昆虫细胞色素P450基因的克隆及其策略

本记述了目前已克隆的105个昆虫细胞色素P450基因cDNA和片段,它们分属CYP4、CYP6、CYP9、CYP12、CYP18和CYP28等6个家族：同时,综述和分析了克隆这些基因、cDNA和片段所采用的策略及其优缺点。     

昆虫细胞色素P450研究:P450基因

细胞色素P450广泛存在于生物界,它因参与许多外来物质和内源性物质的代谢而具有十分重要的作用［1－5］细胞色素P450的研究大约有50多年的历史[3]。60年代的工作主要是对这一血红素蛋白的生物化学和生物物理学特征的了解以及膜结合P450酶系的酶学功能[3]。70年代的研究集中在细胞色素P450酶系的分离纯化及其活性的重组。纯化P450的成功证明了许多P450在物理学和酶学特征方面的不同,也为制备抗体及利用抗体来确定某种P450的存在与数量以及抑制特定P450的酶活性提供了手段,使进一步阐明P450的反应机制成为可能。80年代分子生物学技术的…     

昆虫细胞色素P450的研究:P450基因的进化

80年代分子生物学方法被用于分离和鉴定特定P450的CDNA或基因组克隆［‘］,至今已知的P450基因包括70个基因家族、127个亚家族的40O多个,基因序列的数量还在迅速增加I’］。不同P450间的进化关系在一些综述中都有涉及［”’,‘］,本文介绍这一主题的一些主要观点,重点放在P450功能的进化及其机制。亚细胞色素P450的基本特征及其分类与命名所有细胞色素P450具有一非共价结合的血红素和环绕高度保守的半跳氨酸的一段26氨基残基的保守序列,这一半跳氨酸提供血红素铁的第5个配体（ligand）。当血红素铁接受电子被还原后再与CO结合产…     

甘蔗细胞色素P450还原酶基因的电子克隆与分析

旨在为甘蔗细胞色素P450还原酶基因的实验克隆、功能鉴定及其应用提供参考。本研究以甘蔗类似细胞色素P450还原酶基因的EST序列CF576130.1为探针,在甘蔗EST数据库中进行检索,并基于电子克隆技术获得了甘蔗细胞色素P450还原酶基因（Cytochrome P450 reductase）的一条cDNA全长序列,命名为ScCYP450。采用生物信息学方法,对该基因编码蛋白从氨基酸组成、理化性质、亚细胞定位、跨膜结构域、疏水性/亲水性、高级结构及功能域等方面进行预测和分析。结果表明该基因全长1 821 bp,包含一个744 bp的开放阅读框,编码247个氨基酸,该基因编码蛋白定位于细胞内质网（膜）,为可溶性碱性蛋白,不存在信号肽,二级结构原件多为无规卷曲,含有多个保守功能域,主要功能为辅酶因子生物合成和翻译功能。     

东亚飞蝗细胞色素P450基因的克隆及表达分析

本文克隆了东亚飞蝗Locusta migratoria manilensis(Meyen)细胞色素P450(cytochrome P450)基因全长,表达重组蛋白,并对其可溶性进行了分析。通过提取东亚飞蝗总的RNA,反转录成cDNA,设计特异性引物,PCR克隆东亚飞蝗细胞色素P450基因,将测序正确的目的片段克隆至原核表达载体pET-28a中,在大肠埃希菌Escherichia coli Rosetta中用异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导表达。用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)检测重组蛋白表达结果。结果表明:东亚飞蝗细胞色素P450基因开放阅读框全长为1 551 bp,编码516个氨基酸,与GenBank中已登录的东亚飞蝗细胞色素P450基因(HM153426)的同源性为99%,重组质粒pET-28a-P450在E.coli Rosetta中获得高效表达,重组蛋白相对分子质量(Mr)约为53 000,主要以包涵体的形式存在。     

细胞色素P450的多样性

细胞色素Ｐ４５０的多样性＊邱星辉冷欣夫（中国科学院动物研究所,北京１０００８０）关键词细胞色素Ｐ４５０多样性细胞色素Ｐ４５０是一类以还原态与ＣＯ结合后在波长４５０ｎｍ处有吸收峰的含血红素的单链蛋白质［１～３］。它于１９５８年被发现以来,就引起了人们的...     

