Teliospores of smut fungi general aspects of teliospore walls and sporogenesis

Summary The concept and nomenclature for the elements of teliospore walls in smut fungi are presented and a survey of teliosporogenesis is given, as seen by light and transmission electron microscopy. Four developmental types are distinguished: the Ustilago, Microbotryum, Tilletia, and Entorrhiza type. In the Ustilago type, sporogenous hyphae are completely segmented into teliospore initials which are embedded in a hyaline matrix formed by gelatinised hyphal walls (found in species ofAnthracoidea, Cintractia, Heterotolyposporium, Kuntzeomyces, Macalpinomyces, Melanopsichium, Sporisorium, Testicularia, Tolyposporium junci, Trichocintractia, and species ofUstilago infecting members of the family Poaceae). In the Microbotryum type, septate sporogenous hyphae are also completely segmented into teliospore initials, however, they are not surrounded by a hyaline matrix (Microbotryum, Sphacelotheca, Ustilago spp. infecting dicotyledons). A yeast-like budding of teliosporogenic cells is observed for some species ofMicrobotryum, Sphacelotheca, andUstilago infecting dicotyledons. In the Tilletia type, teliospores differentiate locally in the sporogenous hyphae, in an apical or intercalary position, without a hyaline matrix (Conidiosporomyces, Doassinga, Entyloma, Erratomyces, Ingoldiomyces, Neovossia, Oberwinkleria, Rhamphospora, Tilletia). In all these types, the teliospore initials first develop a hyaline sheath under which the ornamentation, the exosporium, sometimes a middle layer, and the endosporium are successively deposited by the fungal cell. In the Entorrhiza type, the teliospores develop inside vital host cells with the wall of the sporogenous hypha included into the teliospore wall. The fungus develops a middle layer and an electron-transparent endosporium inside the hyphal wall while a layer forming the ornamentation is deposited onto the hyphal wall, probably by vesicles of dictyosomes of the host cell.Part 164 in the series Studies in Heterobasidiomycetes from the Botanical Institute, University of Tübingen     

Fulvifomes hainanensis sp. nov. and F. indicus comb. nov. (Hymenochaetales,Basidiomycota) evidenced by a combination of morphology and phylogeny

Fulvifomes hainanensis sp. nov. is described from tropical China. The new species resembles Fulvifomes rimosus, but differs by uncracked pileal surface, the presence of a black cuticle between tomentum and lower context, and ellipsoid basidiospores. In nuclear large subunit rDNA (nLSU) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) based phylogenies, F. hainanensis formed a distinct lineage from other sequenced taxa in the Fulvifomes clade. Aurificaria indica, the type of Aurificaria, has typical morphological characters for Fulvifomes, such as lack of setae and production of colored basidiospores. It was transferred to Fulvifomes based on additional evidence from molecular phylogeny, and F. indicus was redescribed according to Chinese collections. Aurificaria, posterior to Fulvifomes, was thus treated as a taxonomic synonym of Fulvifomes, and the concept of Fulvifomes was accordingly emended to include Aurificaria species. Inonotus luteoumbrinus and I. porrectus are similar to F. indicus in morphology, and they were also supported as lineages in the Fulvifomes clade. However, taxonomical adjustments for the two species were not proposed as the specimens yielding their nLSU and ITS sequences were not reexamined in morphology in this study.     

Teliospores of smut fungi teliospore walls and the development of ornamentation studied by electron microscopy

Summary The walls of mature teliospores and the development of ornamentation, as seen by transmission electron microscopy, are described for 37 genera of smut fungi, based on observations of ca. 120 species and on literature. Structural diversity of mature teliospore walls is due to differences in spore wall layers forming the spore wall (endosporium, middle layer, exosporium, ornamentation) and to different elements forming the ornamentation (exosporium, ornaments, sheath, hyphal wall, adjacent fungal cells, material of the host). During teliosporogenesis the outer layers are usually deposited first. At the beginning of the formation of the ornamentation the plasma membrane may be smooth or undulated carrying the developing ornaments on its tips or in its depressions. The ornamentation of some genera appears similar when seen by scanning electron microscopy, but can be the product of different developmental patterns (e.g., warts of species ofFarysia, Tilletia, andUstilago), however, warty and reticulate ornamentation can both be produced by similar developmental processes (shown, e.g., for species ofCintractia andTilletia). Typical structures of the mature teliospore wall and developmental patterns based on homologous similarities are described for the following groups of genera or species:Macalpinomyces, Melanopsichium, Sporisorium, andUstilago infecting members of the family Poaceae;Kuntzeomyces, Testicularia, andTrichocintractia; Anthracoidea, Cintractia, Heterotolyposporium piluliforme, andTolyposporium junci; Glomosporium, Sorosporium, andThecaphora; Conidiosporomyces, Erratomyces, Ingoldiomyces, Neovossia, Oberwinkleria, andTilletia; Entyloma, and genera of the Doassansia group;Liroa, Microbotryum, Sphacelotheca, Ustilago infecting dicotyledons, andZundeliomyces; Aurantiosporium, Fulvisporium, andUstilentyloma. Special characteristics of the teliospore wall were observed for the generaDermatosorus, Doassinga, Entorrhha, Farysia, Mycosyrinx, Rhamphospora, and some species ofTolyposporium.Part 165 in the series Studies in Heterobasidiomycetes from the Botanical Institute, University of Tübingen     

