Amino-Terminal Processing of the Human Cannabinoid Receptor 1

The human cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1), a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), translocates its long amino-terminal (N-terminal) domain across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane in a C-to-N terminal direction. Using the Semliki Forest virus (SFV) expression system, CB1 was expressed in baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells. It was found that a large fraction of the CB1 molecules were N-terminally truncated prior to ER translocation. Truncation was fast and independent of the proteasome. It is concluded that the truncation process might be a way to create a novel type of CB1.     

High levels of cathepsin B predict poor outcome in patients with breast cancer

Cathepsin B (CB) is a thiol-stimulated protease implicated in cancer invasion and metastasis. Other proteases involved in cancer spread such as urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and cathepsin D have previously been shown to be prognostic markers in breast cancer. CB was assayed by ELISA in 193 patients with primary breast cancer. CB levels were significantly higher in both primary and metastatic breast tumors than in fibroadenomas (p = 0.0001). In the primary carcinomas, CB levels showed no significant correlation with either nodal status, tumor size or estrogen receptor (ER) status. Patients with primary breast cancers containing high levels of CB had a significantly shorter disease-free interval (p = 0.01, chi-square = 6.61) and overall survival (p = 0.014, chi-square = 6.08) than patients with low levels of the protease. However, in multivariate analysis, using nodal status, tumor size, ER status and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), CB was not an independent prognostic marker. In contrast, nodal status, ER status and uPA were prognostic in multivariate analysis. In conclusion, CB, like certain other proteases implicated in cancer metastasis, correlates with poor outcome in patients with breast cancer. These results thus support the evidence from model systems linking CB to cancer spread. Inhibition of CB expression or activity might therefore be exploited for anti-metastatic therapies.     

Mechanisms for the coupling of cannabinoid receptors to intracellular calcium mobilization in rat insulinoma beta-cells

In RIN m5F rat insulinoma beta-cells, agonists at cannabinoid CB(1) receptors modulate insulin release. Here we investigated in these cells the effect of the activation of cannabinoid CB(1) and CB(2) receptors on intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](i)). The CB(1) agonist arachidonoyl-chloro-ethanolamide (ACEA), and the CB(2) agonist JWH133, elevated [Ca(2+)](i) in a way sensitive to the inhibitor of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC), U73122 (but not to pertussis toxin and forskolin), and independently from extracellular Ca(2+). PI-PLC-dependent Ca(2+) mobilization by ACEA was entirely accounted for by activation of inositol-1,3,4-phosphate (IP(3)) receptors on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), whereas the effect of JWH133 was not sensitive to all tested inhibitors of IP(3) and ryanodine receptors. ACEA, but not JWH133, significantly inhibited the effect on [Ca(2+)](i) of bombesin, which acts via G(q/11)- and PI-PLC-coupled receptors in insulinoma cells. The endogenous CB(1) agonists, anandamide and N-arachidonoyldopamine, which also activate transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptors expressed in RIN m5F cells, elevated [Ca(2+)](i) in the presence of extracellular Ca(2+) in a way sensitive to both CB(1) and TRPV1 antagonists. These results suggest that, in RIN m5F cells, CB(1) receptors are coupled to PI-PLC-mediated mobilization of [Ca(2+)](i) and might inhibit bombesin signaling.     

The role of diacylglycerol lipase in constitutive and angiotensin AT1 receptor-stimulated cannabinoid CB1 receptor activity

The cannabinoid CB1 receptor (CB1R) is a G protein-coupled receptor, which couples to the Gi/o family of heterotrimeric G proteins. The receptor displays both basal and agonist-induced signaling and internalization. Although basal activity of CB1Rs is attributed to constitutive (agonist-independent) receptor activity, studies in neurons suggested a role of postsynaptic endocannabinoid (eCB) release in the persistent activity of presynaptic CB1Rs. To elucidate the role of eCBs in basal CB1R activity, we have investigated the role of diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL) in this process in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, which are not targeted specifically with eCBs. Agonist-induced G protein activation was determined by detecting dissociation G protein subunits expressed in CHO cells with bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), after labeling the alpha and beta subunits with Renilla luciferase and enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP), respectively. Preincubation of the cells with tetrahydrolipstatin (THL), a known inhibitor of DAGLs, caused inhibition of the basal activity of CB1R. Moreover, preincubation of CHO and cultured hippocampal neurons with THL increased the number of CB1Rs on the cell membrane, which reflects its inhibitory action on CB1R internalization in non-simulated cells. In CHO cells co-expressing CB1R and angiotensin AT1 receptors, angiotensin II-induced Go protein activation that was blocked by both a CB1R antagonist and THL. These data indicate that cell-derived eCB mediators have a general role in the basal activity of CB1Rs in non-neural cells and neurons, and that this mechanism can be stimulated by AT1 receptor activation.     