三角帆蚌细胞色素P450基因的克隆与表达分析

CYP是一类以血红素为辅基的末端加氧酶,广泛存在于人、动物、植物和微生物之中,参与许多外源性物质(药物、毒物和环境污染物质等)和内源性物质(激素、脂肪酸等)的代谢,在碳源同化、激素合成、外源物质降解和致癌物质消除等方面发挥重要作用,亦对维持生物体     

刺五加细胞色素P450基因的克隆与表达分析

根据已报道的人参、三七等植物的细胞色素P450(Cytochrome P450,P450)基因的cDNA序列设计引物,利用RT-PCR法克隆刺五加P450基因的cDNA全长序列,并分析其在不同生长发育时期和器官中的表达情况。结果显示,克隆了全长为1 410 bp的刺五加P450基因的cDNA序列,该基因编码469个氨基酸残基组成的蛋白质。GenBank登录号为KF498590,与人参、三七的P450氨基酸序列一致性分别为91.5%和90.4%。刺五加的P450基因在不同生长发育时期和器官中均有表达,但表达量具有显著差异(P0.05)。最大表达量出现在盛花期,为最低表达量(萌芽期)的1.26倍。各器官中,叶片的表达量最高,是最低量幼茎的1.49倍。     

细胞色素P450与肿瘤

本文综棕了细胞色素Ｐ４５０同工酶与致癌物代谢、与抗癌药的相互作用以及化的关系,并对调控Ｐ４５０同工酶以防治肿瘤的策略进行了论述。由于Ｐ４５０同工酶具有多态性、工物特异性及可诱导性的特点,在调控Ｐ４５０同工酶以防治肿瘤的问题上,针对不同人群、不同疾病状况及不同用药方案可能需采取抑制或诱导的不同策略。     

小菜蛾CYP6基因序列分析及其进化地位探讨

利用简并引物和特异性引物,通过RT-PCR和RACE技术,克隆出了一个小菜蛾细胞色素P450CYP6基因。该基因全长1661bp,编码区在26~1570位,翻译514个氨基酸,GenBank登录号为AY971374。分析该基因在昆虫CYP6基因家族系谱树中的位置和5′-UTR的序列,可以认为,小菜蛾CYP6基因与同为鳞翅目的其他昆虫进化地位相当,而明显与相对低等的蜚蠊目昆虫的同家族基因亲缘关系远。     

小菜蛾羧酸酯酶基因的克隆及其序列分析

利用CODEHOP设计简并引物,通过反转录多聚酶链式反应(RTPCR)克隆小菜蛾Plutellaxylostella抗性种群中抗性相关的羧酸酯酶基因,随机挑取测序5个阳性克隆进行测序,测序结果经过blastx比较,发现所获得的大约420bp的基因片断均为羧酸酯酶基因,与双翅目昆虫蚊子的氨基酸序列同源性达85%以上 。     

亚致死浓度氰氟虫腙对小菜蛾三种解毒酶及P450 mRNA表达量的影响

【目的】为探讨亚致死浓度氰氟虫腙对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)3种解毒酶和细胞色素P450基因表达量的影响。【方法】采用叶片浸渍法,测定用氰氟虫腙LC10和LC25处理72 h后小菜蛾羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶和多功能氧化酶3种解毒酶的活性;应用实时荧光定量PCR(Real-time PCR)方法测定了其在24、48和72 h时对P450基因(Px CYP4、Px CYP6和Px CYP9家族)表达的影响。【结果】结果表明,氰氟虫腙LC10和LC25处理对羧酸酯酶活性影响不显著;对谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性存在显著抑制作用(P<0.05);LC25处理后多功能氧化酶活性显著增加(P<0.05),为对照的1.39倍。同时,LC25氰氟虫腙处理组小菜蛾P450基因Px CYP4M19、Px CYP6BF1V2、Px CYP6CN1和Px CYP6CV2 m RNA的相对表达量分别为对照组的2.33~8.5倍、1.32~3.48倍、1.18~2.53倍、2.02~7.22倍。【结论】结果显示,氰氟虫腙可能通过诱导这4种P450基因m RNA的上调表达而增强了小菜蛾多功能氧化酶酶活性。     

Biochemical Characterization of C-type Lectin in the Diamondback Moth,Plutella xylostella (Yponomeutidae: Lepidoptera)