中国南方两个革菌新种：中国丝皮革菌和棉絮丝皮革菌（丝皮革菌科,多孔菌目）

依据形态学和分子系统学研究结果,描述了产自中国云南省的丝皮革菌属2个新种,即中国丝皮革菌Hyphoderma sinense和棉絮丝皮革菌H. floccosum。中国丝皮革菌以光滑子实层体表面、被结晶和念珠状的囊状体及圆柱形至腊肠状的担孢子（8-11.5×3-5μm）为主要识别特征。棉絮丝皮革菌具有棉絮状至粉状子实层体表面、管状和分隔状囊状体及椭圆形至腊肠状担孢子。对新种的ITS和nLSU片段进行了测序和分析,采用最大似然法、最大简约法和贝叶斯推断法对研究样本的ITS+nLSU nrRNA基因序列进行系统发育分析,结果显示两个新种隶属于丝皮革菌属,其中,中国丝皮革菌与变形丝皮革菌聚在一起;棉絮丝皮革菌与松生丝皮革菌、丝皮革菌和拟丝皮革菌聚为一类。本研究提供了两新种的详细描述、线条图、生态照片及与相似种的区别,同时编写了我国丝皮革菌属23个种的检索表。     

Using RPB1 sequences to improve phylogenetic inference among mushrooms (Inocybe, Agaricales)

An investigation of mushroom phylogeny using the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II gene sequences (RPB1) was conducted in comparison with nuclear ribosomal large subunit RNA gene sequences (nLSU) for the same set of taxa in the genus Inocybe (Agaricales, Basidiomycota). The two data sets, though not significantly incongruent, exhibit conflict among the placement of two taxa that exhibit long branches in the nLSU data set. In contrast, RPB1 terminal branch lengths are rather uniform. Bootstrap support is increased for clades in RPB1. Combined data sets increase the degree of confidence for several relationships. Overall, nLSU data do not yield a robust phylogeny when independently assessed by RPB1 sequences. This multigene study indicates that Inocybe is a monophyletic group composed of at least four distinct lineages-subgenus Mallocybe, section Cervicolores, section Rimosae, and subgenus Inocybe sensu Kühner, Kuyper, non Singer. Within subgenus Inocybe, two additional lineages, one composed of species with smooth basidiospores (clade I) and a second characterized by nodulose-spored species (clade II), are recovered by RPB1 and combined data. The nLSU data recover only clade I. The genera Astrosporina and Inocybella cannot be recognized phylogenetically. "Supersections" Cortinatae and Marginatae are not monophyletic groups.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ceriporiopsis kunmingensis</Emphasis> sp. nov. (Polyporales,Basidiomycota) evidenced by morphological characters and phylogenetic analysis

A new poroid wood-inhabiting fungal species, Ceriporiopsis kunmingensis sp. nov., is proposed based on morphological and molecular characters. The species is characterized by resupinate basidiocarps with pale cinnamon-buff to ochreous color when dry; generative hyphae unbranched and subparallel along the tubes; presence of hyphal ends; allantoid basidiospores, 4.5–5 × 1.5–2 μm. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (LSU) regions of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene sequences of the studied samples were generated, and phylogenetic analyses were performed with maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference methods. The phylogenetic analysis based on molecular data of ITS?+?nLSU sequences showed that C. kunmingensis belonged to the phlebioid clade, formed a monophyletic lineage with a strong support (100% BS, 100% BP, 1.00 BPP), and was closely related to Phlebia aurea, and then grouped with P. livida and P. subserialis. Both morphological and molecular characters confirmed the placement of the new species in Ceriporiopsis.     

