氮浓度对铜绿微囊藻、大型溞和金鱼藻三者相互作用的影响

为了解氮浓度对生物操纵和草-藻竞争的影响, 选取铜绿微囊藻、大型溞和金鱼藻分别作为浮游植物、浮游动物和沉水植物的代表, 在温度25℃, 光强2600 lx, 光暗比14h﹕10h, 磷浓度1.5 mg/L时, 研究5种氮浓度(0.5、2、4、8和16 mg/L, 用KNO₃溶液配制)下, 溞-藻, 草-藻和溞-草-藻共培养时各自的增长率和培养液中氮磷削减率的变化。结果表明: 在单独培养铜绿微囊藻时, 氮浓度控制在1.97 mg/L以下, 可有效降低培养液中藻的增长率。在溞-藻共培养时, 大型溞有效控藻的氮浓度范围为0.5—4 mg/L; 在草-藻共培养时, 有效控藻的氮浓度范围为0.5—2 mg/L, 对应氮浓度下(0.5和2 mg/L), 实验末期铜绿微囊藻细胞密度分别是溞-藻共培养的23.89%和21.51%, 控藻效果更好; 在溞-草-藻三者共培养时, 有效控藻的氮浓度范围为0.5—16 mg/L, 且氮浓度为0.5—4 mg/L时, 大型溞和金鱼藻的增长率均显著大于铜绿微囊藻, 铜绿微囊藻的增长率均为负值, 控藻效果最好。大型沉水植物的加入, 可以有效提高生物操纵的控藻效果, 减少水中氮磷含量, 长期有效地改善水质。     

磷浓度对小环藻、大型溞和金鱼藻三者相互作用的影响

为了解磷浓度对水生植被恢复和生物操纵效果的影响, 分别用小环藻(Cyclotella sp.)、大型溞(Daphnia magna)和金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)代表浮游植物、浮游动物和大型沉水植物建立水生微宇宙模型, 在25℃、2600 lx光强和11 mg/L氮浓度条件下, 分别研究小环藻与大型溞、小环藻与金鱼藻、小环藻-大型溞-金鱼藻共培养时4种磷浓度(0.05、0.1、0.5和2 mg/L)下小环藻、大型溞、金鱼藻的增长率以及培养液中氮磷去除率的变化。结果表明: 小环藻与大型溞、小环藻与金鱼藻两两共培养时, 磷浓度为0.05-2 mg/L时, 金鱼藻和大型溞均生长良好, 小环藻受到明显抑制, 其密度保持较小幅度的正增长。在小环藻-大型溞-金鱼藻三者共培养时, 在0.05-2 mg/L的磷浓度范围内大型溞和金鱼藻生长良好, 与两两共培养相比, 小环藻则受到了更大程度的抑制, 在磷浓度为0.05-0.1 mg/L时藻密度呈现负增长. 这说明在水生态系统中, 大型浮游动物和沉水植物对浮游藻类的联合控制效果远好于各自单独的控制效果, 该控制效果随磷浓度的提高而减弱, 以0.1 mg/L的磷浓度为最佳。在实验结束后测定氮磷去除率发现, 在最低磷浓度(0.05 mg/L),即磷限制时, 水中磷去除率最高, 在最高磷浓度(2 mg/L), 即氮限制时, 水中氮去除率最高。     

