保幼激素生物合成研究进展

保幼激素（juvenile hormone,JH）是存在于昆虫、甲壳动物和部分植物体内的倍半萜类衍生物。在昆虫和甲壳动物体内,保幼激素主要调节变态和生殖活动。在植物体内,则可能作为异株克生物质发挥作用。保幼激素主要通过细胞质内的甲羟戊酸途径（MVA）合成,植物质体内存在萜类合成的1-去氧木糖-5-磷酸途径（DXP）。MVA和DXP途径通过单向质子协同运输系统进行协调,使DXP途径中形成的前体化合物参与MVA途径的倍半萜合成。JH生物合成的主要步骤己基本查明,但与合成相关的酶学研究还较薄弱。生物合成酶的分子生物学是近来研究的热点,相关酶的cDNA克隆已有报道。JH生物合成酶的进一步研究有助于查明JH生物合成调控机制,深化对节肢动物生殖的理解,还可为新型杀虫剂开发提供可能的靶标。     

型变过程中亚洲小车蝗体内保幼激素滴度及其代谢相关基因表达量的变化

【目的】本研究旨在明确亚洲小车蝗Oedaleus asiaticus在不同发育阶段和型变过程中的保幼激素(juvenile hormone, JH) JHⅢ滴度及其代谢相关基因表达量的变化情况，为阐明保幼激素调控亚洲小车蝗型变中的生理功能奠定基础。【方法】采用高效液相色谱法测定散居型和群居型亚洲小车蝗不同发育阶段(4和5龄若虫及1, 4, 7, 10, 13和20日龄成虫)和3龄若虫群居化处理1, 3, 5和7 d时亚洲小车蝗血淋巴中的保幼激素JHⅢ的滴度变化；用qRT-PCR检测在群居化处理亚洲小车蝗3龄若虫1, 3, 5和7 d时保幼激素代谢相关的3种基因保幼激素酯酶(juvenile hormone esterase, JHE)基因、保幼激素甲基转移酶(juvenile hormone methyltransferase, JHAMT)基因和保幼激素环氧水解酶(juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase, JHEH)基因的表达量；利用JHⅢ浸液处理散居型亚洲小车蝗3龄若虫后进行群居化处理，测定亚洲小车蝗型变率。【结果】JHⅢ在亚洲小车蝗血淋巴中的滴度甚微...     

昆虫保幼激素生物合成的调节与测定

<正> 保幼激素(JH)是由昆虫的咽侧体(CA)产生。它调节着发育和生殖。从昆虫中已分离出3种具有JH活性的化合物,分别称为JH1、JH2、JH3。它们的生理活性大不相同。JH3是大部分成虫的主要激素,可促进卵巢的发育,所以是一种促性腺激素。JH1和JH2主要在鳞翅目幼虫和蜚蠊若虫内,它们在变态开始就参与这一过程的调节作用,称为变态激素。     

棉铃虫及粘虫肠中咽侧体静止激素样活性物质对咽侧体活性的影响

利用放射化学的方法分别检测了棉铃虫Helicoverpaarmigera、粘虫Mythimnaseparata幼虫和成虫肠中咽侧体静止激素 (allatostatin ,AS)样的活性物质。发现在棉铃虫、粘虫幼虫和成虫肠中均存在的AS样活性物质 ,可以在体外抑制咽侧体 (corporaallata,CA)的保幼激素 ( juvenilehormone,JH)的生物合成。生物测定的结果表明 ,粘虫幼虫肠中AS样活性物质的含量较棉铃虫的高 ;粘虫 1个幼虫肠当量对CA的JH合成的抑制率达 4 3% ,而棉铃虫幼虫肠只有 2 6%。无论是棉铃虫还是粘虫 ,雌成虫中肠对CA的抑制比雄成虫中肠的高 ,后肠对CA的JH合成的抑制明显的低于中肠对CA的抑制。中肠对CA的JH合成的抑制是可回复的。中肠粗提物经蛋白酶水解后对CA合成JH的抑制率降低 ,表明肠中AS样的活性物质是肽或蛋白质     

