苏南山区不同斑块中香果树种群的结构与更新

生境片段化形成隔离的斑块状小种群,目前关于珍稀濒危树种不同斑块的种群结构及更新方式研究较少。以种群生命表和生存分析理论为基础,采用空间代替时间和分段匀滑技术,研究苏南山区国家Ⅱ级珍稀濒危植物香果树5个斑块种群的大小结构、生命表及萌枝率。结果表明:不同斑块香果树种群结构存在波动性,种群总体趋于DeeveyⅡ型,其幼年阶段个体较丰富;香果树种群死亡率和消失率变化趋势基本一致,均出现2个高峰(第Ⅰ和第Ⅴ龄级);其种群生存率单调下降,累计死亡率单调上升,但从第Ⅴ龄级均趋于平缓。不同斑块的萌枝率和Magini更新指数差异显著。尽管萌枝更新可以延缓斑块种群的灭绝时间,但部分斑块的小种群因人为干扰已受到严重威胁。     

孑遗落叶阔叶树种微地形空间分异格局及共存机制研究概述

漫长历史时期的气候条件对生物多样性的现代分布格局产生了深远影响,分析以孑遗植物为优势种群落的分布格局、种群更新类型与适应策略,可揭示气候变化下孑遗植物的残存机制.本文以孑遗植物的群落生态学研究为视角,在综述孑遗落叶阔叶树种的定义、分布与生境特征、种间关系、种群更新与群落维持、植物性状与生境响应的基础上,提出在区域孑遗植物多样性研究中,应从微地形-植被关系入手,应用微地形单元的分类体系与手法,以微地形单元上斑块状植物群落为对象,分析其生境特征、种群结构、群落动态以及植物性状,揭示微地形梯度孑遗植物群落的分异格局,阐明区域内多种孑遗落叶阔叶树种的共存机制;结合植物群落谱系结构分析,进一步阐明孑遗植物群落的残存机制,有助于丰富我国亚热带山地植物多样性研究及保护生态学理论.     

舜皇山的香果树

在湖南新宁舜皇山森林公园桫椤江景区的山谷里,沿溪3公里,成片分布着上千株香果树(Emmenopterys henryi),这是罕见的香果树群落。海拔1100米以下,因人类活动频繁,古木大树已不存在,依稀可见大树桩。但高5—10米的幼树随处可见;海拔1200米以上山谷,尚存有高20余米,胸径粗60厘米以上的原生型大树。这里的香果树与缺萼枫香、伯乐树、灯台树、海通、云山青刚、水青冈、长叶石栎、峨眉含笑、五角枫等组成常绿落叶阔叶混交林。 香果树是我国特有的单种属古老孑遗植物,属茜草科,别名神木、丁木、野茄瓜树。《中国珍稀濒危植物》将其列为稀有种,而林业部则将     

神农架地区河岸带中领春木种群数量特征与空间分布格局

 东亚特有珍稀濒危植物领春木(Euptelea pleiospermum)在神农架地区集中分布于河岸带中。为初步探讨领春木在河岸带集中分布的成因和维持机制, 在神农架地区4条河流——沿渡河、香溪河、南河和堵河的河岸带, 共设置了30个样方(20 m × 30 m), 从种群的大小级结构、静态生命表、存活曲线、空间分布格局及其动态5个方面分析了神农架地区河岸带中领春木种群的数量特征与空间分布格局。结果表明: 1) 幼龄期个体缺乏, 中龄期个体相对丰富, 老龄期个体数量稀少。纺锤型的大小级结构表明种群属于衰退型, 但是以萌蘖为主要更新方式使其种群在较长一段时间内得以维持; 2)现存的Ⅰ、Ⅱ级个体数少, 导致静态生命表中Ⅰ、Ⅱ级个体死亡率出现负值, 自疏现象造成第Ⅳ级个体出现死亡率高峰, 由于接近实际寿命, 在第Ⅶ级死亡率达到最高; 3) 虽然其幼苗存活率较低, 但由于其幼树的存活率较高, 其存活曲线接近DeeveyⅠ型, 表明该地区河岸带的环境条件较适宜领春木种群的生长; 4) 空间分布格局总体为聚集分布, 这与大多数珍稀植物种群一致。人为干扰和自然环境影响其分布格局, 使种群由聚集分布向随机分布发展。因此使领春木种群在河岸带中沿海拔呈现“一带多岛”现象; 5) 从幼龄期到中龄期再到老龄期, 不同发育阶段的领春木种群的分布格局由聚集分布逐渐变为随机分布。但由于分布格局受种群本身生物学特性、自然环境因素(如坡向和海拔)和人为干扰的影响, 领春木在不同河岸带中的分布格局有所差异。     

