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1.
为揭示散孔材与环孔材树种树木水分生理特性的差异,选取了常见的3种散孔材落叶树种(毛白杨、法国梧桐和樱花)和3种环孔材落叶树种(刺槐、合欢和白蜡),研究了其枝干与叶水力学性质的差异及其协调性。结果表明:3种环孔材树种枝干横截面积基础上的最大比导水率(Ks-max)大于3种散孔材树种,但其木质部对空穴化的脆弱性(P50branch)高于散孔材树种,6种树木枝干的水分传输能力和抵抗空穴化能力之间存在一种相互制约的权衡关系。3种散孔材与3种环孔材树种的叶最大水力导度(Kl-max)和水力脆弱性(P50leaf)并无显著差异;对于3种散孔材树种,叶的水力脆弱性要高于枝干,但对3种环孔材树种而言,枝干的水力脆弱性要高于叶。6种树木枝干和叶的水力学性质(Kmax、P50)之间并无相关关系。这些结果表明:散孔材与环孔材树种的枝干水力学特性有明显差异,但叶水力学特性无差异;枝干与叶水力学性质之间是相互独立的。 相似文献
2.
选取树龄相同的3种散孔材(杨树、梧桐和樱花)和3种环孔材(刺槐、合欢和白蜡)树种,用3种不同方法(解剖法、加压法和水容法)研究了其叶水力导度的差异及与抗旱性(PV曲线参数)的关系.结果显示:解剖法估算的最大叶水力导度高于加压法和水容法,加压法和水容法在6个树种中的5个上测定值完全一致,3种散孔材与环孔材树种的叶最大水力导度无显著差异.3种散孔材树种的饱和渗透势和膨压损失点渗透势与3种环孔材相比差异不大,但膨压损失点的相对含水量则低于环孔材树种,质外体含水量高于环孔材树种,导致其综合抗旱性指数也高于3种环孔材树种.研究表明,散孔材和环孔材树种的叶最大水力导度与其抗旱性之间并无显著相关关系. 相似文献
3.
采用Granier树干液流监测系统, 于2014年6-9月份监测河南信阳鸡公山自然保护区内的枫香(散孔材)和栓皮栎(环孔材)水分利用特征及其对环境因子的响应。结果显示: 在7月份干旱天气和虫灾情况下, 导致环孔材树种叶面积大量减少, 7-9月份期间枫香和栓皮栎的日间平均树干液流密度值分别为33.1 g·m–2·s–1和24.8 g·m–2·s–1; 而6月份的数值分别为31.6 g·m–2·s–1和44.2 g·m–2·s–1。枫香和栓皮栎的树干液流密度与大气水汽压亏缺(VPD)呈对数函数关系, 决定系数R2分别为0.38和0.91。液流速率与lnVPD的斜率/ VPD =1下的液流速率, 枫香和栓皮栎分别为0.62和2.87; 此比值受栓皮栎的叶面积和水力导度的影响。枫香的实际蒸腾速率普遍比通过方程计算的预测值低。由于栓皮栎水分利用对环境的较高敏感性, 水分胁迫会导致水分利用下降从而影响生长速率, 进而减缓木材产出的时间。因此在气候变化背景下(极端干旱事件频繁发生), 需要根据不同的林业管理目标合理配置两种木材结构树种。 相似文献
4.
不同材性树种的解剖、叶脉分布等结构性状差异会影响树木的水分运输效率和水分利用策略, 进而限制树木的生存、生长和分布。然而, 材性对叶导水率、水力脆弱性及其潜在的权衡关系的影响尚不清楚。该研究选择东北温带森林中不同材性的9种树种(散孔材: 山杨(Populus davidiana)、紫椴(Tilia amurensis)、白桦(Betula platyphylla); 环孔材: 蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)、水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica)、胡桃楸(Juglans mandshurica); 无孔材: 红皮云杉(Picea koraiensis)、樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica)、红松(Pinus koraiensis), 测量其基于叶面积和叶质量的叶导水率(Karea和Kmass)、水力脆弱性(P50)、膨压丧失点水势(TLP)及叶结构性状, 以比较不同材性树种叶水力性状的差异, 并探索叶水力效率与安全的权衡关系。结果表明: 3种材性树种的Karea、Kmass和P50均差异显著(p < 0.05)。无孔材树种的Karea和Kmass最低, 而散孔材和环孔材树种差异不显著; 环孔材树种P50最高, 而散孔材和无孔材树种差异不显著。Karea和Kmass均与P50显著负相关(p < 0.05), 但散孔材、环孔材和无孔材树种的相关关系分别呈线性、幂函数和指数函数关系。这表明叶水力效率与安全之间存在一定的权衡关系, 但该关系受树木材性的影响。Kmass与TLP显著负相关(p < 0.01), 其中散孔材和环孔材树种呈线性负相关, 无孔材树种呈负指数函数关系; P50随TLP的增加而增加, 这表明树木在面临水分胁迫时, 其质外体和共质体抗旱阻力共同协调保护叶片活细胞, 防止其水分状况到达临界阈值。Kmass与叶干物质含量、叶密度、比叶重均显著负相关, 而P50与之显著正相关(p < 0.01, P50与比叶重的关系除外), 表明树木叶水力特性的变化受相同叶结构特性驱动, 树木增加对水力失调的容忍需要在叶水力系统构建上增加碳投资。 相似文献
5.