A monoclonal antibody specific for the cellular receptor for the group B coxsackieviruses.

A 50-kilodalton receptor protein (Rp-a) for the group B coxsackieviruses (CB) was isolated in a virus-receptor complex from detergent-solubilized HeLa cells (J. E. Mapoles, D. L. Krah, and R. L. Crowell, J. Virol. 55:560-566, 1985). It was used as an immunogen for preparation of a mouse monoclonal antibody (RmcB) which protected HeLa cells and Buffalo green monkey kidney cells from infection by all six serotypes of CB. RmcB did not protect HeLa cells from infection by poliovirus, echovirus 6, or coxsackievirus A18. This monoclonal antibody differed in receptor epitope specificity from a previously isolated antibody (RmcA) (R. L. Crowell, A. K. Field, W. A. Schleif, W. L. Long, R. J. Colonno, J. E. Mapoles, and E. A. Emini, J. Virol. 57:438-445, 1986) which blocked receptors only for type 1 CB (CB1), CB3, CB5, and echovirus 6. RmcA and RmcB recognized two distinct saturable receptors on HeLa cells, designated HR2 and HR1, respectively. Human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells have the HR2 receptor for CB3-RD (a variant of CB3), but lack the HR1 receptor for CB3. Therefore, RD cells were resistant to infection by CB3. Although binding of CB3-RD to the HR2 receptor on RD cells can lead to infection, binding of CB3-RD to the HR2 receptor on HeLa cells did not lead to infection. Apparently, both CB3 and CB3-RD use only the HR1 receptor for infection of HeLa cells. Thus, a given virus may use two distinct receptors to bind to cells when only one virus-receptor interaction leads to infection.     

Blockade of cannabinoid CB(1) receptor function protects against in vivo disseminating brain damage following NMDA-induced excitotoxicity

The ability of cannabinoid CB(1) receptors to influence glutamatergic excitatory neurotransmission has fueled interest in how these receptors and their endogenous ligands may interact in conditions of excitotoxic insults. The present study characterized the impact of stimulated and inhibited CB(1) receptor function on NMDA-induced excitotoxicity. Neonatal (6-day-old) rat pups received a systemic injection of a mixed CB(1) /CB(2) receptor agonist (WIN55,212-2) or their respective antagonists (SR141716A for CB(1) and SR144528 for CB(2) ) prior to an unilateral intrastriatal microinjection of NMDA. The NMDA-induced excitotoxic damage in the ipsilateral forebrain was not influenced by agonist-stimulated CB(1) receptor function. In contrast, blockade of CB(1), but not CB(2), receptor activity evoked a robust neuroprotective response by reducing the infarct area and the number of cortical degenerating neurons. These results suggest a critical involvement of CB(1) receptor tonus on neuronal survival following NMDA receptor-induced excitotoxicity in vivo.     

Cannabinoid CB1 receptor activation mediates the opposing effects of amphetamine on impulsive action and impulsive choice

