Comparative susceptibility of western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) adults to selected insecticides in Kansas

Susceptibility of adult populations of the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, to several insecticides was evaluated in seven Kansas counties, including Dickinson, Ford, Finney, Pottawatomie, Republic, Riley, and Stevens, between 1996 and 2002. All populations surveyed were highly susceptible to methyl parathion with the largest difference in susceptibility of only three-fold based on 16 complete bioassays for the populations from six counties over a 5-yr period. Noticeable decreases in carbaryl susceptibility were found in populations collected from Republic County between 1997 and 2001 when the cucurbitacin-carbaryl-based bait SLAM was widely used as an areawide management approach for adult corn rootworm control. However, the lowered carbaryl susceptibility returned to previous levels 1 yr after the use of SLAM was halted in the managed (treated) cornfields. This change implies possible dispersal of insects into the relatively small managed area from surrounding untreated cornfields and / or some fitness cost associated with carbaryl resistance within the population. Relative susceptibility of western corn rootworm adults also was evaluated for seven commonly used insecticides, including bifenthrin, carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, fipronil, malathion, and methyl parathion. They were tested with corn rootworm adults collected from a single cornfield. Methyl parathion and bifenthrin were highly toxic to corn rootworm adults, and cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, and malathion were only slightly less toxic. Although fipronil was highly toxic to adult rootworms, its activity was much slower than that of other insecticides. Thus, bifenthrin and methyl parathion were among the most effective in killing corn rootworm adults.     

Lethal and sublethal effects of insecticide residues on Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and Geocoris punctipes (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)

Laboratory-reared predators, the insidious flower bug, Orius insidiosus (Say), and big-eyed bug Geocoris punctipes (Say), were exposed to 10 insecticides, including three newer insecticides with novel modes of action, using a residual insecticide bioassay. These species are important predators of several economic pests of cotton. Insecticides tested were: azinphos-methyl, imidacloprid, spinosad, tebufenozide, fipronil, endosulfan, chlorfenapyr, cyfluthrin, profenofos, and malathion. There was considerable variation in response between both species tested to the insecticides. Tebufenozide and cyfluthrin were significantly less toxic to male O. insidiosus than malathion. Tebufenozide was also significantly less toxic to female O. insidiosus than malathion. Imidacloprid, tebufenozide, and spinosad were significantly less toxic to male G. punctipes than chlorfenapyr, endosulfan, and fipronil. Spinosad, tebufenozide, and azinphos-methyl were significantly less toxic to female G. punctipes than fipronil and endosulfan. Fecundity of O. insidiosus was significantly greater in the spinosad treatment compared with other treatments including the control. Consumption of bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), eggs by O. insidiosus was significantly lower in the fipronil, profenofos, and cyfluthrin treatments compared with other treatments including the control. Consumption of H. zea eggs by G. punctipes was significantly lower in the malathion, profenofos, endosulfan, fipronil, azinphos-methyl, and imidacloprid treatments compared with the control. Egg consumption by G. punctipes was not significantly different in the tebufenozide treatment compared with the control. The lower toxicity of spinosad to G. punctipes is consistent with other reports. Based on these results, the following insecticides are not compatible with integrated pest management of cotton pests: malathion, endosulfan, profenofos, fipronil, and cyfluthrin; while imidacloprid, tebufenozide, azinphos-methyl, and spinosad should provide pest control while sparing beneficial species.     