保幼激素在昆虫中的分子作用机理

随着分子生物学技术的快速发展,对生态环境中各类生物的研究,包括对生物某些特定基因结构和功能的研究等逐步拓展和加深。保幼激素(Juvenile Hormone,JH)是由咽侧体(Corpus Allatum,CA)分泌的,在昆虫发育、变态和生殖过程中起重要作用的激素。目前对JH信号传导途径的作用机理还不十分清楚。现有研究表明,Kruppel homolog-1(Kr-h1)是一种含C2H2锌指结构的转录因子,处于保幼激素信号途径下游,在保幼激素信号通路中起着重要作用。已报道的Kr-h1基因的功能主要包括:调控幼虫生长发育和变态,与蜜蜂的觅食行为密切相关,参与果蝇幼体神经细胞的形成等等。对就近十年来Kr-h1基因的特性和功能研究作一个综述以了解不同昆虫中保幼激素的分子作用机制,为开发生物农药奠定理论基础,也为维护良好的生态环境作出理论贡献。     

昆虫保幼激素的生殖调控机制研究进展

保幼激素（Juvenile hormone,JH）是昆虫特有的一类倍半萜烯类激素。JH在幼/若虫中主要通过拮抗蜕皮激素20E信号影响变态发育,从而维持昆虫幼虫性状。JH在成虫中作为促性腺激素,通过调控雌雄一系列生理和行为促进生殖。JH信号调控雌性生殖主要包括促进卵巢卵子发生、卵黄发生、排卵、滞育、雌性性信息素合成、肠道和卵巢等器官的大小适应性调整等。JH信号促进雄性生殖,主要包括促进附性腺精液蛋白的合成、羽化后调节雄性性行为,进而促进生殖。本文从雌雄性昆虫角度分别阐述JH信号调控生殖的机制,以期为深入探明JH调控昆虫生殖的作用机制提供参考。     

昆虫保幼激素受体的研究与应用进展

保幼激素(juvenile hormone, JH)是昆虫内分泌系统中的关键激素之一,对昆虫生长发育、变态、繁殖起着重要的调控作用。近年来有关JH的分子作用机制取得了极大的进展,主要得益于JH受体的鉴定,大量研究表明JH可通过胞内受体和膜受体两个途径来发挥生理调控功能。本文将从JH胞内受体Met的发现及鉴定、Met转录活性的调控因素、Met功能研究进展,以及Met作为JH受体在JH激动剂及拮抗剂筛选中的应用等方面对JH胞内受体的研究进展进行重点阐述;同时综述了有关JH膜受体的信号通路以及膜受体与核受体的互作等方面的研究进展。     

咽侧体提取物成分诱导散居型雄性蝗虫表皮变黄(英文)

黄色蛋白(yellow protein,YP)对雄性成年蝗虫的黄色表皮形成起着重要作用,而此过程需要有高量的保幼激素(juvenile hormone,JH)存在的条件下才会发生.而对于蝗虫大脑中是什么因素激活JH的合成,目前仍属未知.给散居型蝗虫注射L.migratoria蝗虫咽侧体(corpora allata,CA)提取物后,肉眼观察表明:散居型蝗虫表皮变黄.此后的定量PCR实验证实了散居型蝗虫表皮变黄是因为YP的(表达或存在).这暗示着黄色蛋白沉淀于散居型蝗虫的表皮.因此我们可以得出结论:给散居型蝗虫注射CA提取物,可以引发YP-mRNA的表达,CA提取物中有激活JH合成的因子.     