氮磷浓度对藻-溞-草间相互作用的影响

为了解氮磷浓度对生物操纵效果的影响, 以小球藻、大型溞和金鱼藻分别作为浮游植物、浮游动物和大型沉水植物的代表, 建立了它们之间相互作用的水生微宇宙模型。研究了在25℃、2000—3000 lx 的温度和光照下, 不同氮磷浓度对三者生长的影响。结果表明: 两者共培养时, 在高氮(10.5 mg/L)条件下, 磷浓度小于0.1 mg/L 对大型溞繁殖和金鱼藻的生长有利; 磷浓度介于0.1—2 mg/L 时小球藻呈大暴发趋势, 而金鱼藻的生长则明显受抑制。在低氮(0.5 mg/L)条件下, 磷浓度不大于0.5 mg/L, 大型溞对小球藻有较好的抑制作用, 金鱼藻与小球藻无显著互抑现象; 磷浓度增大为2 mg/L 时, 小球藻对金鱼藻生长产生明显抑制。在0.05—2 mg/L 的磷浓度范围及高氮和低氮条件下三者共培养时, 大型溞数量及金鱼藻生物量均不同程度的升高,且小球藻数量得到了有效抑制, 以磷浓度为0.1—0.5 mg/L 时效果最佳; N/P 比值对藻、溞、草间的相互作用有重要影响, 在藻-溞系统中, 大型沉水植物的加入可以大大提高控藻效果, 减小N/P 比值波动带来的不利影响。与低氮情况相比, 高氮条件对金鱼藻、大型溞及小球藻的增长均存在一定抑制作用。磷浓度为0.5 mg/L时的水体氮磷去除效果好于其他磷浓度梯度。     

金鱼藻对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制作用研究

研究了金鱼藻对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制效应。结果表明：高浓度的金鱼藻种植水抽滤液和植株研磨水提液对铜绿微囊藻的生长有极明显的抑制作用;低浓度则几乎没有抑制作用。同一浓度下,金鱼藻植株研磨液的抑制效应比种植水更为明显,抑制效应持续时间也更长。20℃培养下的金鱼藻,其植株研磨液的抑制效应最明显。高浓度的嫩枝嫩叶部位的金鱼藻植株研磨液对铜绿微囊藻的生长有更明显的抑制作用,低浓度的老茎老叶部位的金鱼藻植株研磨液对其生长则表现出一定的促进作用。     

铜绿微囊藻对萼花臂尾轮虫与大型溞竞争关系的影响

为探究铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)浓度变化对浮游动物竞争关系的影响,通过控制实验法,评估了在3个铜绿微囊藻浓度梯度下,萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)和大型溞(Daphnia magna)之间的种间竞争关系。结果表明不同浓度铜绿微囊藻对萼花臂尾轮虫、大型溞的增长及二者种间竞争影响具有差异,并且在3种铜绿微囊藻浓度下均以大型溞为主要优势类群。低浓度(5×10⁴ cells/m L)铜绿微囊藻仅促进大型溞种群增长(P<0.01),大型溞占据主要优势地位;中浓度(1×10⁵ cells/m L)铜绿微囊藻对萼花臂尾轮虫和大型溞增长均有显著影响(P<0.01),在此浓度下大型溞在种群竞争中依旧占优势地位,使得萼花臂尾轮虫种群衰亡;在高浓度铜绿微囊藻(5×10⁵ cells/m L)环境中种群生长均受到抑制(P<0.01),在共培养体系中仅大型溞种群存活。在无其他外在影响因素存在时,实验结果显示在不同浓度的铜绿微囊藻下,大型溞均占优势,说明铜绿微囊藻的浓...     

两种不同株铜绿微囊藻培养液对大型溞的毒性效应研究

为了探讨铜绿微囊藻对浮游甲壳动物溞类的毒害效应,试验选取了两种不同株系（产毒和非产毒）的藻种,采取利用其培养液的方法,以研究铜绿微囊藻在生长过程中向水体中释放的毒素或类毒素物质对溞类的效应以及比较不同株系间效应的差异性。研究结果表明：（1）试验所选铜绿微囊藻产毒和非产毒株系的培养液均能对大型溞（Daphnia magna）的生长繁殖构成影响,表现为低剂量起促进效应,高剂量起抑制效应;（2）铜绿微囊藻产毒株较非产毒株更能影响大型溞的存活;（3）铜绿微囊藻产毒和非产毒株对大型溞的生长影响差异不大,但对其繁殖却存在明显不同,表现为株系942的抑制效应更强。可以初步推断,在以产毒株铜绿微囊藻为优势种形成“水华”的环境下,大型浮游甲壳动物溞类数量和生物量减少的主要原因可能是由于毒素对溞类较高的致死效应;而以非产毒株形成优势群体的水体里,其主要原因可能并非毒素的效应,而是由于其他原因,如藻类群体的形成阻碍摄食,缺乏必需脂肪酸等。     

有毒和无毒微囊藻对大型溞生长和繁殖的影响

近年来,随着工农业的快速发展和人们生活水平提高,一些城市生活污水和工农业废水流入江河、湖泊等淡水水体中,加剧了水体的富营养化和污染,导致蓝藻过度生长繁殖而形成水华,其中最常见的是微囊藻水华[1,2].     