研究了冬小麦-夏玉米→春玉米轮作中,长期施用磷肥、有机肥对土壤总磷库、无机磷库的影响及磷肥的产量效应.结果表明,长期施用磷肥、有机肥土壤全磷、总无机磷均有不同程度的积累,土壤磷素的积累以无机磷为主.根据土壤磷素的收支平衡状况,计算出维持土壤磷素收支平衡磷肥的临界用量:冬小麦-夏玉米种植年份为P2O594.7kg·hm-2,春玉米种植年份为P2O551.5kg·hm-2.根据肥料效应函数计算出磷肥(P2O5)的经济最佳、最高产量用量分别为:冬小麦-夏玉米种植年份为135.8、149.8kg·hm-2,春玉米种植年份为88.6、95.9kg·hm-2. 相似文献
6.
三株耐铅锌菌的分离、鉴定及其吸附能力 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
以铅锌矿渣盆栽试验中长势较好的耐性植物夹竹桃(Nerium indicum)的根际土壤为材料,进行耐铅锌优势菌株的分离鉴定,探讨影响铅锌吸附的因素及其吸附机理。结果表明:(1)从土样中分离筛选出3株耐铅锌菌株(B1、B4、B14),3株菌均能在Pb2+、Zn2+浓度为600 mg·L-1的牛肉膏蛋白胨培养基上生长,经形态和分子生物学鉴定分别为蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)或炭疽杆菌(Bacillus anthracis)、解硫胺素硫胺素芽孢杆菌(Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus)和藤黄微球菌(Micrococcus luteus)。(2)对影响菌株吸附铅、锌的p H、吸附时间、初始菌量3个因素进行分析,发现菌株B1在p H为5.0、吸附时间为50 min、初始菌量为0.06 g时,对Pb2+、Zn2+的去除率分别可达84.22%和70.66%。菌株B4在p H为6.0、吸附时间为50 min、初始菌量为0.18 g时,对Pb2+、Zn2+的去除率分别可达72.63%和54.17%。菌株B14在p H为4.0、吸附时间为60 min、初始菌量为0.10 g时对Pb2+、Zn2+的吸附率分别为77.56%和50.63%。(3)扫描电镜观察和红外光谱分析显示:3株菌对Pb2+、Zn2+的吸附主要是细胞表面的吸附,还存在一定的内部吸收;羟基(O-H)、胺基(N-H)、烷基、酰胺基(CONH-)是吸附、络合或螯合金属离子或原子的主要活性基团,重金属与菌株表面的活性基团结合反应是其吸附Pb2+、Zn2+的主要作用机制。 相似文献
7.
《植物生态学报》2016,40(7):702
Aims Trees with different wood properties display variations in xylem anatomy and leaf vein structure, which may influence tree water transport efficiency and water-use strategy, and consequently constrain tree survival, growth and distribution. However, the effects of wood properties on leaf hydraulic conductance and vulnerability and their potential trade-offs at leaf level are not well understood. Our aims were to examine variations in leaf hydraulic traits of trees with different wood properties and explore potential trade-offs between leaf hydraulic efficiency and safety.
Methods Nine tree species with different wood properties were selected for measuring the leaf hydraulic traits, including three diffuse-porous species (Populus davidiana, Tilia amurensis, Betula platyphylla), three ring-porous species (Quercus mongolica, Fraxinus mandshurica, Juglans mandshurica), and three non-porous species (Picea koraiensis, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, Pinus koraiensis). Four dominant and healthy trees per species were randomly selected. The hydraulic traits measured included leaf hydraulic conductance on leaf area (Karea) and dry mass (Kmass) basis, leaf hydraulic vulnerability (P50), and leaf water potential at turgor loss point (TLP), while the leaf structural traits were leaf dry mass content (LDMC), leaf density (LD) and leaf mass per unit area (LMA).