不同光环境下亚热带常绿阔叶树种和落叶阔叶树种幼苗的叶形态和光合生理特征

由于地球环境的演变,亚热带常绿阔叶林中常有落叶阔叶成分的存在,但从生态角度,其存在的机理尚不清楚.通过比较研究常绿阔叶优势树种大头茶与落叶阔叶树种枫香幼苗的叶形态和光合生理特征对不同光环境(旷地、林窗、林下)的响应,尝试解释落叶成分遗留的基础.结果表明:①枫香具有较小的比叶重(LMA)和较高的光合氮利用效率(PNUE),在高光环境中,并未受到光抑制,具有较高的光合可塑性,尤其在林窗,表现出较大头茶高3倍的光合能力(Pnmax),保证了其在较短的生长季节积累更多的光合产物,增强与常绿树种的竞争力;②常绿阔叶树种大头茶具有较大的LMA,在旷地受到严重的光抑制,将更多的氮用于化学防御中.在林窗和林下具有相对高的Pnmax,生长幅度较广,但在林下将更多的氮投入到比生长更为重要的生存消耗中.而枫香在林下响应表现为Rubisco活性降低,光合受阻;③两树种在林窗均表现出较高的光合适应性,具有最大的光合能力(Pnmax)及合理的氮在光合机构中的分配系数,说明林窗是它们更新的最佳环境.但枫香的光合作用更依赖于光照,而大头茶则更依赖于CO2浓度;④总之,落叶阔叶树种以其较高的形态可塑性和对高光的光合生理可塑性能够在常绿阔叶林种生存、生长,并成为常绿阔叶林中固有成分的主要原因之一.     

残存银杏群落的结构及种群更新特征

银杏是现存裸子植物中最古老的孑遗植物,也是银杏纲植物现存的唯一种,但其自然群落和种群生态学特征至今尚未明晰。对分布于贵州省和重庆市交界的大娄山区7个地点的残存银杏群落的物种组成、垂直结构、主要组成种的种群大小级结构等群落结构特征以及银杏种群更新特征进行了研究。林木层共记录到82个种,其中常绿针叶树3种,常绿阔叶树和落叶阔叶树分别为37种和42种;各群落中相对优势度均以落叶阔叶树为高,银杏在7个样方中为顶极优势种,其中在6个样方中为单优势种。银杏群落林木层在垂直结构上一般可分为3层,银杏为乔木层的主要成分。各个群落中银杏种群的大小级结构均为逆-J型或多峰型,更新连续,而其余种类多为单峰型。不同微地形单元上银杏具有不同的萌枝特性,沟谷生境中银杏的萌枝率显著高于下部边坡和崖锥,有萌个体率的差异是主要的贡献因子,而银杏的萌枝能力与主干的胸径无显著关联。残存银杏群落为典型的发育在不稳定立地上的落叶阔叶林地形顶级群落,银杏通过萌枝维系种群的长期存留和群落的相对稳定。群落中银杏、红豆杉(Taxus chinensis)、红椿(Toona ciliata)和川黄檗(Phellodendron chinense)等多种珍稀濒危植物共存,有必要从群落层次上加强对残存银杏群落的保护。     

