三氯杀螨醇对大型溞的毒性和环境雌激素效应

三氯杀螨醇是DDT被禁用以后出现的替代品,在很多国家包括中国在内被广泛用作果树、棉花等的杀螨剂,对高等动物的急性口服毒性很低,但它的慢性毒性较大。已有报道显示由DDT合成而来的三氯杀螨醇可使美国红隼的蛋壳变薄,与某些野生动物如佛罗里达湖中鳄鱼雌性化具相关性,甚至导致人体某些恶性肿瘤等。由于三氯杀螨醇性质非常稳定,残留期长,所以过去对该农药研究热点主要是在蔬菜、果品等食品中的残留及降解动态,而对水生生物的毒性尚未见报道,而且对其雌激素活性的报道仅限于小鼠子宫增重法等活体实验方法,周期长且由于生物个体差异等造成灵敏度低。       

家用洗涤剂对大型溞的毒性影响

三材料与方法1．l家用洗涤剂选用四种不同产地的洗衣粉和洗洁精,研究它们对大型搔的存活和繁殖的影响,编号为,AF：北京产洗衣粉,AJ：上海产洗洁精,BJ：湖北产洗洁精,CJ：香港产洗洁精。洗衣粉配制溶液略是碱性,用稀HO将pH调至7－8。配制浓度以每升水中洗涤剂重量的毫克数（mg／L）表示。1．2大型活培养及栅藻培养据文献［’］方法,实验用大型搔为Dophniamagna,IIB。实验用水为活性碳过滤的自来水,存放24h并曝气。1．3急性毒性实验播龄＜24h的幼搔,试验溶液10mL,每个容器中放10个个体,温度20ti℃,24h后观察,计算每个浓…     

氯化高汞对大型溞的慢性毒性

在换水静置条件下(25℃),氯化高汞(以Hg++计)对大型溞的48小时LC50值及其可信限为13.5(±2.1)微克/升。试验个体饲以斜生栅藻单个培养,在汞含量为1—21微克/升浓度下,产仔总数经方差分析表明组间差异显著(FF0.05)。各浓度组(X)与产仔总数(Y)的关系为:Y=-51.823X+4320.960(r=-0.904,p0.01)。净增殖率(R0)随浓度升高而逐渐下降。存活和生长用方差分析及D值检验表明对照组与各浓度组之间(差异数分别小于各自的D值20.89和0.1749),没有显著差异。各浓度组对内禀增长能力(rm)和世代平均周期(T)影响不大。根据大型溞的生物学基本参数,其体长的生长模型为: lt=4.57-3.5177e-0.00838t.       

三种工业废水对大型溞毒性的研究

利用大型蚤(Daphnia magna straus)对造纸、印染、化工等三种有机污染废水进行毒性试验,并对三种废水中的有机污染物进行色—质聪机定性分析。在造纸、印染、化工废水中分别检出有机污染物32、49和36种。其中具有“三致”作用的分别占8、14和14种。试验结果表明,三种工业废水在有机污染程度(COD_(cr))相同的情况下。毒性大小主要和废水中“三致”物的种类和数量有关。三种废水对大型蚤24h LC_(50)值分别为:造纸27.54％(23.23％～32.66％),印染8.31％(6.92％～10.00％),化工4.47％(3.56％～5.60％);剂量-反应回归方程分别为造纸 Y=4.17x-1.0,印染 Y=3.77x+1.53,化工 Y=3.64x+2.63。     

两种不同株铜绿微囊藻培养液对大型溞的毒性效应研究

为了探讨铜绿微囊藻对浮游甲壳动物溞类的毒害效应,试验选取了两种不同株系（产毒和非产毒）的藻种,采取利用其培养液的方法,以研究铜绿微囊藻在生长过程中向水体中释放的毒素或类毒素物质对溞类的效应以及比较不同株系间效应的差异性。研究结果表明：（1）试验所选铜绿微囊藻产毒和非产毒株系的培养液均能对大型溞（Daphnia magna）的生长繁殖构成影响,表现为低剂量起促进效应,高剂量起抑制效应;（2）铜绿微囊藻产毒株较非产毒株更能影响大型溞的存活;（3）铜绿微囊藻产毒和非产毒株对大型溞的生长影响差异不大,但对其繁殖却存在明显不同,表现为株系942的抑制效应更强。可以初步推断,在以产毒株铜绿微囊藻为优势种形成“水华”的环境下,大型浮游甲壳动物溞类数量和生物量减少的主要原因可能是由于毒素对溞类较高的致死效应;而以非产毒株形成优势群体的水体里,其主要原因可能并非毒素的效应,而是由于其他原因,如藻类群体的形成阻碍摄食,缺乏必需脂肪酸等。     