A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the "true thrushes" (Aves: Turdinae)

The true thrushes (Passeriformes: Muscicapidae, subfamily Turdinae) are a speciose and widespread avian lineage presumed to be of Old World origin. Phylogenetic relationships within this assemblage were investigated using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence data that included the cytochrome b and ND2 genes. Our ingroup sampling included 54 species representing 17 of 20 putative turdine genera. Phylogenetic trees derived via maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood were largely congruent. Most of the Turdine taxa sampled can be placed into one of six well supported clades. Our data indicate a polyphyletic Zoothera which can be divided into at least two (Afro-Asian and Austral-Asian) main clades. The genus Turdus, as presently recognized, is paraphyletic but forms a well supported clade with the addition of three mostly monotypic genera (Platycichla, Nesocichla, and Cichlherminia). We identify an exclusively New World clade that includes a monophyletic Catharus, Hylocichla, Cichlopsis, Entomodestes, Ridgwayia, and Ixoreus. Members of the morphologically and behaviorally distinct genera Sialia, Myadestes, and Neocossyphus unexpectedly form a basal clade. Using multiple outgroup choices, we show that this group is distantly related, but unequivocally the sister group to the remaining Turdines sampled. The Turdinae appear to be a relatively old songbird lineage, originating in the mid to late Miocene. If the Turdinae are indeed Old World in origin, our data indicate a minimum of three separate invasions of the New World.     

Yuchengia,a new polypore genus segregated from Perenniporia (Polyporales) based on morphological and molecular evidence

Yuchengia gen. nov. is proposed to accommodate Perenniporia narymica. It represents a monophyletic lineage within the core polyporoid clade based on sequences of the rDNA ITS and nLSU regions, and it is distinct from Perenniporia s.s. Yuchengia shares some characters with Perenniporia, both having thick‐walled and cyanophilous basidiospores, but differs by having acyanophilous and amyloid skeletal hyphae dissolving in KOH, and non‐dextrinoid basidiospores.     

缺失数据和贝叶斯系统发育分析精确度之探索

The effect of missing data on phylogenetic methods is a potentially important issue in our attempts to reconstruct the Tree of Life. If missing data are truly problematic, then it may be unwise to include species in an analysis that lack data for some characters (incomplete taxa) or to include characters that lack data for some species. Given the difficulty of obtaining data from all characters for all taxa (e.g., fossils), missing data might seriously impede efforts to reconstruct a comprehensive phylogeny that includes all species. Fortunately, recent simulations and empirical analyses suggest that missing data cells are not themselves problematic, and that incomplete taxa can be accurately placed as long as the overall number of characters in the analysis is large. However, these studies have so far only been conducted on parsimony, likelihood, and neighbor-joining methods. Although Bayesian phylogenetic methods have become widely used in recent years, the effects of missing data on Bayesian analysis have not been adequately studied. Here, we conduct simulations to test whether Bayesian analyses can accurately place incomplete taxa despite extensive missing data. In agreement with previous studies of other methods, we find that Bayesian analyses can accurately reconstruct the position of highly incomplete taxa (i.e., 95% missing data), as long as the overall number of characters in the analysis is large. These results suggest that highly incomplete taxa can be safely included in many Bayesian phylogenetic analyses.     

Two new Fomitopsis species from southern China based on morphological and molecular characters

Fomitopsis cana sp. nov. and F. subtropica sp. nov. are described from southern China based on morphological and molecular characters. Both species have annual, effused-reflexed basidiomata with several small imbricate pilei protruding from a large resupinate part. F. cana is characterized by its mouse-grey to dark grey basidiomata, pores 5–8 per mm, and small cylindrical to oblong-ellipsoid basidiospores (5–6.2?×?2.1–3 μm). F. subtropica is characterized by its white, cream, straw-yellow to more or less flesh-pink basidiomata which was easily separable from the substrate, smaller pores (6–9 per mm) and smaller basidiospores (3.2–4?×?1.8–2.1 μm), and presence of yellowish oil-like substances in trama. Phylogenetic analysis based on combined ITS and nLSU sequences suggest that the two new species belong in the Fomitopsis sensu stricto group within the Antrodia clade.     

中国甘肃省狭义丝盖伞属二新种

依据形态学和分子系统学研究结果,描述了产自中国甘肃省的狭义丝盖伞属2个新种,即拟黄囊丝盖伞Inocybe muricellatoides和甘肃丝盖伞I. gansuensis。对新种的ITS、LSU和rpb2片段进行了测序和分析,并提供了详细描述、线条图、生态照片及与相似种的区别。拟黄囊丝盖伞以菌盖翘起的鳞片、菌柄纤维状、孢子光滑和厚壁的侧生囊状体为主要识别特征。甘肃丝盖伞具有粗壮的子实体、较大的孢子和厚壁侧生囊状体。基于LSU和rpb2联合数据的分子系统发育分析显示这两个新种隶属于狭义丝盖伞属且分别占据独特的分支。     

Fomitiporia pentaphylacis and F. tenuitubus spp. nov. (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota) from Guangxi, southern China