Contact and leaf residue activity of insecticides against the sweet Corn pest Euxesta stigmatias (Diptera: Otitidae)

Damage by Euxesta stigmatias Loew larvae to sweet corn renders the ears unmarketable. This report evaluates the efficacy of insecticides labeled for armyworm control in Florida sweet corn against E. stigmatias adults. Tests were performed in controlled settings by using direct contact and dried plant residues of esfenvalerate, cyfluthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, chlorpyrifos, methyl parathion, methomyl, and thiodicarb. Direct application of all insecticides except thiodicarb quickly killed or caused incapacitating sublethal affects (uncoordinated movement, uncontrolled twitching, and hyperextension of mouthparts and ovipositor) to > 75% of the flies. Low rates (0.56 kg [AI]/ha) of chlorpyrifos and methyl parathion provided the most efficient control, killing 100 and 93%, respectively, within 2 h of direct contact. Low rates of pyrethroids induced low mortality but high sublethal effects that together immobilized nearly 100% of adults within 1 h of exposure. Mortality reached 95% within 2 h of direct contact in flies treated with high rates of pyrethroids. Methomyl killed as many as 94%, but required 24 h to reach this level after direct treatment. Residues on dipped leaves and field-treated plants of all tested insecticides except methyl parathion were less effective at killing adults compared with direct contact tests. Pyrethroid residues (particularly cyfluthrin) on field planted sweet corn induced significantly higher levels of sublethal effects (57-70%), and for a longer period of time, compared with materials in the other classes of chemistry.     

Comparative susceptibility of sweetpotato weevil (Coleoptera: Brentidae) to selected insecticides

The response of sweetpotato weevil, Cylas formicarius (F.) (Coleoptera: Brentidae), to insecticides used for its control was tested in laboratory bioassays. A glass vial bioassay technique was used to determine the susceptibility of two cohorts of sweetpotato weevil to selected insecticides. Vials were treated with methyl parathion, bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, carbaryl, and phosmet. Sweetpotato weevils demonstrated a mortality response to increasing concentrations of all insecticides tested, and our results indicated decreases in susceptibility of the Louisiana cohort of sweetpotato weevil compared with the Texas cohort for all insecticides tested. Methyl parathion was the most toxic chemical tested for both cohorts, followed by the pyrethroids, cyfluthrin and bifenthrin. Phosmet exhibited moderate toxicity compared with other chemicals tested, whereas sweetpotato weevils were least susceptible to carbaryl. Significant differences in lethal concentration (LC)50 and LC90 values for cyfluthrin and bifenthrin, the LC50 values for methyl parathion and phosmet, and the LC90 values for carbaryl were observed between the two cohorts. This study documents baseline toxicological data for five insecticides in two populations of sweetpotato weevil and demonstrates that susceptibility to all insecticides tested is lower for the Louisiana population compared with the Texas population.     

Susceptibility of adult mosquitoes to insecticides in aqueous sucrose baits

Mosquitoes characteristically feed on plant‐derived carbohydrates and honeydew just after emergence and intermittently during their lives. Development of toxic baits focusing on this carbohydrate‐seeking behavior may potentially contribute to localized control. In the present study, ten insecticides were fed to female Culex quinquefasciatus, Anopheles quadrimaculatus, and Aedes taeniorhynchus in a 10% sucrose solution. Active ingredients representative of five classes of insecticides (pyrethroids, phenylpyroles, pyrroles, neonicotinoids, and macrocyclic lactones) were selected for comparison with commercial formulations used to facilitate incorporation of active ingredients into aqueous sucrose solutions. Sucrose as a phagostimulant significantly enhanced mortality to toxicants. In general, the most effective active ingredients were fipronil, deltamethrin and imidacloprid, followed by spinosad, thiamethoxam, bifenthrin, permethrin, and cyfluthrin. The least effective ingredients were chlorfenapyr and ivermectin. For some of the ingredients tested, Cx. quinquefasciatus was the least susceptible species. One‐day‐old male Cx. quinquefasciatus were more susceptible than females; however, no differences existed between one‐ and seven‐day‐old mosquitoes. There were no differences in susceptibility between unfed and gravid ten‐day‐old female Cx. quinquefasciatus to bifenthrin. In conclusion, several pesticides from different classes of compounds have potential for use in development of toxic baits for mosquitoes.     

