高中生与大学生飞行学员基本认知能力的比较研究

目的:比较高中生与大学生在空军招飞基本认知能力测验成绩上是否存在差异。方法:用完全随机设计的方法,采用新编飞行员基本认知能力测验,包括无意义图形记忆、注意力持久、局部整体图形转换、图形识别、距离判断力、三维空间认知能力测验,对720名高中生与大学生进行测评,比较两者间的异同。结果:无意义图形记忆、注意力持久,局部整体图形转换,图形识别,距离判断力测验,大学生的成绩要优于高中生的成绩,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);大学生与高中生的三维空间认知能力测验成绩在统计学上没有显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:大学生的记忆力、注意力的持久性和转换性、观察力等基本认知能力水平高于高中生,在三维空间认知能力方面二者的水平是相当的,建议在今后的招飞工作中可扩大对大学生的招生规模。     

高中生与大学生飞行学员基本认知能力的比较研究

目的：比较高中生与大学生在空军招飞基本认知能力测验成绩上是否存在差异。方法：用完全随机设计的方法,采用新编飞行员基本认知能力测验,包括无意义图形记忆、注意力持久、局部整体图形转换、图形识别、距离判断力、三维空间认知能力测验,对720名高中生与大学生进行测评,比较两者间的异同。结果：无意义图形记忆、注意力持久,局部整体图形转换,图形识别,距离判断力测验,大学生的成绩要优于高中生的成绩,差异有统计学意义（P（0．05）;大学生与高中生的三维空间认知能力测验成绩在统计学上没有显著差异（P〉O．05）。结论：大学生的记忆力、注意力的持久性和转换性、观察力等基本认知能力水平高于高中生,在三维空间认知能力方面二者的水平是相当的,建议在今后的招飞工作中可扩大对大学生的招生规模。     

Animal-Assisted Therapy and Depression in Adult College Students

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of animal-assisted therapy (A-AT) on self-reported depression in a college population. Forty-four participants were selected on the basis of scores on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). They then were assigned to one of three groups: A-AT in conjunction with psychotherapy (directive group), A-AT only (nondirective group), and control. Standardized regressed BDI posttest scores were used as dependent variables in one-way analysis of variance with treatment as the independent variable. Results revealed significant differences among groups, F(2,41)=3.69, p<.05. Duncan's Multiple Ranges Test indicated that standardized regressed BDI post-test scores differed significantly between nondirective (M=5.67) and control groups (M=10.18).     

Hysterosalpingography in Cynomolgus Monkeys

This paper describes recent success in performing hysterosalpingography in cynomolgus monkeys. The animals were anesthesized, and a needle was manipulated through the cervical canal into the endometrial cavity for injection of contrast material. Difficulties in threading the needle through the canal were due to several blind pouches formed by folds in the cervical mucosa. The uterine lumen and both tubes could be visualized in over 75% of the cases. The study demonstrates that the hysterosalpingography technique can be performed satisfactorily in cynomolgus monkeys.     

Social Awareness in Monkeys

Tests of self-awareness in nonhuman primates have to date beenconcerned almost entirely with the recognition of an animal'sreflection in a mirror. By contrast, we know much less aboutnon-human primates' perception of their place within a socialnetwork, or of their understanding of themselves as individualswith unique sets of social relationships. Here we review evidencethat monkeys who fail the mirror test may nonetheless behaveas if they recognize themselves as distinct individuals, eachof whom occupies a unique place in society and has a specificset of relations with others. A free-ranging vervet monkey,baboon, or macaque recognizes other members of his group asindividuals. He also recognizes matrilineal kin groups, lineardominance rank orders, and behaves as if he recognizes his ownunique place within them. This sense of "social self" in monkeys,however, is markedly different from self-awareness in humans.Although monkeys may behave in ways that accurately place themselveswithin a social network, they are unaware of the knowledge thatallows them to do so: they do not know what they know, cannotreflect on what they know, and cannot become the object of theirown attention.     

Enteric Pathogens in Monkeys

From 1964 to 1967, 6,646 monkeys, representing 10 primate species, were examined for Shigella and Salmonella infections upon arrival at the National Center for Primate Biology. Of these animals, 12% were infected with Shigella, and 75% of the Shigella isolates were S. flexneri 4. The incidence of Salmonella infections decreased from 12 to 3% during the period of study. Epidemiological studies of animals in the colony for 90 days or more indicated no seasonal variation in the occurrence of Shigella and Salmonella. Many of the isolates from incoming monkeys as well as from laboratory-conditioned animals were resistant to chloramphenicol, dihydrostreptomycin, and tetracycline. The possible operation of drug-resistance factors in these infections is discussed.     