Important findings The Karea, Kmass, and P50 differed significantly among the tree species with different woody properties (p < 0.05). Both Karea and Kmass were the lowest for the non-porous trees, and did not differ significantly between the diffuse-porous and ring-porous trees. The ring-porous trees had the highest P50 values, while the diffuse-porous and non-porous trees showed no significant differences in P50. Both Karea and Kmass were negatively correlated with P50 (p < 0.05) for all the trees, and the relationships for the diffuse-porous, ring-porous, and non-porous trees were fitted into linear, power, exponential functions, respectively. This indicates that significant trade-offs exist between leaf hydraulic efficiency and safety. The Kmass was correlated (p < 0.01) with TLP in a negative linear function for the diffuse- and ring-porous trees and in a negative exponential function for the non-porous trees. The P50 increased with increasing TLP. These results suggest that apoplastic and symplastic drought resistance are strictly coordinated in order to protect living cells from approaching their critical water status under water stresses. The Kmass was negatively correlated (p < 0.01) with LDMC, LD, or LMA, while the P50 was positively correlated with LDMC and LD; this suggests that variations in Kmass and P50 are driven by similar changes in structural traits regardless of wood traits. We conclude that the tree tolerance to hydraulic dysfunction increases with increasing carbon investment in the leaf hydraulic system. 相似文献
Methods Nine tree species with different wood properties were selected for measuring the leaf hydraulic traits, including three diffuse-porous species (Populus davidiana, Tilia amurensis, Betula platyphylla), three ring-porous species (Quercus mongolica, Fraxinus mandshurica, Juglans mandshurica), and three non-porous species (Picea koraiensis, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, Pinus koraiensis). Four dominant and healthy trees per species were randomly selected. The hydraulic traits measured included leaf hydraulic conductance on leaf area (Karea) and dry mass (Kmass) basis, leaf hydraulic vulnerability (P50), and leaf water potential at turgor loss point (TLP), while the leaf structural traits were leaf dry mass content (LDMC), leaf density (LD) and leaf mass per unit area (LMA).
Important findings The Karea, Kmass, and P50 differed significantly among the tree species with different woody properties (p < 0.05). Both Karea and Kmass were the lowest for the non-porous trees, and did not differ significantly between the diffuse-porous and ring-porous trees. The ring-porous trees had the highest P50 values, while the diffuse-porous and non-porous trees showed no significant differences in P50. Both Karea and Kmass were negatively correlated with P50 (p < 0.05) for all the trees, and the relationships for the diffuse-porous, ring-porous, and non-porous trees were fitted into linear, power, exponential functions, respectively. This indicates that significant trade-offs exist between leaf hydraulic efficiency and safety. The Kmass was correlated (p < 0.01) with TLP in a negative linear function for the diffuse- and ring-porous trees and in a negative exponential function for the non-porous trees. The P50 increased with increasing TLP. These results suggest that apoplastic and symplastic drought resistance are strictly coordinated in order to protect living cells from approaching their critical water status under water stresses. The Kmass was negatively correlated (p < 0.01) with LDMC, LD, or LMA, while the P50 was positively correlated with LDMC and LD; this suggests that variations in Kmass and P50 are driven by similar changes in structural traits regardless of wood traits. We conclude that the tree tolerance to hydraulic dysfunction increases with increasing carbon investment in the leaf hydraulic system. 相似文献
8.
Adam Miodek Aldona Gizińska Wiesław Włoch Paweł Kojs 《Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society》2021,96(6):2911-2924
Despite extensive knowledge about vessel element growth and the determination of the axial course of vessels, these processes are still not fully understood. They are usually explained as resulting primarily from hormonal regulation in stems. This review focuses on an increasingly discussed aspect – mechanical conditions in the vascular cambium. Mechanical conditions in cambial tissue are important for the growth of vessel elements, as well as other cambial derivatives. In relation to the type of stress acting on cambial cells (compressive versus tensile stress) we: (i) discuss the shape of the enlarging vessel elements observed in anatomical sections; (ii) present hypotheses regarding the location of intrusive growth of vessel elements and cambial initials; (iii) explain the relationship between the growth of vessel elements and fibres; and (iv) consider the effect of mechanical stress in determining the course of a vessel. We also highlight the relationship between mechanical stress and transport of the most extensively studied plant hormone – auxin. We conclude that the integration of a biomechanical factor with the commonly acknowledged hormonal regulation could significantly enhance the analysis of the formation of vessel elements as well as entire vessels, which transport water and minerals in numerous plant species. 相似文献
9.