Effect of tolerance to insecticides on substrate penetration by Formosan subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

Seven selected insecticides were applied to three substrates and bioassayed for barrier efficacy and toxicity against the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, originating from colonies that differed in their tolerance to the insecticides. A profound substrate effect was seen with all insecticides tested. Sand was the most difficult substrate to penetrate and caused faster and greater mortality of C. formosanus. Increased tolerance in C. formosanus was accompanied by a decrease in penetration of treated substrata with chlordane, methoxychlor, chlorpyrifos, and deltamethrin. The opposite was true in the case of permethrin and bendiocarb. More tolerance C. formosanus displayed decreased mortality in the presence of chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin, bendiocarb, and fipronil. The opposite was true for permethrin.     

Establishment of baseline susceptibility data to various insecticides for Homalodisca coagulata (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) by comparative bioassay techniques

Homalodisca coagulata Say, adults from three locations in California were subjected to insecticide bioassays to establish baseline toxicity. Initially, two bioassay techniques, petri dish and leaf dip, were compared to determine the most useful method to establish baseline susceptibility data under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Comparative dose-response data were determined by both techniques to endosulfan, dimethoate, cyfluthrin, and acetamiprid. Toxic values were similar to some insecticides with both techniques but not for all insecticides, revealing susceptibility differences among the three populations of H. coagulata. In subsequent tests, the petri dish technique was selected to establish baseline susceptibility data to various contact insecticides. A systemic uptake bioassay was adapted to estimate dose-mortality responses to a systemic insecticide, imidacloprid. A 2-yr comparison of toxicological responses showed all three populations of H. coagulata to be highly susceptible to 10 insecticides, including chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, endosulfan, bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, esfenvalerate, fenpropathrin, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam. In general, two pyrethroids, bifenthrin and esfenvalerate, were the most toxic compounds, followed by two neonicotinoids, acetamiprid and imidacloprid. The LC50 values for all insecticides tested were lower than concentrations used as recommended field rates. Baseline data varied for the three geographically distinct H. coagulata populations with the petri dish technique. Adult H. coagulata collected from San Bernardino County were significantly more susceptible to select pyrethroids compared with adults from Riverside or Kern counties. Adults from San Bernardino County also were more sensitive to two neonicotinoids, acetamiprid and imidacloprid. The highest LC50 values were to endosulfan, which nonetheless proved highly toxic to H. coagulata from all three regions. In the majority of the tests, mortality increased over time resulting in increased susceptibility at 48 h compared with 24 h. These results indicate a wide selection of highly effective insecticides that could aid in managing H. coagulata populations in California.     

Insecticide susceptibility in Coptotermes formosanus and Reticulitermes virginicus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae).

Lethal time to mortality responses were established for eight insecticides against workers and soldiers of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, and workers of Reticulitermes virginicus (Banks). There were significant differences in the tolerance ratios between workers of C. formosanus colonies to all toxicants tested except fipronil. One colony was 16 times more tolerant than another to deltamethin. C. formosanus soldiers had significant differences in tolerance ratios among colonies exposed to all toxicants except chlorpyrifos. Methoxychlor, permethrin, deltamethrin, and fipronil did not kill soldiers from two, one, one, and three colonies, respectively, within 8 h. Seventy-five percent of R. virginicus colonies were significantly less susceptible than the most susceptible colony to chlordane, methoxychlor, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, and fipronil, with 50% of the colonies less susceptible to permethrin and bendiocarb. In 50% of C. formosanus colonies the worker lethal time curves displayed substantial flattening in response to permethrin, and deltamethrin. Lethal time curses for C. formosanus soldiers exposed to chlordane, chlorpyrifos, permethrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, and bendiocarb showed substantial flattening. R. virginicus workers demonstrated substantial curve flattening when exposed to chlordane, methoxychlor, chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin, and fipronil. These findings indicate substantial intercolony and intra-colony differences in susceptibility to insecticides.     