It is well known that acute challenges with psychostimulants such as amphetamine affect impulsive behavior. We here studied the pharmacology underlying the effects of amphetamine in two rat models of impulsivity, the 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) and the delayed reward task (DRT), providing measures of inhibitory control, an aspect of impulsive action, and impulsive choice, respectively. We focused on the role of cannabinoid CB1 receptor activation in amphetamine-induced impulsivity as there is evidence that acute challenges with psychostimulants activate the endogenous cannabinoid system, and CB1 receptor activity modulates impulsivity in both rodents and humans. Results showed that pretreatment with either the CB1 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist SR141716A or the neutral CB1 receptor antagonist O-2050 dose-dependently improved baseline inhibitory control in the 5-CSRTT. Moreover, both compounds similarly attenuated amphetamine-induced inhibitory control deficits, suggesting that CB1 receptor activation by endogenously released cannabinoids mediates this aspect of impulsive action. Direct CB1 receptor activation by Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) did, however, not affect inhibitory control. Although neither SR141716A nor O-2050 affected baseline impulsive choice in the DRT, both ligands completely prevented amphetamine-induced reductions in impulsive decision making, indicating that CB1 receptor activity may decrease this form of impulsivity. Indeed, acute Δ9-THC was found to reduce impulsive choice in a CB1 receptor-dependent way. Together, these results indicate an important, though complex role for cannabinoid CB1 receptor activity in the regulation of impulsive action and impulsive choice as well as the opposite effects amphetamine has on both forms of impulsive behavior.     

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol protects cardiac cells from hypoxia via CB2 receptor activation and nitric oxide production

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the major active component of marijuana, has a beneficial effect on the cardiovascular system during stress conditions, but the defence mechanism is still unclear. The present study was designed to investigate the central (CB1) and the peripheral (CB2) cannabinoid receptor expression in neonatal cardiomyoctes and possible function in the cardioprotection of THC from hypoxia. Pre-treatment of cardiomyocytes that were grown in vitro with 0.1 – 10 μM THC for 24 h prevented hypoxia-induced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and preserved the morphological distribution of α-sarcomeric actin. The antagonist for the CB2 (10 μM), but not CB1 receptor antagonist (10 μM) abolished the protective effect of THC. In agreement with these results using RT-PCR, it was shown that neonatal cardiac cells express CB2, but not CB1 receptors. Involvement of NO in the signal transduction pathway activated by THC through CB2 was examined. It was found that THC induces nitric oxide (NO) production by induction of NO synthase (iNOS) via CB2 receptors. L-NAME (NOS inhibitor, 100 μM) prevented the cardioprotection provided by THC. Taken together, our findings suggest that THC protects cardiac cells against hypoxia via CB2 receptor activation by induction of NO production. An NO mechanism occurs also in the classical pre-conditioning process; therefore, THC probably pre-trains the cardiomyocytes to hypoxic conditions.     

Neuromodulatory role of the endocannabinoid signaling system in alcoholism: an overview

The current review evaluates the evidence that some of the pharmacological and behavioral effects of ethanol (EtOH), including EtOH-preferring behavior, may be mediated through the endocannabinoid signaling system. The recent advances in the understanding of the neurobiological basis of alcoholism suggest that the pharmacological and behavioral effects of EtOH are mediated through its action on neuronal signal transduction pathways and ligand-gated ion channels, receptor systems, and receptors that are coupled to G-proteins. The identification of a G-protein-coupled receptor, namely, the cannabinoid receptor (CB1 receptor) that was activated by Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(9)-THC), the major psychoactive component of marijuana, led to the discovery of endogenous cannabinoid agonists. To date, two fatty acid derivatives identified to be arachidonylethanolamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) have been isolated from both nervous and peripheral tissues. Both these compounds have been shown to mimic the pharmacological and behavioral effects of Delta(9)-THC. The involvement of the endocannabinoid signaling system in the development of tolerance to the drugs of abuse including EtOH has not been known until recently. Recent studies from our laboratory have demonstrated for the first time the down-regulation of CB1 receptor function and its signal transduction by chronic EtOH. The observed down-regulation of CB1 receptor binding and its signal transduction results from the persistent stimulation of the receptors by the endogenous CB1 receptor agonists, AEA and 2-AG, the synthesis of which has been found to be increased by chronic EtOH treatment. This enhanced formation of endocannabinoids may subsequently influence the release of neurotransmitters. It was found that the DBA/2 mice, known to avoid EtOH intake, have significantly reduced brain-CB1-receptor function consistent with other studies, where the CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A has been shown to block voluntary EtOH intake in rodents. Similarly, activation of the CB1 receptor system promoted alcohol craving, suggesting a role for the CB1 receptor gene in excessive EtOH drinking behavior and development of alcoholism. Ongoing investigations may lead to the development of potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of alcoholism.     