保幼激素的分子作用机制

蜕皮激素(ecdysteroids, Ecd)和保幼激素(juvenile hormone, JH)是调控昆虫发育和变态的两种最为重要的昆虫激素。尽管Ecd的分子作用机制已经相当明了,但是,因为迄今为止还没有成功地鉴定出JH受体,人们对JH的分子作用机制还了解甚少。本文从三个方面较为详尽地介绍了近年来JH分子作用机制的相关研究进展：1) JH和Ecd在分子水平上相互作用, JH可以通过改变或者抑制Ecd信号来调控昆虫的发育和变态;2) JH核受体的两个候选基因为Met和USP;3) JH还可以通过膜受体和蛋白激酶C传导信号。     

七星瓢虫雌成虫卵巢发育不同阶段体内保幼激素的含量

本文以大蜡螟Galleria mellonella(L.)为生测昆虫,应用蜡测定法(Wax test)测定了取食天然食物及人工饲料的七星瓢虫雌成虫在不同卵巢发育阶段体内保幼激素(JH)的含量。取食蚜虫者羽化后8日左右(卵巢管内出现第三卵母细胞,卵黄大量沉积即将排卵),雅虫JH含量达到高峰(593.3G.U.),但一经开始排卵(羽化后约10日左右)保幼激素的含量猛然下降。直至持续产卵达10次的雌虫(羽化后约25日)JH含量仍保持在比较平稳的状态。取食人工饲料者卵巢发育缓慢,羽化30日后不产卵个体的JH水平仍很低,仅及取食蚜虫组高峰的1/6。这一结果证实了JH对七星瓢虫雌成虫卵巢发育及排卵的调控,也指出了取食人工饲料的雌虫产卵率及产卵量明显偏低的重要原因。 在应用蜡测法的过程中肯定了JH浓度与大蜡螟蛾中胸背板保持的部分蛹皮面积之部的关系。     

Juvenile hormone acid methyl transferase is a key regulatory enzyme for juvenile hormone synthesis in the Eri silkworm, Samia cynthica ricini

During the period of adult emergence in the Eri silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini, the corpora allata (CA) are apparently reactivated in females, but not males. This creates a significant sexual dimorphism in juvenile hormone (JH) synthesis by CA. To determine the underlying molecular mechanisms in this process, we cloned cDNAs of two enzymes involved in the JH synthesis pathway: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGR) and juvenile hormone acid methyl transferase (JHAMT). Both Samcri-HMGR and -JHAMT mRNAs were detected in CA almost exclusively. However, their expression patterns were different from each other. During the period of adult emergence, Samcri-HMGR was expressed in CA at a constantly high level suggesting it plays little role for the regulation of JH synthesis. In contrast, the patterns of both Samcri-JHAMT mRNA level and enzyme activity were closely correlated with the patterns of JH synthesis, CA reactivation, and sexual dimorphism of JH synthesis. In addition, JHAMT mRNA levels were paralleled JH synthesis in the fifth-instar larvae of S. cynthia ricini and the pharate adults of the silkworm Bombyx mori. We infer from these results that JHAMT is a key regulatory enzyme for JH synthesis in the Eri silkworm.     

Depletion of juvenile hormone esterase extends larval growth in Bombyx mori

Two major hormones, juvenile hormone (JH) and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), regulate insect growth and development according to their precisely coordinated titres, which are controlled by both biosynthesis and degradation pathways. Juvenile hormone esterase (JHE) is the primary JH-specific degradation enzyme that plays a key role in regulating JH titers, along with JH epoxide hydrolase (JHEH) and JH diol kinase (JHDK). In the current study, a loss-of-function analysis of JHE in the silkworm, Bombyx mori, was performed by targeted gene disruption using the transgenic CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/RNA-guided Cas9 nucleases) system. Depletion of B. mori JHE (BmJHE) resulted in the extension of larval stages, especially the penultimate and ultimate larval stages, without deleterious effects to silkworm physiology. The expression of JHEH and JHDK was upregulated in mutant animals, indicating the existence of complementary routes in the JH metabolism pathway in which inactivation of one enzyme will activate other enzymes. RNA-Seq analysis of mutant animals revealed that genes involved in protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum and in amino acid metabolism were affected by BmJHE depletion. Depletion of JHE and subsequent delayed JH metabolism activated genes in the TOR pathway, which are ultimately responsible for extending larval growth. The transgenic Cas9 system used in the current study provides a promising approach for analysing the actions of JH, especially in nondrosophilid insects. Furthermore, prolonging larval stages produced larger larvae and cocoons, which is greatly beneficial to silk production.     