2-羟基-3-甲基蒽醌抑制结直肠癌的作用及机制研究

为观察2-羟基-3-甲基蒽醌(HMA)对结直肠癌细胞增殖的影响并探讨其作用机制,本研究采用CCK8法检测HMA对结直肠癌细胞增殖的影响;Heochst-33343/PI染色检测细胞凋亡情况;同时检测细胞内ROS及GSH含量变化并应用Western blot检测细胞凋亡相关蛋白及Keap-1/Nrf-2/ARE信号途径相关蛋白的表达。实验结果显示,HMA给予结直肠癌细胞后,细胞内ROS含量升高,GSH含量减少;HMA通过抑制Keap-1/Nrf-2/HO-1通路,诱导细胞发生凋亡。综上表明HMA具有抑制结肠癌细胞增殖的作用,其机制可能与破坏细胞内氧化还原平衡,抑制Keap-1/Nrf-2/HO-1通路有关。     

钛对大型溞(Daphnia magna)的毒性研究

钛离子对大型蚤的毒性研究表明,其24、48、96h的半数抑制浓度EC_(50)为6.2,5.1,0.26mg/L.半数致死浓度LC50为6.3,6.0,1.5mg/L。长期实验表明,0.000lmg/L浓度是对大型蚤的生长和繁殖均有影响的最低浓度。本研究为制订饮用水水质卫生标准提供水生生物毒理学方面的资料。     

氟化钠对隆线溞(Daphnia Carirata)的毒性效应

用本地土著种隆线蚤进行氟化钠的急、慢性试验,急性试验的结果48h EC_(50)值为615mg/L,95％可信限为528～675mg/L。母蚤在氟化钠中暴露21d后,产下的幼蚤对这种化学品的敏感性未见降低。慢性试验以生殖为指标,则应用因子高达0.25仍未见有显著影响,但以存活为指标,则安全因子在0.1～0.25之间,安全浓度在58～145mg/L之间。国外以大型蚤作材料的试验结果,看来并不适用于制订本地区的水质标准。     

山东半岛北部黑松海防林幼龄植株生长动态及其种群数量特征

黑松海防林是山东半岛北部海岸带典型的生态系统类型,对于维护沿海地区生态安全具有重要作用。为了对黑松海防林的天然更新动态和生存状况进行评价和预测,在山东半岛北部黑松海防林内设置3个样地,调查黑松幼龄植株的生长动态和种群数量特征。使用查数轮生枝法确定黑松幼龄植株的年龄,以空间代替时间的方法,探讨黑松幼龄植株的生长动态、年龄结构和空间分布特征;以种群生命表及生存分析理论为基础,编绘黑松幼龄植株的时间生命表,绘制存活曲线。结果表明：(1) 3个样地中幼龄植株高生长、基径生长与年龄均分别呈指数函数、直线和二次函数关系;(2) 3个样地黑松幼龄植株年龄结构存在着明显差异,分别表现为纺锤形、残缺型和金字塔型;(3) 幼龄植株主要集中分布在距最近立木0.3～1.2 m,离立木越近或越远幼龄植株均逐渐减少;(4) 对样地Ⅰ和样地Ⅲ黑松幼龄植株 生命表和存活曲线的分析表明,随年龄的增加,黑松幼龄植株生命期望值基本上呈递减趋势,黑松幼龄植株种群存活数也随着年龄的增加而降低;样地Ⅰ和样地Ⅲ黑松幼龄植株种群存活曲线近似于Deevey Ⅱ型,表明2个样地黑松幼龄植株种群处于稳定发展阶段;(5)样地Ⅱ幼龄植株种群结构很不完整,表明该种群属于衰退型,与人为干扰及坡度等有关。     

有毒和无毒微囊藻对大型溞生长和繁殖的影响

近年来,随着工农业的快速发展和人们生活水平提高,一些城市生活污水和工农业废水流入江河、湖泊等淡水水体中,加剧了水体的富营养化和污染,导致蓝藻过度生长繁殖而形成水华,其中最常见的是微囊藻水华[1,2].     