不同光环境下枫香幼苗的叶片解剖结构

落叶阔叶树种枫香是常绿阔叶林的优势种之一。对比研究了重庆丰都世坪林场不同光环境下枫香幼苗叶片的解剖特征,结果表明:1)旷地枫香叶片的厚度大,气孔个体较大且排列紧密,栅栏组织发达,具有明显的旱生叶特征;而林下的枫香叶片明显变薄,气孔小且排列稀疏,海绵组织发达,具有一定的阴生叶特征;2)不同光环境下,气孔密度、栅栏组织的厚度和层数、栅栏细胞长度以及栅栏组织与海绵组织厚度比(P/S)等具有较高的可塑性,表明这些因素对于枫香适应不同光环境具有较大的作用;3)从叶片解剖特征与功能的统一来看,阳性树种枫香幼苗更适合生长在旷地等高光生境中,而不易生长在郁闭的林下;4)落叶阔叶树种在中亚热带常绿阔叶林群落恢复与演替中具有重要作用。     

天目山常绿落叶阔叶混交林优势种生物量变化及群落演替特征

利用天目山自然保护区内设立的典型亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林1 hm~2固定样地为基础,分别对1996年和2012年(时间跨度为16年)的实地调查监测数据进行综合处理分析,包括优势种的生态位宽度、生态位重叠、种间联结和生物量等方面对其群落演替特征进行深入探讨。结果表明:1996年到2012年中,优势种生态位宽度指数下降的有青钱柳(Cyclocarya paliurus)和缺萼枫香(Liquidambar acalycina),而上升较明显的有小叶青冈(Cyclobalanopsis myrsinifolia)和东南石栎(Lithocarpus harlandii);并且2012年优势种相比于1996年生态位重叠程度更高;1996年和2012年胸径(DBH)≥10 cm的乔木树种的总生物量分别为151.03 t和148.53 t,而2012年优势种胸径5—10 cm幼树的总生物量达到10.03 t,增长潜力较大。结果总体上与天目山常绿落叶阔叶混交林演替趋势相吻合,并以此揭示天目山亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林群落演替规律提供数据支撑与借鉴。     

濒危植物长苞铁杉的年龄结构与空间格局的研究

长苞铁杉(Nothotsuga longibracteata)是我国特有的古老孑遗的单种属植物,对研究松科植物的系统发育及古生态、古气候具有重要价值.对福建天宝岩自然保护区长苞铁杉天然林的群落组成、年龄结构和各年龄级的空间分布格局进行了研究.通过设置60 m x72 m的样方,对样方内所有215株长苞铁杉个体定位并划分为16个年龄段,统计伴生种的种类及数量,用Ripley's K(d)函数对各年龄段个体进行空间格局分析.结果表明,伴生种主要为常绿和落叶阔叶树种,不利于长苞铁杉幼苗的更新;该种群经历了3个阶段性的更新期,可能与群落中林窗的形成或周期性的干扰有关;在35 m的半径范围内,长苞铁杉60年以下年龄级个体呈显著的聚集分布,60年以上年龄级个体则变为随机分布,主要是由于长苞铁杉的种子散布和生长特性、种群内和种群间的竞争、种群的自我稀疏过程造成的.     