李姝雯;汤璐瑶;张博纳;叶琳峰;童金莲;谢江波;李彦;王忠媛 《植物生态学报》2025,49(2):282-294
伴随着降水特征变化(如干旱、干季延长或干湿交替加剧), 与之相耦合的植物功能性状也将随之发生变异, 继而引发植物功能性状的协作关系(单个器官内或多个器官间)发生相应调整, 以此为基础的植物行为和适应策略随之改变。但对这一过程背后的数量关系和作用机制仍然不清楚。以功能性状为切入点, 沿降水梯度带跨区域原位测量共有种对气候环境的特异性反应, 量化这些特异性反应背后的性状-环境关系, 阐明其调控机制, 揭示共有种功能性状及其适应策略的区域分异规律, 将为气候治理提供数据支撑和坚实的科学基础。该研究在中国东南至西北的降水梯度带上选取10个样地, 以样带共有种榆树(Ulmus pumila)为实验对象, 测量其枝和叶共28个功能性状。分析了榆树枝和叶性状以及性状间权衡关系的区域分异规律, 进一步量化不同器官(枝和叶)间功能性状协作关系沿降水梯度带的区域分异, 揭示了榆树对不同水分环境的适应策略。结果表明: (1)在湿润区, 榆树枝条具有最大的输水效率(Ks)和最小的栓塞抗性(P50); 随降水量减少, 叶片厚度、叶组织紧密度增加, 榆树的抗旱能力增强。(2)在整个降水梯度带上, 榆树同一器官(枝)内及不同器官(枝和叶)间均存在效率-安全权衡; 但在区域尺度上, 这种权衡关系随降水量的减少而解耦。(3)枝和叶功能性状相关分析表明: 在整个降水梯度带上, 最大净光合速率(Pn)和比叶质量(LMA)均与Ks负相关, 与P50正相关。榆树通过枝水分运输能力和叶功能性状(叶片厚度和气孔打开比率)协同调控光合能力, 枝和叶功能性状的调整与协作是榆树适应不同水分环境的重要机制。 相似文献
10.
《植物生态学报》2020,44(3):192
木质藤本是热带森林的重要组成部分, 显著影响森林的结构和功能。已有研究发现木质藤本与乔木的水力结构存在显著差异: 木质藤本的缠绕或攀缘茎细小, 但其木质部具有粗大的长导管, 输水效率高, 抗栓塞能力低。为降低基因型差异对比较结果的影响, 该研究选取热带崖豆藤属(Millettia)和买麻藤属(Gnetum)的乔木和木质藤本, 比较同属内不同生长型植物的水力和光合性状的差异, 分析水分传导效率与抗栓塞能力之间以及水力与光合性状之间的相关关系。结果发现: (1)崖豆藤属植物水力性状的种间差异大, 与生活型和需光性有关。耐阴的木质藤本反而具有较低的水分传导效率和较高的抗栓塞能力。(2)买麻藤属植物是裸子植物较为进化的类群(具有导管和阔叶), 其乔木的水分传导效率很低, 但是其木质藤本的水分传导效率高于其他阳生性的被子植物。(3)不论乔木还是木质藤本, 水分传导的有效性与安全性在枝条和叶片水平上均没有显著的权衡关系。(4)与同属乔木相比, 木质藤本的叶片较枝条的抗栓塞能力更强, 在旱季具有更高的最大净光合速率和气孔导度, 支持了木质藤本的“旱季生长优势假说”。该研究揭示了热带木质藤本水力性状的多样性和重要性, 为阐明环境变化对这一重要植物类群的影响, 需要对它们的水力特征进行更广泛的研究。 相似文献
11.
水是植物生存与生长的基础条件, 水分有效性影响植物木质部解剖结构、水力功能, 使之形成特定的适应特征。因此, 对比自然与人工生境中同一植物的水力功能与解剖结构差异, 有助于理解植物对水分环境的适应机理。该研究以湿润区三角槭(Acer buergerianum)、青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)和女贞(Ligustrum lucidum)为研究材料, 对比分析了自然和人工生境中各物种的栓塞抗性(导水率损失50%时的水势(P50))、输水效率(比导率(Ks))和解剖结构(导管直径(D)、导管壁厚(T)、导管密度(N)、木质部密度(WD)、厚度跨度比(t/b)2)特征, 探究了同生境种内与跨生境、跨物种水平的效率-安全权衡关系, 量化分析了水力功能与解剖结构的关系。结果发现: 1) 3种被子植物在自然生境中Ks更大, P50更小, 与其更大的D、更小的(t/b)2有关。2)同生境种内Ks与P50不存在权衡。3)功能性状和解剖结构相关分析表明: 同生境种内D与P50不存在显著的相关关系; 除自然生境女贞外, T、(t/b)2均与P50正相关。相对于人工生境, 在水分有效性低或无额外浇灌的自然生境中, 植物通过增大导管直径显著提高其输水效率, 从而避免水势下降、降低潜在栓塞风险。 相似文献