Lectins due to their affinity to carbohydrate moiety are involved in diverse functions like cell attachment in embryogenesis, organogenesis and cellular trafficking as well as nonself recognition in immune responses. Agglutinating activity was detectable in Plutella xylostella (Yponomeutidae: Lepidoptera) against 14 different species including bacterial and yeast cells, among which the whole body homogenate of P. xylostella agglutinated Providencia vermicola, Flavobacterium sp., and Saccharomyces cerevisiae with high titers. On analysis of physico-chemical properties, this putative agglutinating factor (s) was specifically dependent on the presence of Ca⁺⁺ for its activity and was reversibly sensitive to EDTA. The agglutinating activity was stable at pH 6–8, but was heat-labile. The agglutinating factor (s) was proteinaceous in nature as it was completely precipitable by ammonium sulphate. Its carbohydrate binding activity was demonstrated by inhibition assay, which revealed that methyl α-D-mannopyranoside inhibited agglutination against P. vermicola. In contrast, P. xylostella parasitized by an endoparasitoid wasp, Cotesia plutellae (Braconidae: Hymenoptera), also showed the agglutination properties with somewhat higher activity than the nonparasitized. Carbohydrate inhibition assay with methyl α-D-mannopyranoside was detectable at one-fold higher concentration in the homogenate of the parasitized larvae, suggesting that the agglutinating factor (s) is inducible or due to de novo parasitism-specific synthesis. These results suggest the presence of calcium-dependent lectin in P. xylostella and an alteration in the agglutinating property by C. plutellae parasitization.     

小菜蛾幼虫对不同寄主的取食嗜好性及其适宜性

对不同寄主种类、不同寄主形态和不同寄主饲喂的小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)幼虫之间的取食嗜好性比较试验表明,小菜蛾幼虫优先取食大白菜、萝卜或菜心幼苗,其次为油菜和甘蓝幼苗,在大白菜与油菜幼苗之间的取食选择比例是93.33%和6.67％;在甘蓝与菜心幼苗之间的取食选择比例是16.67%和83.33%.小菜蛾幼虫的取食嗜好性受饲喂寄主种类的影响,偏食大白菜或菜心幼苗.小菜蛾幼虫选择寄主取食的次序与寄主体内可溶性糖或淀粉含量没有明显关系,但与两者的相对量呈一定的负相关.取食大白菜或菜心幼苗的小菜蛾生长良好,单头取食达0.583～0.637 cm², 单头体重达2.07～2.18 mg, 与取食甘蓝或油菜幼苗的幼虫在取食量、个体发育方面有明显差异.小菜蛾幼虫也喜好取食已经被虫危害过的幼苗.     

小菜蛾热休克蛋白基因的鉴定及其表达模式分析

热休克蛋白(heat shock protein, HSP)在昆虫应对外界胁迫刺激时起着重要作用。为了系统研究小菜蛾Plutella xylostella HSP基因家族, 根据家蚕的HSP蛋白序列, 采用本地Blast程序对小菜蛾全基因组数据库进行同源序列检索, 从小菜蛾基因组数据库中鉴定了25个HSP基因, 包括2个HSP90、 8个HSP70和15个sHSP（small heat shock protein, sHSP）基因。小菜蛾、 家蚕Bombyx mori、 黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster和赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum的HSP系统进化分析显示, 昆虫的小分子量热休克蛋白sHSP具有很强的种属特异性, HSP70家族的保守性比sHSP强。小菜蛾HSP基因表达模式分析显示, 与敏感品系对比, 抗性品系（抗毒死蜱和抗氟虫氰品系）中HSP基因具有不同的表达模式。小菜蛾1, 2和3龄幼虫HSP基因表达模式较为接近, 而与4龄幼虫中的表达模式相差较大; 4龄幼虫和蛹中的表达模式相近; 雌成虫和雄成虫中的表达模式显著不同, 与果蝇精子形成有关的两个热休克蛋白HSP23和HSP27基因［分别为CCG003980.1 (Px23.5)和CCG005412.2 (Px27.5)］, 在小菜蛾雄成虫中的表达量显著高于雌成虫。研究结果表明小菜蛾HSP基因不仅在杀虫剂抗性、 发育分化, 甚至在生殖上均可能起着重要的作用。本研究为深入研究小菜蛾HSP与生长发育、 抗逆行为的相互关系奠定了基础。     

小菜蛾鞣化激素基因克隆及其功能分析

鞣化激素是调节昆虫表皮骨化和翅膀发育的一种神经激素, 尽管已经在许多不同种昆虫上克隆了鞣化激素基因, 但是关于小菜蛾 Plutella xylostella鞣化激素及其基因的研究至今未见报道。本研究克隆了两个小菜蛾鞣化激素基因Pxbursα和Pxbursβ （GenBank 登录号分别为KF498645和KF498646）全长cDNA, 其序列长度分别为537 bp和360 bp, 与已报道的其他昆虫的鞣化激素氨基酸序列一致性分别为51%~68% 和37%~57%。实时定量PCR分析发现Pxbursα和Pxbursβ均在蛹期表达量高, 而在幼虫期和成虫期的表达量低。以Pxbursα部分序列的双链RNA（dsRNA）饲喂小菜蛾4龄末期幼虫, 发现蛹期Pxbursα的表达受到了显著抑制, 小菜蛾的发育停滞在蛹期而无法正常羽化, 并最终死亡。由此推测, 小菜蛾鞣化激素基因在蛹期的大量表达对其生长发育和羽化具有重要的作用。     