不同生境下景宁玉兰灌丛萌株形态及其生殖特征

景宁玉兰是萌生能力很强的灌木树种,为了解不同生境下景宁玉兰萌枝形态及其生殖特征,选择了灌丛(SH)、黄山松林(PTF)、落叶阔叶林(DBF)、杉木林(CLF)和林缘(FE)等5种坡向一致的生境类型,通过典型样地调查,比较分析了5种不同生境下景宁玉兰萌枝数量、大小、高度、枝系、开花及结实等性状。结果表明:(1)景宁玉兰在黄山松林下的分布密度最高,但5种生境下景宁玉兰每丛的萌枝数量没有差异,每丛最大萌枝基径对每丛萌枝数有一定影响,但最大萌枝高度与每丛萌枝数没有关系。在所有调查的景宁玉兰居群中,大于2根以上萌枝的灌丛达82.5%,说明萌生更新在种群繁衍中发挥着重要作用。(2)在落叶阔叶林下的萌枝基径显著小于其他生境(P0.05),黄山松林下一级枝粗度和长度显著小于其他生境(P0.05);灌丛中的总分枝率和逐步分枝率最高,灌丛和林缘生境的逐步分枝率(SBR2:3)高于其他生境。(3)生殖萌枝基径(r=0.320,P0.05)和高度(r=0.349,P0.05)与花量均呈显著正相关关系。杉木林下景宁玉兰生殖萌枝的花量显著高于黄山松林、落叶阔叶林和林缘生境(P0.05)。虽然黄山松林下景宁玉兰萌枝开花率及开花萌枝比例最低,但其果实大小、单果种子粒数及每丛结实率却较高(P0.05),(4)景宁玉兰对环境变化极为敏感,生境类型和海拔对萌枝形态和生殖性状均有一定影响。研究表明,景宁玉兰萌生特征主要受其内在生物学特性所控制,而萌枝形态及生殖特征则与其所处环境条件更为密切。     

短尾猴栖息地的季节变化

本文阐述了短尾猴栖息地的季节变化。春季,主要利用海拔570-1600米的常绿阔叶林、常绿、落叶阔叶混交林和落叶阔叶林;夏季,限于海拔1000米以上的落叶阔叶林。秋季的栖息地,在海拔650-1200米常绿阔叶林和常绿、落叶阔叶混交林;冬季仅利用海拔600-900米的常绿阔叶林。此外还报道了短尾猴四季的食物组成。并对栖息地的变化原因,做了初步探讨。     

Post-fire spread of alien plant species in a mixed broad-leaved forest of the Insubric region

How do tree species regenerate and which ecological conditions are required after forest fire in the Insubric region of the Alps? Are indigenous stand-forming tree species resistant over the invasion of alien plant species after such a disturbance? We addressed these questions in a case study in the Swiss canton of Ticino. In April 2006, a surface fire with severe intensity burnt a forest area of 55 ha on a south-facing slope (400-800 m.a.s.l.). The dominant trees in the investigated area were chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.), beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and deciduous oaks (Quercus spp.) mixed with tree species of intermediate height. Vegetation data were collected in May and August 2009 by systematic sampling. Resprouting of the survived trees and generative regeneration were analysed by counting vegetative shoots from sprouting stools, of seedling age, height and damage rate, respectively. Different vegetation structures related to low or high fire intensity were clearly visible three years after the forest fire, creating various habitats for both new invaders and seedlings of the stand-forming trees. The dominant chestnut was the only tree species that regenerated effectively by sprouting from stools. Seedlings of the stand-forming trees grew in high abundance under shadow conditions close to their mother trees which provided the seed source. In contrast, pioneer trees invaded patches where full light was available. Under such conditions the two main woody alien plant species, Ailanthus altissima and Robinia pseudoacacia, grew in high abundance. Due to the different ecological requirements of indigenous and alien tree seedlings, not any interaction between the two groups was detected.     

木论喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶林木本植物萌生特征

萌生更新是植物进行自我更新的重要方式之一。为了阐明喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶林植物的萌生特征,基于木论25 hm²动态监测样地的调查数据,分析了木本植物萌生更新数量特征、不同生活型植物萌生能力的差异、萌生能力与地形因子和萌生能力与物种多样性的关系。研究结果表明：样地具有萌生现象的木本植物共有197种,隶属59个科137个属,分别占样地植物科属种的86.8%、93.7%、91.3%。萌生现象在样地内各物种中普遍存在,滇丁香、长管越南茜、火棘、香叶树等物种的萌生能力较强。不同生活型的植物的萌生能力存在显著差异,常绿树种的萌生能力显著高于落叶树种（P<0.001）。萌生物种丰富度比例及萌生物种个体比例都与群落物种多样性呈显著正相关。萌生能力与土层厚度呈显著负相关,与凹凸度呈显著正相关,此外萌生物种丰富度比例还与海拔呈正相关关系,而萌生物种个体比例与岩石出露率和土壤坡度呈正相关关系。由此可见,作为喀斯特森林群落更新中一种占优势的更新方式,萌生更新在一定程度上能够增加群落物种多样性,萌生能力与地形因子存在一定关联。     