不同藻类对大型溞存活和生殖的影响

通过生命表技术观察了大型溞（Daphnia magna）在实验室恒定温度（25 ℃）下分别以梅尼小环藻、铜绿微囊藻905、铜绿微囊藻469和斜生栅藻为饵料时的存活率和生殖量变化,并据此探讨了不同藻类对大型溞生活史特征的影响。结果表明：大型溞食用梅尼小环藻和铜绿微囊藻469后生长良好,大型溞在斜生栅藻中也能较好生长,而铜绿微囊藻905对大型溞的生长和繁殖均有不良影响;大型溞对不同藻类的净生殖率(R₀)、世代历期(T)和内禀增长率(r_m)及存活率有不同的影响,梅尼小环藻分别为44.35、11.86、0.32、5%;铜绿微囊藻469分别为48.20、14.25、0.27、30%;斜生栅藻分别为8.10、12.47、0.17、15%;铜绿微囊藻905分别为0、0、0、0。     

不同氮、磷浓度对铜绿微囊藻生长、光合及产毒的影响

对一株从野外分离得到的铜绿微囊藻产毒株进行分批培养,在不同的氮磷条件下研究其生长、光合荧光及毒素含量的变化。结果表明:正磷酸盐浓度不变时,铵氮浓度的改变对铜绿微囊藻的生长有明显影响。叶绿素a(Chl.a)含量在铵氮浓度为1.83-18.3mg/L时明显较大;微囊藻毒素(包括MC-LR和MC-RR)的含量在铵氮浓度为1.83mg/L时达到最大;当铵氮浓度为0-1.83mg/L时,随着铵氮浓度升高,可变荧光FV和MC的产量均增大,同时MC异构体的种类增多;铵氮浓度过大对M.aeruginosa的生长、生理和产毒均有抑制作用。在另一组实验中,即铵氮浓度不变而正磷酸盐浓度增大时,Chl.a含量呈总体下降的趋势,并且与FV/Fm呈显著正相关关系(P<0.01,r=0.97),MC(MC-LR和MC-RR)的含量在正磷酸盐浓度小于0.56mg/L时明显升高,MC-LR与FV/Fm呈显著正相关关系(P<0.01,r=0.967)。       

铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)对惠氏微囊藻(Microcystis wesenbergii)的化感作用

通过混合培养和添加过滤液两种方式观察铜绿微囊藻和惠氏微囊藻的生长曲线,探讨两种微囊藻之间的化感作用。结果表明:在混合培养条件下,两者能够形成相互抑制作用;当两者起始藻密度高于0.5×106cells.mL-1、混合比为1:1时,惠氏微囊藻的生长因化感作用而受到显著抑制(P<0.05),同时惠氏微囊藻也会对铜绿微囊藻产生一定的胁迫作用;处于对数生长期的铜绿微囊藻过滤液能抑制惠氏微囊藻的生长,且惠氏微囊藻起始藻密度低于0.5×106cells.mL-1,连续滴加该过滤液后,其生长受到极显著抑制(P<0.01)。     

Phytoplankton responses to grazing by Daphnia galeata in the biomanipulated Bautzen reservoir