Toxicity of commonly used insecticides in sweet corn and soybean to multicolored Asian lady beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Use of insecticides with low toxicity to natural enemies is an important component of conservation biological control. In this study, we evaluated the toxicity of insecticides used in sweet corn, Zea mays L., and soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., to the multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), under laboratory and field conditions. Field experiments conducted in sweet corn in 2003 and 2004 and in soybean in 2003, showed that H. axyridis was the most abundant predator. In sweet corn, densities of H. axyridis larvae in plots treated with spinosad or indoxacarb were generally higher than in plots treated with chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, bifenthrin, and A-cyhalothrin. In soybean, densities of H. axyridis larvae in plots treated with chlorpyrifos were higher than in plots treated with lambda-cyhalothrin. Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the acute toxicity of insecticides to eggs, first and third instars, pupae, and adults. Spinosad, followed by indoxacarb, were the least toxic insecticides for all life stages of H. axyridis. Conventional insecticides showed high toxicity to H. axyridis when applied at field rates under laboratory conditions. Overall, first instars were most susceptible to the insecticides tested, followed by third instars and adults, eggs, and pupae. Our results suggest that spinosad, and to a lesser extent indoxacarb, offer reduced toxicity to H. axyridis and would be beneficial for conservation biological control in agricultural systems where H. axyridis is abundant.     

Toxicity of insecticides in a glass-vial bioassay to adult brown, green, and southern green stink bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)

Adult brown, Euschistus servus (Say); green, Acrosternum hilare (Say); and southern green, Nezara viridula (L.), stink bugs were collected from soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., in fall 2001 and 2002 near Stoneville, MS, and Eudora, AR. A glass-vial bioassay was used to determine LC50 values for the three species of stink bugs for the pyrethroids bifenthrin, cypermethrin, cyfluthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and permethrin, and the organophosphates acephate, dicrotophos, malathion, and methyl parathion. Results confirmed findings of other researchers that the brown stink bug was less susceptible to pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides than were green and southern green stink bugs. The susceptibility of all three stink bug species to the insecticides tested was very similar at both test locations. The study established baseline insecticide mortality data from two locations in the mid-South for three stink bug species that are pests of soybean and cotton, Gossypium spp. Data from the tests are valuable for future use in studies on resistance and in resistance monitoring programs.     

A field study investigating the insecticidal efficacy against Diaphorina citri Kuwayama on Kinnow mandarin,Citrus reticulata Blanco trees

Asian citrus psyllid is a most damaging insect pest of citrus. In this field study, the efficacy of seven insecticides (emamectin benzoate, bifenthrin, chlorfenapyr, fipronil, imidacloprid, pyriproxyfen and thiamethoxam) was evaluated against Diaphorina citri Kuwayama in the citrus orchard of Kinnow mandarin, Citrus reticulata Blanco. The insecticides revealed a differential and substantial relative efficacy against D. citri compared to the untreated plants. The insecticidal effect attributed as percent reduction in insect population was more prominent after three days of spray: highest reduction values were recorded with thiamethoxam (50.89%), imidacloprid (44.27%) and bifenthrin (42.94%) after first spray, and thiamethoxam (83.36%), imidacloprid (73.20%) and bifenthrin (72.66%) after second spray. Thus, neonicotinoids (thiamethoxam and imidacloprid) and pyrethroid (bifenthrin) resulted as highly effective against D. citri at three days after both sprays. At seven days, imidacloprid (63.53%) and fipronil (62.47%) presented relatively higher population reduction after first spray, and thiamethoxam (92.66%) and chlorfenapyr (89.59%) after second spray. At 12 days, the insecticidal effect on insect population became significantly at par after each spray except chlorfenapyr that reflected high population reduction (93.17%) only after second spray. It is also obvious from the data that there is need of regular monitoring to suppress the psyllids population below threshold level by timely application of the second insecticidal spray.     