Phylogeography of Daphnia magna in Europe

The phylogeographical structure of the water flea Daphnia magna in Europe was analysed using a 609-bp fragment of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene. Only moderate overall genetic divergence was detected within Europe. We detected four genetically and, to a large extent, geographically distinct phylogroups within Europe. Our results suggest that these groups recolonized large parts of Europe around 100,000 BP from different refugia. Overall, the pattern suggests a high degree of provincialism with a patchy occurrence of specific lineages, thus confirming the highly subdivided genetic structure usually observed in freshwater zooplankton populations. Although the region around the Mediterranean Sea was only sampled patchily, we obtained strong indications for the occurrence of more divergent genetic lineages in this region. Comparing our European samples to samples from North America and Japan revealed a higher level of differentiation, reflecting limited intercontinental dispersal.     

The response of European Daphnia magna Straus and Australian Daphnia carinata King to changes in geomagnetic field

This study investigates the effects of lifelong exposure to reversed geomagnetic and zero geomagnetic fields (the latter means absence of geomagnetic field) on the life history of Daphnia carinata King from Australia and Daphnia magna Straus from Europe. Considerable deviation in the geomagnetic field from the usual strength, leads to a decrease in daphnia size and life span. Reduced brood sizes and increased body length of neonates are observed in D. magna exposed to unusual magnetic background. The most apparent effects are induced by zero geomagnetic field in both species of Daphnia. A delay in the first reproduction in zero geomagnetic field is observed only in D. magna. No adaptive maternal effects to reversed geomagnetic field are found in a line of D. magna maintained in these magnetic conditions for eight generations. Integrally, the responses of D. magna to unusual geomagnetic conditions are more extensive than that in D. carinata. We suggest that the mechanism of the effects of geomagnetic field reversal on Daphnia may be related to differences in the pattern of distribution of the particles that have a magnetic moment, or to moving charged organic molecules owing to a change in combined outcome and orientation of the geomagnetic field and Earth's gravitational field. The possibility of modulation of self-oscillating processes with changes in geomagnetic field is also discussed.     

The use of inorganic substances to stimulate gut evacuation in Daphnia magna

Observations were done on the effect of inorganic substances on the gut evacuation process in Daphnia magna. Procedures which accelerate this process are described.     

The effects of parasitism and inbreeding on the competitive ability in Daphnia magna: evidence for synergistic epistasis

Synergistic epistasis for fitness is often assumed in models of how selection acts on the frequency and distribution of deleterious mutations. Evidence for synergistic epistasis would exist if the logarithm of fitness declines more quickly with number of deleterious mutations, than predicted by a linear decline. This can be studied indirectly by quantifying the effect of different levels of inbreeding on fitness. Here, six sets (different genetic backgrounds) of three increasingly inbred Daphnia magna clones were used to assess their relative fitness according to changes in frequency in a competition experiment against a tester clone. A novelty of the mating procedure was that the inbreeding coefficients (F) of the three clones belonging to each set increased in steps of 0.25 independent of the (unknown) inbreeding coefficient of the common ancestor. The equal increase of the inbreeding coefficients is important, because deviations influence the quantification of inbreeding depression, its variance and the detection of epistasis. In a simple mathematical model we show that when working with a partially inbred population inbreeding depression is underestimated, the variance of fitness is increased, and the detection of epistasis more difficult. Further, to examine whether an interaction between inbreeding and parasitism exists, each inbred clone was tested with and without a microsporidium infection (Octosporea bayeri). We found a nonlinear decrease of the logarithm of fitness across the three levels of inbreeding, indicating synergistic epistasis. The interaction term between parasitism and inbreeding was not significant. Our results suggest that deleterious mutations may be purged effectively once the level of inbreeding is high, but that parasitism seems not to influence this effect.     

