internal jugular veins: The inferior bulb of the internal jugular vein is provided with valves which in 6% of the cases consist of three parts, in 66% of two parts, and in 15% of only one cusp. The concave margins of most of them go down as far as the venous angle. The convex edges attached to the wall of the vein extend to a higher level on the right side than on the left. In 13% there do not exist any valves. Varieties are described separately in this paper. Subclavian veins: Valves are found along the length of the vessel. Only few of them reach the venous angle. In rare cases there exist two valves: one at the beginning, the other at the end of the subclavian vein. In 4% of the cases the valves consist of three, in 75% of two cusps. In 12% they are unipartite. In 9% there are no valves to be found. The right side is more often without valves than the left. Brachiocephalic veins: Only a minority of these vessels is provided with valves. Most of these consist of one cusp, are insufficient, and are situated in the left innominate vein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Left ventricular hypertrophy in obese hypertensives: is it really eccentric? (An echocardiographic study)

In order to study left ventricular hypertrophy patterns in obese hypertensives, we examined 132 patients with essential hypertension by 2D, M-mode and Doppler echocardiography. The patients were classified in four comparable groups, corresponding to the values of Quetelet's body mass index (BMI) and grades of obesity. More obese hypertensives had on average larger left ventricles with thicker walls and larger left atria than less obese, or lean ones. Left ventricular mass increased significantly and progressively with advancing grades of obesity, but relative wall thickness (wall thickness/cavity size ratio) did not diminish. Doppler echocardiography revealed significantly higher prevalence of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction among obese than among lean hypertensives. In the second part of our study, we analyzed the subgroups defined by the severity of hypertension and the age of the patients. The correlation of the indices of left ventricular and left atrial hypertrophy with the BMI values was considerably better in the group of moderate than in the group of mild hypertension. The r values were 0.62 vs. 0.22 for left ventricular mass and 0.64 vs. 0.26 for left atrial dimension. The group of patients with severe hypertension was characterized by left ventricular cavity enlargement in correlation with increasing BMI values, but without corresponding left ventricular wall thickening. So called left ventricular "eccentricity index", as the reverse value of relative wall thickness, correlated well (r = 0.76) with the BMI values. The indices of left ventricular hypertrophy correlated with the BMI values slightly better in middle age groups than in the groups of the youngest (< or = 30 years) or the eldest (> or = 61 years) hypertensives. In conclusion, eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy does not seem to be a distinctive feature of hypertensive heart disease in obesity. There is only some tendency toward the "eccentricity" of left ventricular geometry which becomes more apparent in more severe forms of hypertension, especially in very obese persons.     

Left ventricular effects on right ventricular developed pressure.

The possibility that left ventricular (LV) performance might affect right ventricular (RV) function through the myocardium was examined by using isolated, flow-perfused, paced rabbit hearts beating isovolumically. Reducing LV volume from its optimal volume to zero caused a 5.7% decrease (N = 10, P less than 0.001) in right ventricular developed pressure (RVDP). Ligating the anterior ventricular branches of the left coronary artery which in the rabbit supply the LV free wall resulted in an additional 9.3% decrease in RVDP (N = 5, P = 0.05) within 3 min of ligation. Finally, cutting the LV free wall from the atrioventricular orifice to the apex (thereby preventing any developed LV free wall force during systole) caused a 45% further decrease in RVDP (N = 2, P less than 0.02). Cineradiographic study showed that the alterations in RVDP resulting from changes in LV volume and coronary occlusion correlated significantly (N = 5, P less than 0.01) with the magnitude of septal bulging into the RV cavity during systole. The results indicate that alteration in LV free wall function and changes in LV volume can directly effect RVDP through the myocardium.     

Effect of Specialization in Sports on the Structural and Functional States of the Left Ventricle of the Heart in Schoolchildren of Different Biological Age

The structural and functional states of the left ventricle of the heart were studied by echocardiography in schoolchildren of three age groups. The first group included 10- to 13-year-old boys without features of sexual maturation. The second group included 13- to 15-year-old adolescents during puberty. The third group included 16- to 18-year-old adolescents with developed secondary sexual characteristics. The children were trained in sports: middle-distance running, swimming, and wrestling. It was found that the posterior wall of the ventricular myocardium in young athletes of all age groups and any specialization in sports was thicker than in untrained children of the same age. Similarly, the trained children were characterized by larger anteroposterior size of the ventricular cavity, larger cavity volume and total volume, greater myocardium mass (both absolute and calculated per kg body weight), more substantial ventricular stroke volume, lower heart rate, lesser ejection fraction, and smaller degree of shortening of the anteroposterior size of the ventricular cavity during systole as compared to untrained children of the same age. The difference between trained and untrained schoolchildren increased with increasing age, duration of the period of training in sports, and level of training in sports (athletic qualification). The training-induced changes in the structural and functional parameters of the left ventricle of the heart in middle-distance runners were larger than in schoolchildren trained in swimming and, particularly, in wrestling.     