Expression pattern of enzymes related to juvenile hormone metabolism in the silkworm, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bombyx mori</Emphasis> L.

The physiological balance of juvenile hormone (JH) in insects depends on its biosynthesis and degradation pathway. Three key enzymes namely, juvenile hormone esterase (JHE), juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase (JHEH) and juvenile hormone diol kinase (JHDK) are required for degradation in insects. Our present results showed that JHE and JHEH exhibited expression in almost all the tissues. This indicated that JHE and JHEH might degrade JH simultaneously. In addition, the highest levels of JHDK were observed in the midgut, with trace level being found in the malpighian tubule and haemocytes. Since the midgut is a digestive organ and not a JH target, it was hypothesized that both JHE and JHEH hydrolyzed JH to JH diol (JHd) which was then transported to midgut and hydrolyzed further by JHDK, to be finally excreted out of the body. Also the expression studies on JH degradation enzymes in different tissues and stages indicated that the activities of the three enzymes are specific and coincident with the JH functions in silkworm, Bombyx mori L.     

Evidence of selection at melanin synthesis pathway loci during silkworm domestication

The domesticated silkworm (Bombyx mori) was domesticated from wild silkworm (Bombyx mandarina) more than 5,000 years ago. During domestication, body color between B. mandarina and B. mori changed dramatically. However, the molecular mechanism of the silkworm body color transition is not known. In the present study, we examined within- and between-species nucleotide diversity for eight silkworm melanin synthesis pathway genes, which play a key role in cuticular pigmentation of insects. Our results showed that the genetic diversity of B. mori was significantly lower than that of B. mandarina and 40.7% of the genetic diversity of wild silkworm was lost in domesticated silkworm. We also examined whether position effect exists among melanin synthesis pathway genes in B. mandarina and B. mori. We found that the upstream genes have significantly lower levels of genetic diversity than the downstream genes, supporting a functional constraint hypothesis (FCH) of metabolic pathway, that is, upstream enzymes are under greater selective constraint than downstream enzymes because upstream enzymes participate in biosynthesis of a number of metabolites. We also investigated whether some of the melanin synthesis pathway genes experienced selection during domestication. Neutrality test, coalescent simulation, as well as network and phylogenetic analyses showed that tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene was a domestication locus. Sequence analysis further suggested that a putative expression enhancer (Abd-B-binding site) in the intron of TH gene might be disrupted during domestication. TH is the rate-limiting enzyme of melanin synthesis pathway in insects. Real-time polymerase chain reaction assay did show that the relative expression levels of TH gene in B. mori were significantly lower than that in B. mandarina at three different developmental stages, which is consistent with light body color of domesticated silkworm relative to wild silkworm. Therefore, we speculated that expression change of TH gene may contribute to the body color transition from B. mandarina to B. mori. Our results emphasize the exceptional role of gene expression regulation in morphological transition of domesticated animals.     

天蚕卵黄发生的激素调控

报告了蜕皮激素和保幼激素对天蚕Antheraea yamamai卵黄发生的调控作用。当单独以20－羟基蜕皮酮或保幼激素类似物methoprene处理,以及同时用这两种激素处理天蚕蛹时,蛹期脂肪体和血淋巴中卵黄原蛋白（Vg)含量明显高于对照,即二对Vg的合成起促进作用。然而,卵巢中卵黄蛋白（Vt)含量则因激素种类而异,以保幼激素处理时明显低于对照,以20－羟基蜕皮酮处理则反之,即前抑制卵巢对Vg的摄取,而后则起促进作用。离体培养脂肪体并以激素处理的结果表明,20－羟基蜕皮酮和methoprene均能促进Vg合成,但前作用更。综合考虑上述结果可以认为蜕皮激素对该蚕的卵黄发生起主要调控作用。