Two specimens of Hymenochaetaceae were collected from Guangxi, southern China, during a recent field trip in August 2011. They are described and illustrated here as two new species, Fomitiporia pentaphylacis and F. tenuitubus, based on a combination of morphological and phylogenetic (ITS and nLSU sequences) data. The two species share subglobose to globose, hyaline and thick-walled basidiospores with strongly cyanophilous in cotton blue and dextrinoid reaction in Melzer??s reagent. These characters are typical for Fomitiporia, differing from other genera in Hymenochaetaceae. F. pentaphylacis resembles F. pusilla in field by its minute basidiocarps, but F. pusilla has distinctly multiple tube layers and smaller basidiospores. F. tenuitubus is similar to F. erecta in both macro- and micro-morphological features, except its larger basidiocarps, smaller pores, and slightly shorter basidiospores. In the phylogenetic perspective, the two species nested within the Fomitiporia clade, but were separated from other sampled species as well as from each other.     

Phylogeny and taxonomy of Phylloporia (Hymenochaetales): new species and a worldwide key to the genus

Species of Phylloporia (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota) are polypores with tiny, yellowish and thick-walled basidiospores and are highly divergent in morphology. The monophyly of 35 cosmopolitan isolates of Phylloporia was strongly supported based on analysis of the nLSU rDNA gene but with exclusion of P. resupinata. Among the 19 lineages recognized in the nLSU rDNA phylogeny five new species from China, Phylloporia crataegi, P. fontanesiae, P. gutta, P. nandinae and P. oreophila, were revealed and these species are introduced with additional morphological evidence. A diagnostic key to all 23 thus far accepted species in Phylloporia is provided.     

Phylogenetic relationships in the gymnopoid and marasmioid fungi (Basidiomycetes, euagarics clade)

Three distinct lineages of gymnopoid and marasmioid fungi are recognized in parsimony and Bayesian analyses of nLSU rDNA sequences. One lineage contains the genera Lentinula, Rhodocollybia, Tetrapyrgos, a resurrected and redefined Mycetinis, and two unresolved clades designated /marasmiellus and /gymnopus. /marasmiellus includes the type species of Marasmiellus and is dominated by members of Gymnopus sect. Vestipedes. /gymnopus includes the type species of Gymnopus, Micromphale and Setulipes, and members of Gymnopus sect. Levipedes. A second lineage includes the genera Marasmius s.s. and Crinipellis and represents a redefined /marasmiaceae. A third lineage includes the genera Cylindrobasidium, Flammulina, Gloiocephala, Physalacria, Strobilurus, Xerula and Marasmius sect. Epiphylli and represents /physalacriaceae. One new combination in Rhodocollybia and four new combinations in Mycetinis are proposed. A discussion of the taxonomic implications resulting from the phylogenetic reconstruction is presented.     

Modes of acquisition of Wolbachia: horizontal transfer, hybrid introgression, and codivergence in the Nasonia species complex

Wolbachia are maternally inherited bacteria that infect a large number of insects and are responsible for different reproductive alterations of their hosts. One of the key features of Wolbachia biology is its ability to move within and between host species, which contributes to the impressive diversity and range of infected hosts. Using multiple Wolbachia genes, including five developed for Multi-Locus Sequence Typing (MLST), the diversity and modes of movement of Wolbachia within the wasp genus Nasonia were investigated. Eleven different Wolbachia were found in the four species of Nasonia , including five newly identified infections. Five infections were acquired by horizontal transmission from other insect taxa, three have been acquired by hybridization between two Nasonia species, which resulted in a mitochondrial- Wolbachia sweep from one species to the other, and at least three have codiverged during speciation of their hosts. The results show that a variety of transfer mechanisms of Wolbachia are possible even within a single host genus. Codivergence of Wolbachia and their hosts is uncommon and provides a rare opportunity to investigate long-term Wolbachia evolution within a host lineage. Using synonymous divergence among codiverging infections and host nuclear genes, we estimate Wolbachia mutation rates to be approximately one-third that of the nuclear genome.     

Cryptolepiota, a new sequestrate genus in the Agaricaceae with evidence for adaptive radiation in western North America

Phylogenetic analyses based on nLSU and ITS sequence data indicate that the sequestrate genus Gigasperma is polyphyletic. Gigasperma cryptica, which is known only from New Zealand, has affinities with the Cortinariaceae whereas G. americanum and two additional undescribed taxa from western North America are derived from Lepiota within the Agaricaceae. The three North American taxa appear to be recently evolved and are closely related. They occur in similar environments and form a well supported clade indicating that adaptive radiation has occurred within this group of fungi. An independent genus with sequestrate fructifications, Cryptolepiota is proposed to accommodate the three species in this clade. Cryptolepiota microspora and C. mengei are described as new, and G. americanum is transferred to Cryptolepiota. Gigasperma cryptica is illustrated and compared with the species of Cryptolepiota.