The endocannabinoid system protects rat glioma cells against HIV-1 Tat protein-induced cytotoxicity. Mechanism and regulation

Cannabinoids modulate nitric oxide (NO) levels in cells of the central nervous system. Here we studied the effect of cannabinoid CB(1) and CB(2) receptor agonists on the release of NO and cell toxicity induced by the human immuno-deficiency virus-1 Tat protein (HIV-1 Tat) in rat glioma C6 cells. The CB(1) and CB(2) agonist WIN 55,212-2 inhibited the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and NO release caused by treatment of C6 cells with HIV-1 Tat and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). The effect of WIN 55,212-2 was uniquely due to CB(1) receptors, as shown by experiments carried out with selective CB(1) and CB(2) receptor agonists and antagonists. CB(1) receptor stimulation also inhibited HIV-1 Tat + IFN-gamma-induced and NO-mediated cell toxicity. Moreover, cell treatment with HIV-1 Tat + IFN-gamma induced a significant inhibition of CB(1), but not CB(2), receptor expression. This effect was mimicked by the NO donor GSNO, suggesting that the inhibition of CB(1) expression was due to HIV-1 Tat + IFN-gamma-induced NO overexpression. HIV-1 Tat + IFN-gamma treatment also induced a significant inhibition of the uptake of the endocannabinoid anandamide by C6 cells with no effect on anandamide hydrolysis. These findings show that the endocannabinoid system, through the modulation of the l-arginine/NO pathway, reduces HIV-1 Tat-induced cytotoxicity, and is itself regulated by HIV-1 Tat.     

Cannabinoid receptor type 1 modulates excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission in mouse colon

The effects of cannabinoid receptor agonists and antagonists on smooth muscle resting membrane potentials and on membrane potentials following electrical neuronal stimulation in a myenteric neuron/smooth muscle preparation of wild-type and cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1)-deficient mice were investigated in vitro. Double staining for CB1 and nitric oxide synthase (neuronal) was performed to identify the myenteric CB1-expressing neurons. Focal electrical stimulation of the myenteric plexus induced a fast (f) excitatory junction potential (EJP) followed by a fast and a slow (s) inhibitory junction potential (IJP). Treatment of wild-type mice with the endogenous CB1 receptor agonist anandamide reduced EJP while not affecting fIJP and sIJP. EJP was significantly higher in CB1-deficient mice than in wild-type littermate controls, and anandamide induced no effects in CB1-deficient mice. N-arachidonoyl ethanolamide (anandamide), R-[2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-(4-morpholinylmethyl)pyrrolo[1,2,3,-de]- 1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl]-1-naphtalenylmethanone, a synthetic CB1 receptor agonist, nearly abolished EJP and significantly reduced the fIJP in wild-type mice. N-piperidino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-3-pyrazole-caroxamide (SR141716A), a CB1-specific receptor antagonist, was able to reverse the agonist effects induced in wild-type mice. SR141716A, when given alone, significantly increased EJP in wild-type mice without affecting IJP in wild-type and EJP in CB1-deficient mice. Interestingly, SR141716A reduced fIJP in CB1-deficient mice. In the mouse colon, nitrergic myenteric neurons do not express CB1, implying that CB1 is expressed in cholinergic neurons, which is in line with the functional data. Finally, excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission in the mouse colon is modulated by activation of CB1 receptors. The significant increase in EJP in CB1-deficient mice strongly suggests a physiological involvement of CB1 in excitatory cholinergic neurotransmission.     

Roles of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Subtype 1 and Cannabinoid Type 1 Receptors in the Brain: Neuroprotection versus Neurotoxicity

Transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1), also known as vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1), is a nonselective cation channel that is activated by a variety of ligands, such as exogenous capsaicin (CAP) or endogenous anandamide (AEA), as well as products of lipoxygenases. Cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily and is activated by cannabinoids such as AEA and exogenous Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). TRPV1 and CB1 receptors are widely expressed in the brain and play many significant roles in various brain regions; however, the issue of whether TRPV1 or CB1 receptors mediate neuroprotection or neurotoxicity remains controversial. Furthermore, functional crosstalk between these two receptors has been recently reported. It is therefore timely to review current knowledge regarding the functions of these two receptors and to consider new directions of investigation on their roles in the brain.     