山东省五个棉花产区绿盲蝽对药剂的敏感性检测（英文）

利用闪烁管药膜法测定了2009年山东省德州、滨州、梁山、曲阜和聊城5个棉花产区绿盲蝽Lygus lucorum Meyer-Dür对硫丹、马拉硫磷、毒死蜱、灭多威、丁硫克百威、吡虫啉、联苯菊酯和氟虫腈8种杀虫剂的敏感性,筛选出适合各地区的高效防治药剂。结果表明：5个地区绿盲蝽种群对马拉硫磷、毒死蜱、丁硫克百威、联苯菊酯和吡虫啉处于敏感性阶段。不同种群之间对灭多威、硫丹和氟虫腈的敏感性差异较大,其中聊城种群为最敏感种群,滨州种群对灭多威、 硫丹和氟虫腈的LC₅₀值分别为聊城种群的5.12,6.04和39.80倍;曲阜种群对灭多威、硫丹和氟虫腈的LC₅₀值分别为聊城种群的22.12,5.48和22.80倍。两种群对此3种药剂的敏感性下降,而其余种群仍处于较敏感阶段。8种药剂对绿盲蝽成虫的毒力按大小依次排序为：氟虫腈＞灭多威、联苯菊酯、硫丹＞马拉硫磷、毒死蜱＞丁硫克百威＞吡虫啉。2009年7-10月间德州夏津绿盲蝽种群对8种杀虫剂的敏感性变化极微。     

Assessment of Potential Sublethal Effects of Various Insecticides on Key Biological Traits of The Tobacco Whitefly,Bemisia tabaci

The tobacco whitefly Bemisia tabaci is one of the most devastating pests worldwide. Current management of B. tabaci relies upon the frequent applications of insecticides. In addition to direct mortality by typical acute toxicity (lethal effect), insecticides may also impair various key biological traits of the exposed insects through physiological and behavioral sublethal effects. Identifying and characterizing such effects could be crucial for understanding the global effects of insecticides on the pest and therefore for optimizing its management in the crops. We assessed the effects of sublethal and low-lethal concentrations of four widely used insecticides on the fecundity, honeydew excretion and feeding behavior of B. tabaci adults. The probing activity of the whiteflies feeding on treated cotton seedlings was recorded by an Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG). The results showed that imidacloprid and bifenthrin caused a reduction in phloem feeding even at sublethal concentrations. In addition, the honeydew excretions and fecundity levels of adults feeding on leaf discs treated with these concentrations were significantly lower than the untreated ones. While, sublethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos and carbosulfan did not affect feeding behavior, honeydew excretion and fecundity of the whitefly. We demonstrated an antifeedant effect of the imidacloprid and bifenthrin on B. tabaci, whereas behavioral changes in adults feeding on leaves treated with chlorpyrifos and carbosulfan were more likely caused by the direct effects of the insecticides on the insects'' nervous system itself. Our results show that aside from the lethal effect, the sublethal concentration of imidacloprid and bifenthrin impairs the phloem feeding, i.e. the most important feeding trait in a plant protection perspective. Indeed, this antifeedant property would give these insecticides potential to control insect pests indirectly. Therefore, the behavioral effects of sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid and bifenthrin may play an important role in the control of whitefly pests by increasing the toxicity persistence in treated crops.     

Susceptibility of immature stages of Homalodisca coagulata (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) to selected insecticides