Factors limiting the distribution of deciduous broadleaved trees in warm-temperate mountainous riparian forests

We examined differences in the responses of deciduous and evergreen broadleaved trees to fluvial disturbance and light environment near a river-facing forest edge in order to identify the factors limiting the distribution of deciduous trees, which are important components of warm-temperate mountainous riparian forests. Deciduous trees tended to be distributed on lower terraces of less than 2-m relative elevation from the water level, which corresponded with sites suffering from strong bank erosion due to high flood frequency. On the other hand, evergreen trees showed an opposite trend of distribution, indicating that high flood frequency associated with strong erosion-dominated soil disturbances might be a constraint for their establishment and/or survival. Furthermore, crowns of deciduous trees tended to be in the canopy layer at the forest edge, with fewer individuals observed beneath the canopy of evergreen trees, even at the forest edge. In contrast, evergreen trees were concentrated in the understory of the forest interior. These observations suggested that the light environment is the predominant factor affecting the establishment and survival of deciduous trees in warm-temperate mountainous riparian forests; however, the river-facing forest edge beneath the evergreen canopy is not a suitable habitat for deciduous trees. We concluded that erosion-dominated soil disturbance on lower terraces provides suitable habitats for deciduous trees by facilitating their reaching the canopy layer by limiting the establishment and/or survival of evergreen trees.

     

基于地形因子的天童地区常绿树种和落叶树种共存机制研究

位于亚热带的浙江天童和古田山常绿阔叶林大样地分布有较高比例的落叶树种,那么它们与常绿树种的共存机制是什么?常绿树种和落叶树种生态习性差异较大,二者对生境的选择应有所不同,我们推测生境分化可能是两类植物实现共存的主要机制。为检验该假设,我们以天童20ha动态样地调查数据为依托,选择个体数≥20的55个常绿树种和42个落叶树种作为分析对象,用典范对应分析(CCA)研究了地形因子对二者分布的影响差异,用torus转换检验来分析常绿树种和落叶树种与各类地形生境的关联。结果如下:(1)CCA分析表明地形因子对常绿树种分布的解释量为19.2%,对落叶树种分布的解释量为7.0%。(2)torus转换检验结果表明,与沟谷成正关联的常绿树种和落叶树种的比例分别为16.4%和28.6%,成负关联的比例分别为40%和7%;与山脊成正关联的常绿树种和落叶树种的比例分别为41.8%和4.8%,成负关联的比例分别为10.9%和47.6%;与受干扰生境成正关联的常绿树种和落叶树种的比例分别为16.4%和42.9%。上述结果说明地形对常绿树种分布的影响大于落叶树种;两个植物类群对生境的选择多呈现相反格局,尤其是在沟谷生境和山脊生境,这进一步表明生境分化是常绿树种和落叶树种共存的重要机制之一,生态位理论在一定程度上能较好地解释亚热带常绿阔叶林物种多样性的维持。     

Successional change of forest pattern along topographical gradients in warm-temperate mixed forests in Mt Kiyosumi,central Japan