When Math Hurts: Math Anxiety Predicts Pain Network Activation in Anticipation of Doing Math

Math can be difficult, and for those with high levels of mathematics-anxiety (HMAs), math is associated with tension, apprehension, and fear. But what underlies the feelings of dread effected by math anxiety? Are HMAs’ feelings about math merely psychological epiphenomena, or is their anxiety grounded in simulation of a concrete, visceral sensation – such as pain – about which they have every right to feel anxious? We show that, when anticipating an upcoming math-task, the higher one’s math anxiety, the more one increases activity in regions associated with visceral threat detection, and often the experience of pain itself (bilateral dorso-posterior insula). Interestingly, this relation was not seen during math performance, suggesting that it is not that math itself hurts; rather, the anticipation of math is painful. Our data suggest that pain network activation underlies the intuition that simply anticipating a dreaded event can feel painful. These results may also provide a potential neural mechanism to explain why HMAs tend to avoid math and math-related situations, which in turn can bias HMAs away from taking math classes or even entire math-related career paths.     

Embraces and Grooming in Captive Spider Monkeys

Relatively little information is available regarding the role of social grooming and embraces in spider monkeys that live in fission-fusion societies in which individuals are usually split into subgroups. We investigated whether embraces and grooming have similar roles in captive spider monkeys by examining their occurrence in two contexts. One context was fusion, i.e. when the monkeys moved into an area of the enclosure where other monkeys were present, in which individuals from different subgroups were expected to exchange greeting behavior. The other context was the access to young infants, in which females were expected increase their friendly behavior toward mothers. We collected data by observing all individuals within a subgroup and via focal animal sampling. We found that overall embraces occurred more frequently than grooming and that their distributions were not correlated. The frequency of embraces was positively associated with the number of fusion events per observation, whereas the frequency of grooming bouts was not. Furthermore, embraces were more frequent following initial approaches after fusion versus subsequent approaches, and the figure was higher than the corresponding one for grooming. Mothers received more embraces after than before the birth of their infants, whereas there was no such effect for grooming. Embraces, but not grooming, play a role in the regulation of social relationships in spider monkeys. Embraces may serve as signals of benign disposition in contexts that are likely to be associated with tension, such as fusion and access to infants.     

Inflammatory Bowel Disease Among College Students

Of 52 student patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease who were observed at Stanford University over a three-year period, 16 had Crohn disease, 17 had ulcerative colitis and 19 had ulcerative proctitis. Patients with ulcerative colitis had relatively few complications. During the study period, only two students from the entire group of 52 were obliged to interrupt college attendance because of bowel disease or complications. Of the patients, 33 were first observed on remission or attained remission during the three-year observation period. Incidence and prevalence rates for Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis were comparable with age-specific rates from other published studies. At Stanford, the high reported frequency of proctitis, which exceeded that of proximal ulcerative colitis, was possibly a reflection of the diagnostic zeal with which patients with rectal bleeding were evaluated at the student health service.     

大学生诚信缺失的思考与对策

大学生诚信问题是高等院校关注的焦点,热点问题。从总体上看,大学生诚信道德状况主流是好的,由于受各种不良因素的影响,不少学生的诚信道德不容乐观,令人担忧。本文通过大学生诚信现状分析,从社会,学校,家庭和学生个人四个角度探究诚信缺失的原因,并提出大学生诚信建设的教育计划和具体措施。     

New World Monkeys and Color

The visual worlds of most primates are rich with potential color signals, and many representatives of the order have evolved the biological mechanisms that allow them to exploit these sources of information. Unlike the catarrhines, platyrrhines typically have sex-linked polymorphic color vision that provides individuals with any of several distinct types of color vision, including both trichromatic and dichromatic variants. In recent years, this polymorphism has been the target of an expanding range of research efforts. As a result, researchers now reasonably understand the proximate biology underlying the polymorphisms, and a number of ideas have emerged as to their evolution. Progress has also been made in illuminating how color vision capacities may be related to the particular visual tasks that New World monkeys face.