Susceptibility of immatures of the glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca coagulata (Say) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), to 10 insecticides that included chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, endosulfan, bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, esfenvalerate, fenpropathrin, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam was evaluated in the laboratory. All five instars were exposed to different doses of each foliar insecticide by the petri dish technique, whereas a systemic uptake method was used to assess the toxicity to imidacloprid and thiamethoxam. All test insecticides exhibited high toxicity to all immature stages of H. coagulata at concentrations below the field recommended rates of each insecticide. Although all five instars were susceptible to test insecticides, mortality was significantly higher in first instars than in the older immatures based on low LC50 values (ranging from 0.017 to 5.75 ng(AI)/ml) with susceptibility decreasing with each successive stage. Fifth instars were generally the least sensitive (LC50 values ranging from 0.325 to 216.63 ng (AI)/ml). These results show that mortality was directly related to age of the insect and suggest that chemical treatment at early stages is more effective than at late stages. Acetamiprid (neonicotinoid) and bifenthrin (pyrethroid) were the most toxic to all five instars, inducing most mortality within 24 h and showing lower LC50 values ranging from 0.017 to 0.686 ng/ml compared with other insecticides (LC50 values ranging from 0.191 to 216.63 ng(AI)/ml). Our data suggest that a diverse group of very effective insecticides are available to growers for controlling all stages of H. coagulata. Knowledge on toxicity of select insecticides to H. coagulata immatures may contribute to our understanding of resistance management in future for this pest by targeting specific life stages instead of the adult stage alone.     

Human metabolic interactions of environmental chemicals

Investigations utilizing recombinant human xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes as well as human hepatocytes have revealed a number of interactions not only between different environmental chemicals (ECs) but also between ECs and endogenous metabolites. Organophosphorus insecticides (OPs) are potent inhibitors of the human metabolism of carbaryl, carbofuran, DEET and fipronil, as well as the jet fuel components, nonane and naphthalene. OPs are potent irreversible inhibitors of testosterone metabolism by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 and of estradiol metabolism by CYP3A4 and CYP1A2. All of these CYP inhibitions are believed to be due to the release of reactive sulfur during CYP-catalyzed oxidative desulfuration. It has also been shown that the esterase(s) responsible for the initial step in permethrin metabolism in human liver is inhibited by both chlorpyrifos oxon and carbaryl. A number of pesticides, including chlorpyrifos, fipronil and permethrin, and the repellent, DEET, have been shown to be inducers of CYP isoforms in human hepatocytes, with fipronil being the most potent. Several agrochemicals, including fipronil and the pyrethroids, permethrin and deltamethrin, show toxicity toward human hepatocytes with fipronil being the most potent in this regard. Endosulfan-alpha, which has shown promise as a model substrate for phenotyping CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 in human liver microsomes, is also an inducer of CYP2B6, acting through the PXR receptor.     

Distribution and abundance of insecticide resistant greenbugs (Homoptera: Aphididae) and validation of a bioassay to assess resistance

Laboratory bioassays were conducted to determine the toxicity of four insecticides (ethyl parathion, chlorpyrifos, malathion, and carbofuran) to insecticide-susceptible and resistant populations of greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani). These bioassays were used to develop and validate a discriminating concentration for assessing insecticide resistance in greenbug populations in the field. Samples from wheat and sorghum in two states, Oklahoma and Kansas, indicated that insecticide resistance persists in greenbug populations over a large area at a low level.     

不同类型杀虫剂对烟粉虱捕食性天敌日本刀角瓢虫的毒力

采用试管药膜法,测定了不同类型杀虫剂对日本刀角瓢虫Serangium japonicum Chapin的毒力。结果表明,灭多威和敌敌畏对日本刀角瓢虫具有极强的毒力,其25%推荐剂量即可导致日本刀角瓢虫全部死亡;氯虫苯甲酰胺、吡虫啉和噻虫嗪对日本刀角瓢虫也具有很强的毒力,其田间推荐剂量可导致日本刀角瓢虫全部死亡,其50%推荐剂量对日本刀角瓢虫的致死率也高达73.33%～100.00%;乐果、烯啶虫胺、丁醚脲田间推荐剂量对日本刀角瓢虫的致死率分别为40.00%、56.67%、50.00%,预示着上述这些杀虫剂的田间应用对刀角瓢虫具有很高的直接杀伤风险。高效氯氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、毒死蜱、甲氰菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯、虫螨腈、阿维菌素、吡蚜酮、噻嗪酮、定虫隆和氟虫脲对日本刀角瓢虫的毒力较低甚至没有直接致死作用。研究结果将为合理使用杀虫剂,协调利用化学防治与生物防治对烟粉虱进行综合防治提供依据。     