Sublethal effects of hexaflumuron on development and reproduction of the diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae)

Abstract Effects of hexaflumuron at 10% lethal concentration (LC₁₀) and LC₂₅ on development and reproduction parameters of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus, 1753) (Lep.: Yponomeutidae) were investigated. Estimated LC₅₀, LC₁₀ and LC₂₅ values of leaf dip bioassay of hexaflumuron on the third instar larvae of the P. xylostella were 1.48, 0.59 and 0.91 mg/L, respectively. Hexaflumuron decreased pupal weight in the parent generation at sublethal concentrations but in the offspring generation, this effect was not observed. Sublethal concentrations increased egg, first and second larval instar and pupa developmental time and shortened life span of adults, but did not change the third and fourth larval instars and pre‐pupa developmental period. Also fecundity of females reduced significantly but hatchability of treatments and control were similar. Survival rate of pre‐adult stages declined significantly at LC₂₅ concentration. Reproduction parameters such as reproductive rate (R₀) and intrinsic rate of increase in sublethal concentrations were significantly lower compared with control, but gross reproduction rate (GRR) at the LC₁₀ concentration was increased and it could be hormoligosis. Also hexaflumuron significantly increased doubling time (Dt). We conclude that the sublethal effects of hexaflumuron might exhibit significant effects on the population dynamics of P. xylostella.     

Cabbage Seasonal Leaf Quality Mediating the Diamondback Moth Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) Performance

Seasonal variation in plant quality may be intense enough to generate predictable patterns in insect herbivore populations. In order to explain seasonal oscillations in neotropical populations of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (L.), we tested the following: (1) if nutritional quality of cabbage (Brassica oleraceae var. capitata), a primary host plant of diamondback moth, adversely affects the performance of this insect in late spring and early summer, when populations decline and go extinct, and (2) if nutritional features of cabbage change with the seasons. We measured the performance of diamondback moth reared on leaves of cabbages grown during the four seasons of the year. Summer plants proved to be worse for the survival of the immature stages and subsequent adult fecundity, but there were no significant differences between the remaining seasons. Our results support the hypothesis that short-lived plants, grown in different seasons of the year in the tropics, have different nutritional and defensive attributes. We analyzed nutritional quality of cabbage leaves from the four seasons, but only total lipids were reduced in summer plants. Neotropical populations of diamondback moth collapse before plant quality decay in the summer. If the diamondback moth is well adapted to the seasonal deterioration of the habitat, including the reduction in the quality of host plants, it is expected that emigration happens before the mortality increases and natality decreases during the summer.     

Characterisation of Isaria fumosorosea isolates and their virulence toward the Diamondback Moth,Plutella xylostella

Some morphological and physiological characteristics of an Isaria fumosorosea isolate with diminished virulence, IFCF01-D, and its parent isolate, IFCF01, were evaluated and laboratory bioassays were performed to assess their virulence against Plutella xylostella. The relationship among these traits and virulence against P. xylostella is discussed. There were no significant differences in conidial viability, spore production and the time required for 50% germination (GT₅₀). Spore viability after incubation for 24 h at 25°C was greater than 98% for both isolates tested. Spore production on potato dextrose agar after 14 days incubation at 25°C was 4.68 × 10⁸ and 4.59 × 10⁸ conidia/mL for IFCF01 and IFCF01-D, respectively. When exposed to high temperatures (40, 45, 50 or 55°C) through a water bath for 10 min, conidial germination ranged from 0.83% to 84.0% for IFCF01 and 0% to 86% for IFCF01-D. Germination rate showed a negative relationship with the exposure temperature for both isolates. The per cent germination of isolate IFCF01 24 h after ultraviolet (UV) radiation (18 W, 240–260 nm) varied from 0% to 92% and 0% to 81% for IFCF01-D. Germination rate and the exposure time exhibited a negative correlation for both isolates tested. Conidial surface hydrophobicity of IFCF01 (60%) was significantly higher than that of isolate IFCF01-D (53%). Subsequently, using the cicada exuviae as the substrate for enzymatic analysis, Pr1 and chitinase activity demonstrated the contrasting virulence traits: higher specific activities for the more virulent IFCF01 and lower enzymatic levels for isolate IFCF01-D.