Structure-activity relationships for 1-alkyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indoles at the cannabinoid CB(1) and CB(2) receptors: steric and electronic effects of naphthoyl substituents. New highly selective CB(2) receptor agonists

In an effort to improve indole-based CB(2) cannabinoid receptor ligands and also to develop SAR for both the CB(1) and CB(2) receptors, 47 indole derivatives were prepared and their CB(1) and CB(2) receptor affinities were determined. The indole derivatives include 1-propyl- and 1-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indoles both with and without a 2-methyl substituent. Naphthoyl substituents include 4- and 7-alkyl groups as well as 2-, 4-, 6-, 7-methoxy and 4-ethoxy groups. The effects of these substituents on receptor affinities are discussed and structure-activity relationships are presented. In the course of this work three new highly selective CB(2) receptor agonists were identified, 1-propyl-3-(4-methyl-1-naphthoylindole (JWH-120), 1-propyl-2-methyl-3-(6-methoxy-1-naphthoylindole (JWH-151), and 1-pentyl-3-(2-methoxy-1-naphthoylindole (JWH-267). GTPgammaS assays indicated that JWH-151 is a full agonist at CB(2), while JWH-120 and JWH-267 are partial agonists. Molecular modeling and receptor docking studies were carried out on a set of 3-(4-propyl-1-naphthoyl)indoles, a set of 3-(6-methoxy-1-naphthoyl)indoles and the pair of N-pentyl-3-(2-methoxy-1-naphthoyl)indoles. Docking studies indicated that the CB(1) receptor affinities of these compounds were consistent with their aromatic stacking interactions in the aromatic microdomain of the CB(1) receptor.     

Sulfonamide derivatives as new potent and selective CB2 cannabinoid receptor agonists

A novel series of sulfonamide derivatives 3, the CB(2) receptor agonists, was synthesized and evaluated for activity against the human CB(2) receptor. We first identified sulfonamide 3a, which was obtained by random screening of our in-house chemical library as a moderately active (CB(2) IC(50)=340nM) CB(2) receptor agonist. We then attempted to test its analogues to identify compounds with a high affinity for the CB(2) receptor. One of these, compound 3f, exhibited high affinity for the human CB(2) receptor (IC(50)=16nM) and high selectivity for CB(2) over CB(1) (CB(1) IC(50)/CB(2)IC(50)=106), and behaved as a full CB(2) receptor agonist in the [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding assay (CB(2) EC(50)=7.2nM, E(max)=100%).     

Imine derivatives as new potent and selective CB2 cannabinoid receptor agonists with an analgesic action

In this study, a novel series of CB(2) receptor agonist imine derivatives, 1-6, was synthesized and evaluated for activity against the CB(2) receptor. In a previous paper we reported the synthesis and SARs of thiazole derivative 1, a potent CB(2) receptor agonist, but we had not assessed chemical modifications of the 5-membered heteroring of 1. In the present study, we therefore tried chemically modifying the 5-membered heteroring of 1 in an attempt to further improve binding affinity for the CB(2) receptor. In the course of making the structural modifications, we discovered that a novel pyrazole derivative 6b (CBS0550) had high affinity for the CB(2) receptor (IC(50)=2.9 nM, EC(50)=1.8 nM, E(max)=85%), high selectivity for CB(2) (CB(1) IC(50)/CB(2) IC(50)=1400), and good physicochemical properties (solubility in water: 5.9 mg/100mL at 25 degrees C). Oral administration of 6b to rats at a dose of 10mg/kg resulted in significant plasma concentrations, and orally administered compound 6b significantly reversed mechanical hyperalgesia in the Randall-Selitto model of inflammatory pain in rats.     

CB1 receptor-G protein association. Subtype selectivity is determined by distinct intracellular domains.