New information about <Emphasis Type="Italic">Irajatherium hernandezi</Emphasis> Martinelli,Bonaparte, Schultz &; Rubert 2005 (Eucynodontia,Tritheledontidae) from the upper triassic (Caturrita Formation,Paraná Basin) of Brazil

In this contribution, new specimens of the tritheledontid eucynodont Irajatherium hernandezi, from the Late Triassic (Caturrita Formation) of southern Brazil, are analyzed. The new material provides significant information about incisor count, canine size and shape, basicranial morphology, and other previously unknown aspects of skull and dentition. A cladistic analysis with inclusion of the new data supports the assignment of Irajatherium to Tritheledontidae, basal to Chalimininae and Pachygenelinae. Previously unknown characters of Irajatherium revealed by the new material include: the presence of three lower incisors; the first lower incisor is enlarged; the presence of large upper and lower canines with deep paracanine fossa on the maxilla; almost complete upper and lower postcanine tooth row with a pattern similar to that of other tritheledontids (e.g. Pachygenelus and Chaliminia); there is a conspicuous crest on the inner surface of the maxilla for the attachment of the inferred maxillary turbinates; partially confluent jugular foramen and fenestra rotunda within the jugular fossa, separated by a finger-like projection of the posterolateral wall of the opisthotic; and hypoglossal foramina located outside the jugular fossa. Irajatherium is a key taxon for understanding the early evolution of ictidosaurs, a group of cynodonts closely related to mammaliaforms, during the cynodont–mammal transition from the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic.     

中国人肱骨滑车上孔的调查

本文应用Martin方法,对在西安地区坟墓中收集的213副(男122,女91)中国成人肱骨滑车上孔的出现率、形状、数目和径线进行了调查。结果表明:滑车上孔出现率为11％,女性大于男性,其出现率女性与男性之比为2.29:1。通过比较得知,中国人滑车上孔出现率与日本人、朝鲜人相近,较白种人为高,而比黑种人低。滑车上孔之形状大部分(78.72％)为横椭圆形;在一个肱骨上出现一个滑车上孔者占97.87％。本文还对该孔出现的原因进行了探讨。     

云南兽(三列齿类爬行动物)的耳区结构

本文介绍了以短吻云南兽为代表的一种耳区结构.它表明在三列齿类爬行动物里已经出现有发育的耳蜗壳以及在其内侧通过的颈内动脉等进步性质,听腔亦趋封闭.云南兽的中耳腔外侧出现了一条曲折的骨质外耳道,侧枕骨突外侧明显的沟可能表明方骨后耳膜之存在.     

Potentialities of temporal bone CT in the diagnosis of chronic purulent otitis media and its complications

Temporal bone CT was used to examine a group of 87 patients with chronic purulent otitis media (103 temporal bones). The patients' age ranged from 2 to 74 years. A scheme was developed and proposed to evaluate the temporal bone by CT. The CT signs of chronic purulent otitis media uncomplicated by cholesteatoma and those of cholesteatomic purulent otitis were identified. The CT symptomatology of chronic purulent otitis includes: sclerotic changes in the bone tissue of the mastoid process, impaired pneumatization of the cavities of the middle ear, including the tympanic cavity, destructive changes in auditory ossicles, carious changes in the walls of the cavities of the middle ear. The CT semiotics of cholesteatoma depends on its site and spread into the temporal bone and includes as follows: deformation of the epitympanum due to soft tissue mass-induced destruction of the lateral wall; the dilated entrance into the antrum; the presence of a cavity with the sclerosed walls in the antromastoid area; carious changes in the auditory ossicles; the displacement of a chain of ossicles medially or laterally in relation to the initial site of cholesteatoma. CT reflects carious changes in the walls of the cavities of the middle ear, including the roof and labyrinthine wall of the tympanum, which allows labyrinthine fistula and intracranial cholesteatomic complications. The study of the temporal bone by the proposed scheme may reveal anomalies and the specific features of its structure: the presentation of the sigmoid sinus, the high elevation of the bulb of the jugular vein, diverticulum of the latter, the low standing of the bottom of the ACH.     

An anatomic basis for fetal right ventricular dominance and arterial pressure sensitivity

Fetal right ventricular dominance of flow and arterial pressure sensitivity were recently recognized but controversial findings. We investigated ventricular volumes, weights and dimensions in order to understand if there were anatomic differences between the ventricles which might explain these differential functional findings in the fetal sheep. Forty-four near term lambs and their hearts were weighed. Right and left ventricular free wall weights were not different. Volumes were measured by generating in vitro pressure-volume relations and by casting the two ventricles after fixation at equal, physiologic pressures. Right ventricular volume was greater than left ventricular volume by both techniques. Ventricular interaction and a restraining effect of the pericardium were present. Measurements of the fixed ventricles and their casts revealed the following: left ventricular wall thickness was slightly greater than right ventricular wall thickness; lateral ventricular diameters were not different but anteroposterior ventricular diameters were much greater in the right than left ventricle. Because of these findings, the right ventricular circumferential radii of curvature were greater than for the left ventricle as was the radius to wall thickness ratio. Greater right ventricular volume and radius to wall thickness ratio may be important factors in right ventricular flow dominance and greater sensitivity to arterial pressure.     