Parasite-mediated selection in experimental Daphnia magna populations

Abstract It has been suggested that parasites are a strong selecting force for their hosts and therefore may alter the outcome of competition among host genotypes. We tested the extent to which parasite-mediated selection by different parasite species influenced competition among clones of the cyclic parthenogen Daphnia magna . We monitored clone frequency changes in laboratory microcosm populations consisting of 21 D. magna clones. Parasite treatments (two microsporidians, Glugoides intestinalis and Ordospora colligata ) and a parasite-free control treatment were followed over a nine-month period. A further treatment with the bacterium Pasteuria ramosa failed. We found significant differences in clonal success among the treatments: the two parasite treatments differed from the control treatment and from each other. Additionally, we measured the clone-specific population carrying capacity, competitive ability against tester clones, and reproductive success of infected and uninfected females to test whether they correlate with clonal success in the microcosms. The clone-specific competitive ability was a good predictor of clonal success in the microcosms, but clonal carrying capacity and host reproductive success were not. Our study shows that parasite-mediated selection can strongly alter the outcome of clonal competition. The results suggest that parasites may influence microevolution in Daphnia populations during periods of asexual reproduction.     

温度和食物浓度对大型溞Daphnia magna种群动态和两性生殖的影响

在4个温度(15、20、25、30℃)和3个食物浓度(1×104,1×105,5×105 cells ml-1)下研究了大型溞(Daphnia magna)淮河种群的动态和两性生殖,结果表明:(1)在实验初期,大型溞种群密度不断增加,达到最大值后种群密度呈现缓慢下降或趋于稳定的趋势.除15℃下最大瞬时增长率(1.36 d-1)出现在中食物浓度组外,20℃(1.51 d-1)、25℃(1.39 d-1)、30℃(0.69 d-1)下的最大瞬时增长率均出现在高食物浓度组.(2)相同温度下,食物浓度与大型溞最大种群密度间存在显著正相关(p<0.01).(3)相同食物浓度下,随温度升高,大型溞首次产幼溞时间(5～21d)和到达最大种群密度的时间(15～29d)缩短,首次抱卵时的体长(1.75～2.67 mm)减少.(4)在较低的温度和中食物浓度组下,大型溞产生了较多的休眠卵或卵鞍(15℃:(16.7±2.5) ind. 和20℃:(18.3±3.8) ind.);30℃下没有出现休眠卵或卵鞍.除15℃、中食物浓度组外,其它实验组均产生雄体.实验25d后,雄体密度与种群密度呈显著的相关性(30℃:p<0.05;15～25℃:p<0.01).(5)本研究结果暗示大型溞休眠卵的形成受温度、食物浓度和种群密度的共同影响,且较低的温度是大型溞休眠卵形成的主要诱因.     

不同种类农药表面活性剂对大型溞的急性毒性

运用评价化学品对水生生物毒性的标准试验方法,比较了39种非离子型、6种阴离子型和3种阳离子型的常用代表性表面活性剂对大型溞的急性毒性.结果表明:3种阳离子型表面活性剂1427、1227及C8-10的急性毒性均为剧毒,其中1427毒性最高,EC50值为0.97×10-2 mg·L-1;非离子型表面活性剂中蓖麻油聚氧乙烯醚、吐温和斯潘系列乳化剂均为低毒,而烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚系列和脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚系列表面活性剂的毒性稍偏高,而AEO-7和AEO-5的毒性达到高毒水平,EC50值分别为0.82和0.97 mg·L-1,且此类表面活性剂脂溶性越大,对大型溞的毒性越大;大部分阴离子表面活性剂的毒性为中毒,但NNO表现为高毒,EC50值为0.17 mg·L-1.     

On the effects of Dikonirt (sodium salt of 2.4-Dichlorophenoxi-acetic acid) on the mortality and reproduction of Daphnia magna

The effects of sodium salt of 2.4-Dichlorophenoxi-acetic acid (2.4-D-Na) on the mortality and reproduction ofDaphnia magna have been tested.The mortality tests were performed in experiments with duration time of 24, 48 and 96 h at the temperatures of 15 and 20 °C. The toxic effect increased by 11–16 regarding 47% with increasing of temperature and exposure time.This herbicide (Dikonirt) affected adversely the reproduction of daphnids at concentration lower than tenth of LC₅₀ value.