We studied the response of phytoplankton to grazing by Daphnia galeata in the hypertrophic Bautzen reservoir (Dresden, Germany) from January 1995 to May 1996 during a long-term whole-lake biomanipulation experiment. The correlation between clearance rate of D. galeata and total phytoplankton biomass was negative only if biomass of Microcystis aeruginosa was excluded. This suggests that M. aeruginosa is the main grazing resistant phytoplankton species in the Bautzen reservoir. Except for M. aeruginosa and grazing-resistant Staurastrum quadridentatum spec. nov. (Scharf, 1995) no other phytoplankton species was able to reach a biovolume above 1 mm3 L-1 when the clearance rate of Daphnia exceeded 0.1 L L-1 d-1. There was significant positive correlation between mean cell or colony size of phytoplankters and clearance rate of D. galeata, showing an advantage of bigger cells or colonies at high grazing pressure. Cross-correlation indicated a time lag of about one month between changes in grazing pressure and a change in phytoplankton mean size. The phytoplankton species were divided into edible and inedible fractions, depending on their width and length. No edible species were able to reach high biovolumes during high biomasses of D. galeata but a positive correlation was found between the edible fraction of phytoplankton biovolume and the clearance rate of D. galeata. However, this relationship disappeared when the ‘ingestible edible’ fraction of M. aeruginosa was excluded, suggesting a rejection of ‘edible’ Microcystis colonies by D. galeata. A negative correlation was found between the inedible fraction of phytoplankton biovolume without M. aeruginosa and the clearance rate of D. galeata which might be due to superior competition of M. aeruginosa. We could clearly show that biomanipulation might not work well with respect to the reduction of total phytoplankton biomass under hypertrophic conditions and finally discuss a theoretical threshold of phosphorus (probably around 80 μg L-1), below which biomanipulation should become effective. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

金鱼藻的化学成分

从金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum L.)全草的乙醇提取物中分离鉴定了其中7个,分别为:苜蓿素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(1) , naringenin-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(2) ,七叶内酯(3) ,β-谷甾醇(4) , 7α-羟基-β-谷甾醇(5) , 7α-甲氧基-β-谷甾醇(6) ,十六碳脂肪酸(7)。化合物(3)为首次从金鱼藻中分离得到。     

Biomanipulation by introduction of herbivorous zooplankton. A helpful shock for eutrophic lakes?

In 1988 and 1989Daphnia magna were introduced into the Gewerbepark Pond and into the University Pond, and also into a limnocorral (10 m diameter, 5 m deep) in Postfelden Reservoir. Limnological parameters were regularly monitored in all the three water bodies over three months or longer. The objective of the experiments was to induce a clear-water period in turbid eutrophic waters by direct manipulation of the zooplankton community. Introduction of four million individuals ofD. magna (10 ind. 1⁻¹) caused a long lasting clear-water period in the limnocorral. While Secchi-disc transparency in the reservoir decreased from 1.3 m to<1 m during summer, transparency increased to a stable level of about 4 m in the corral. Despite very low phytoplankton biomass,D. magna was still abundant. The experiment was terminated after three months because of oxygen depletion in the corral. In the Gewerbepark Pond 3.3 million individuals ofD. magna (0.6 ind. 1⁻¹) were introduced at the beginning of August. The daphnids soon increased 60-fold in their density causing a persistently high water transparency and low phytoplankton biomass up to November. Ammonia concentration rose steeply, whereas that of nitrate and oxygen decreased. Subsequently in summer, concentrations of chlorophyll as well as of inorganic phosphorus and nitrogen were extremely low. Instead of the phytoplankton,Elodea canadensis grew enormously and covered 12% of the pond surface. The biomanipulation experiment in University Pond failed, probably due to predation by carp.     

Selective grazing by adults and larvae of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha): application of flow cytometry to natural seston

1. Selective grazing of adults and larvae of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) on phytoplankton and detritus from both laboratory cultures and natural seston was quantified using flow cytometry. 2. Mean clearance rate of adult zebra mussels was higher on a mixture of the green alga Scenedesmus and the cyanobacterium Microcystis than when Scenedesmus was offered as single food, suggesting selective feeding by the mussels. 3. Feeding on lake seston both adults and larvae showed a higher clearance rate on phytoplankton than on detritus particles, suggesting that zebra mussels select for phytoplankton. Furthermore, it was noted that adults preferred seston particles in the 0–1 and 30–100 μm size ranges. 4. In our study, zebra mussels did not discriminate against cyanobacteria, and our results indicate that they may even ingest them preferentially.