The CB1 cannabinoid receptor in N18TG2 neuroblastoma cells inhibits adenylate cyclase, and this response can be mimicked by a peptide corresponding to the juxtamembrane C-terminal domain (CB(1)401-417). Guanosine 5'-O-(3-thio)triphosphate binding to G proteins can be stimulated by both peptide CB(1)401-417 and peptides corresponding to the third intracellular loop [Howlett, A.C., Song, C., Berglund, B.A., Wilken, G.H. & Pigg, J.J. (1998) Mol. Pharmacol. 53, 504-510; Mukhopadhyay, S., Cowsik, S.M., Welsh, W.J. & Howlett, A.C. (1999) Biochemistry 38, 3447-3455]. In Chaps-solubilized N18TG2 membranes, the CB1 receptor coimmunoprecipitated with all three Gi subtypes. Pertussis toxin significantly reduced the CB(1) receptor-G alpha(i) association and attenuated the CB(1)401-417-induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase. CB(1)401-417 significantly reduced the CB(1) receptor association with G alpha(i3), but not with G alpha(i1) or G alpha(i2). In contrast, third intracellular loop peptides significantly reduced the CB(1) receptor association with G alpha(i1) and G alpha(i2), but not G alpha(i3). These interactions are specific for the CB(1) receptor because a peptide corresponding to the juxtamembrane C-terminal domain of the CB(2) receptor failed to compete for the association of the CB1 receptor with any of the Gi alpha subtypes, and was not able to activate Gi proteins to inhibit adenylate cyclase. These studies indicate that different domains of the CB(1) receptor direct the interaction with specific G protein subtypes.     

Increase of the heart arrhythmogenic resistance and decrease of the myocardial necrosis zone during activation of cannabinoid receptors

We have found that intravenous administration of cannabinoid receptor (CB) agonist HU-210 (0.05 mg/kg), increases cardiac resistance against arrhythmogenic effect of epinephrine, aconitine, coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion in rats. Pretreatment with CB2-receptor antagonist, SR144528 (1 mg/kg), completely abolished the antiarrhythmic effect of HU-210. However this effect of HU-210 was not attenuated by pretreatment with CB1-receptor antagonist, SR141716A (3 mg/kg). We also found that HU-210 (0.05 mg/kg) decreased the relationship between infarction size and area of ischemia. It is concluded that CB2 receptor stimulation promotes an increase in the cardiac resistance against arrhythmogenic influences and probably increases myocardial tolerance of both ischemic and reperfusion damages in rats.     

Cannabinoids inhibit insulin secretion and cytosolic Ca2+ oscillation in islet beta-cells via CB1 receptors

Obesity is the main risk factor for the development of metabolic syndrome. Endogenous cannabinoids act on the cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor, a GPCR, and stimulate appetite via central and peripheral actions, while blockade of CB1 receptor reduces body weight in humans. In this study, we aimed to explore a role of the peripheral endocannabinoid system in insulin secretion, which could be important in the metabolic effects of the cannabinoid-CB1 system. We found that mRNA for CB1 receptor, but not CB2 receptor, was expressed in mouse pancreatic islets using RT-PCR. Immunohistochemical study revealed that CB1 receptor was expressed in beta-cells. Furthermore, anandamide and a CB1 agonist, arachidonylcyclopropylamide (ACPA), inhibited glucose-induced insulin secretion from mouse pancreatic islets. Both anandamide and ACPA inhibited glucose-induced cytosolic Ca(2+) oscillation in mouse pancreatic beta-cells. These results demonstrate a novel peripheral action of cannabinoids to inhibit insulin secretion via CB1 receptors.     

Internalization and Recycling of the CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor

Tolerance develops rapidly to cannabis, cannabinoids, and related drugs acting at the CB1 cannabinoid receptor. However, little is known about what happens to the receptor as tolerance is developing. In this study, we have found that CB1 receptors are rapidly internalized following agonist binding and receptor activation. Efficacious cannabinoid agonists (WIN 55,212-2, CP 55,940, and HU 210) caused rapid internalization. Methanandamide (an analogue of an endogenous cannabinoid, anandamide) was less effective, causing internalization only at high concentration, whereas delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol caused little internalization, even at 3 microM. CB1 internalized via clathrin-coated pits as sequestration was inhibited by hypertonic sucrose. Internalization did not require activated G protein alpha(i), alpha(o), or alpha(s) subunits. A region of the extreme carboxy terminus of the receptor was necessary for internalization, as a mutant CB1 receptor lacking the last 14 residues did not internalize, whereas a mutant lacking the last 10 residues did. Steps involved in the recycling of sequestered receptor were also investigated. Recovery of CB1 to the cell surface after short (20 min) but not long (90 min) agonist treatment was independent of new protein synthesis. Recycling also required endosomal acidification and dephosphorylation. These results show that CB1 receptor trafficking is dynamically regulated by cannabimimetic drugs.