Anatomy of lymph nodes situated adjacent to the axilla in adult humans]

In 50 right and 50 left upper extremities examined in adult persons of both sex at the age of 28-90 years, delto-thoracic lymph nodes were revealed in 30% (right) and in 22% (left), and interthoracic lymph nodes--in 6% (right) and in 12% (left). The lymph nodes in question were revealed by the method of section after interstitial injection of Gerota's blue intradermally to fingers, palm, back of the hand deltoid area, lateral thoracic surface (at the level of the 6th intercostal space) and to the external part of the mammary gland. Injection was also performed into lymphatic vessels revealed by means of the interstitial injection. The delto-thoracic nodes were stated to situate in both the delto-thoracic sulcus and the delto-thoracic triangle. These vessels are situated along the course of the lateral collector of the free upper extremity. Deferent vessels of the delto-thoracic nodes flow into the apical axillary lymph nodes, into the deep and superficial cervical nodes, into the interthoracic lymph nodes and also into the subclavicular or into the jugular vein near a corresponding venous angle. Interthoracic lymph nodes, situated between musculus pectoralis major and minor, get their lymphatic vessels from lateral, inferior and central axillary nodes, from delto-thoracic nodes and also those lymphatic vessels that go from the mammary gland area. Deferent vessels of the interthoracic nodes flow into the apical axillary nodes.     

Transverse relationships of the infraorbital foramina in cleft and noncleft individuals

An evaluation of the location of the infraorbital foramina in a transverse plane was undertaken by direct skull and radiographic measurements in unrepaired cleft palate and age- and sex-matched noncleft individuals. Physioprints were obtained on six dry skulls with left-sided clefts of the primary and secondary palates and on six age- and sex-matched noncleft palate skulls. The left infraorbital foramen was found to be significantly superior in a transverse plane to the right infraorbital foramen in the cleft palate skulls. No significant differences in transverse location of the infraorbital foramina were found in the cleft skull group based on differences in sex or age. Posterior-anterior cephalographs were obtained on 15 left unilateral cleft palate individuals and on age- and sex-matched noncleft palate individuals. The location of the infraorbital foramina in a transverse plane in the posterior-anterior cephalographs was found to be too variable to permit the use of parametric statistical tests. When the data on location of the infraorbital foramina were analyzed by a nonparametric statistical test it was found that the left infraorbital foramen was significantly superior to the right infraorbital foramen in the cleft palate individuals. The more superiorly placed infraorbital foramen on the cleft side was suggestive of a vertical deficiency of the maxilla on the cleft side.     

Intranasal volume and olfactory function

The aim of this exploratory study was to identify the volume intranasal segments as they relate to parameters of olfactory function. Fifty healthy male volunteers (age range 22-59 years, mean age 28.5 years) were included. Olfactory function was measured by lateralized phenyl ethyl alcohol odor thresholds and odor discrimination, and by bilateral odor identification. Magnetic resonance imaging of the nasal cavity was performed immediately following olfactometry. To correlate the results of olfactometry with intranasal volume, each nasal cavity was divided into 11 segments. Significant correlations were found between the odor thresholds and volumes of the anterior part of the lower and upper meatus of the right nasal cavity. These results reveal that two nasal segments are important for inter-individual differences of odor thresholds in healthy subjects: (i) the segment in the upper meatus below the cribriform plate and (ii) the anterior segment of the inferior meatus. The latter finding is of special interest for nasal surgery, which allows modification of this volume through resection of the inferior turbinate and/or septoplasty.     

A bilateral maxillofacial trunk in man: an extraordinary anomaly of the carotid system of arteries.

In a Caucasian male, the maxillary artery (M) bilaterally arose with the facial artery anteromedially from the external carotid artery. On the right side, the M entered the infratemporal fossa between the neck of the mandible and the medial pterygoid muscle, whereas the left M pierced the medial pterygoid muscle, first being covered by the muscle and the angle of the mandible. On both sides, the M ran deep to the inferior head of the lateral pterygoid muscle and the buccal nerve. The right M lay deep to the inferior alveolar, but superficial to the lingual nerve, whereas the left inferior alveolar and lingual nerves had formed two roots, thus encircling the left M. The ascending palatine artery was replaced on both sides by palatine branches of the ascending pharyngeal artery. Since a bilaterial maxillofacial trunk with topographical relations as described herein has not been previously reported in man, the embryology and comparative anatomy of this variation are discussed.