Digging behavior of Solenopsis invicta workers when exposed to contact insecticides

ABSTRACT Contact between ants and insecticides is a prerequisite for contact insecticides to be effective in the control of red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta Buren. Typically, passive contact occurs in the insecticide application process, but ants also may actively contact insecticides by digging in treated soil or walking on a treated soil surface. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine whether fire ant workers would dig sand treated with contact insecticides in two different scenarios: (1) no-choice bioassays where insecticide-treated sand was the only available digging substrate, and (2) two-choice bioassays where nontoxicant sand was also available for digging. Eight insecticides that are currently registered in the United States for imported fire ant control were tested. They include acephate, bifenthrin, carbaryl, cyfluthrin, deltamethrin, gamma-cyhalothrin, permethrin, and pyrethrin. Workers dug the treated sand for every insecticide tested, even at concentrations up to 10 times of the lowest lethal concentration (LLC) which caused 100% mortality in a toxicity bioassay. However, generally, insecticides significantly reduced the digging effort, even at a concentration that did not cause any significant mortality in the toxicity bioassay.     

Evaluation of insecticides for control of overwintering Hylurgopinus rufipes (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

A bark disk bioassay was used to assess the effectiveness of different insecticides for control of overwintering adult native elm bark beetles, Hylurgopinus rufipes (Eichoff) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Insecticides were applied to the base of the trunks of living American elm trees, Ulmus americana L., and bark disk samples were removed at intervals with a hole saw. Adult H. rufipes were exposed in bioassay chambers for which the bark disks formed the floor of the chamber. In September 2005, chlorpyrifos, permethrin, and a water control were applied to trees in five replicated blocks, and bark disk samples were taken at intervals over the following 725 d. In September 2006, chlorpyrifos, permethrin, carbaryl, bifenthrin, and a water control were applied to trees in six replicated blocks, and disk samples were removed at intervals up to 1,163 d after application. In both experiments, beetle mortality was 100% on chlorpyrifos-treated disks removed up to 725 d after treatment and, in the 2006 trial, declined thereafter. The pattern of mortality in the bifenthrin treatment did not differ significantly from that in the chlorpyrifos treatment in the 2006 experiment. Average corrected mortality on disks treated with permethrin or carbaryl declined below 100% by 11 d after application. On disks removed in the May following treatment, 248 d after application, average corrected mortality was 42-44% on permethrin-treated disks and 26% on carbaryl-treated disks.     

褐飞虱和白背飞虱对几类杀虫剂的敏感性

为了科学用药和抗性治理提供理论基础, 采用稻茎浸渍法测定了2008年7月采自浙江省杭州市和宁波市褐飞虱 Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)种群对7种杀虫剂的抗药性及褐飞虱和白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera (Horváth)种群对16种杀虫剂的敏感性。褐飞虱抗药性测定结果表明, 与相对敏感品系相比, 杭州种群和宁波种群对吡虫啉的抗性倍数分别为479.0倍和366.1倍; 对氯噻啉的抗性倍数分别为81.1倍和50.9倍; 对噻虫嗪的抗性倍数分别为10.3倍和9.4倍; 对噻嗪酮和氟虫腈分别产生了5.0~8.6倍和15.8~17.0倍的抗药性; 对烯啶虫胺和啶虫脒的抗性倍数在3倍以下。两种稻飞虱对杀虫剂的敏感性测定结果表明: 噻虫嗪、噻嗪酮、烯啶虫胺和毒死蜱对褐飞虱和白背飞虱种群都具有较高的室内毒力。当田间褐飞虱和白背飞虱混合发生时, 可选用噻虫嗪、噻嗪酮、烯啶虫胺和毒死蜱进行防治, 不宜使用吡虫啉、氯噻啉和氟虫腈防治。