Forest patterns along topographical gradients were compared between second- and old-growth forested watersheds in a warm-temperate zone of Mt Kiyosumi, central Japan. Three community types were distinguished depending on the topographical habitat type in each watershed, for example, conifer forest was dominated byAbies firma andTsuga sieboldii on ridge sites, evergreen broad-leaved forest was dominated byQuercus acuta, Q. salicina andCastanopsis cuspidata var.sieboldii on slope sites, and deciduous forest was dominated byEuptelea polyandra andCornus controversa in valley sites. Beta diversity and distinctiveness of each topographical community type increased with progression of secondary succession. Conifers and evergreen broad-leaved trees, which were intermingled with each other on ridges and slopes of the second-growth watershed, were in turn restricted to the ridge and slope habitat type, respectively, in the old-growth watershed. The process of this differentiation can be explained by the continuous regeneration of conifers on ridge sites, and its absence on slope sites due to different light conditions caused by progressive canopy closure of evergreen trees on the slope sites toward the old-growth watershed. In the valley type habitat, frequent soil disturbance, such as landslides and soil creep, hinder the continuous growth of late successional evergreen trees, and thus seral or pioneer deciduous trees can persist in the habitat.     

金华北山常绿阔叶林群落结构及优势乔木树种更新类型

以金华北山常绿阔叶林为对象,对群落的结构特征和优势乔木树种的更新进行调查研究。根据调查统计,群落共有维管植物66科115属144种,木本植物中的常绿阔叶树种以壳斗科、樟科、山茶科为主,达到62.96%,体现了亚热带常绿阔叶林的特点。该群落可划分为乔木层、灌木层、草本层和层间4个层次,其物种多样性表现出灌木层乔木层层间草本层的特点。根据径级频率分布形状,将各树种的种群结构归纳为4种类型,并结合各种群的生物学和生态学特性,分别讨论其更新类型,同时对群落所处的演替阶段进行诊断。结果为:(1)群落的建群种为木荷、苦槠,枫香、马尾松等也占有一定优势。(2)种群结构为逆-J字型的木荷、苦槠、香樟,耐荫性强,可以通过实生和萌生两种方式实现种群的更新,是顶极群落的优势种;L型的木、女贞、格药柃等均为常绿阔叶小乔木或者大灌木,是顶极群落亚乔木层和灌木层的主要组成种;间歇型的枫香、麻栎、锥栗等,种群结构具有机会性和波动性,体现出顶级性先锋种的特性;纺锤型的白栎、马尾松和杉木为高大阳性树种,是演替序列中的先锋种,在此群落中种群更新不足,已表现出衰退的迹象。(3)该群落正处于顶级演替的前期,并未达到最终阶段,将进一步向以木荷、苦槠为优势种的方向发展。     

Tertiary relic deciduous forests on a humid subtropical mountain, Mt. Emei, Sichuan, China

The floristic characteristics, age structure and survival modes of Tertiary-relic deciduous forests were analyzed at 1600 m on Mt. Emei (3099 m), Sichuan, China. Three plots were selected to represent typical topographies: Plot 1 at 1620 m on a scree slope, Plot 2 at 1640 m on a slope with moderately rocky soils, and Plot 3 at 1616 m on a gentle slope with less rocky soils. At Plot 1, on the scree slope, the forest was rich in species and dominated by Tertiary remnants and other deciduous trees (Davidia involucrata, Styrax hemsleyana, Cercidiphyllum japonicum var.sinense, Pterocarya hupehensis, Prunus brachypoda, Prunus padus, Tetracentron sinense andStaphylea holocarpa). The relic deciduous tree taxaDavidia, Cercidiphyllum, Tetracentron andEuptelea occupied the unstable concave slopes, where evergreen broad-leaved trees (Castanopsis platycantha andMachilus pingii) were rarely able to survive. On the relatively stable convex slopes of this plot, evergreen trees with small diameter mainly appeared in the subcanopy and shrub layers.Davidia involucrata was the dominant species in this forest. On the slope with moderately rocky soils (Plot 2), the forest was co-dominated by relicDavidia and other deciduous (Styrax andPterocarya), and evergreen trees (Castanopsis andMachilus). On the gentle slope with less rocky soils (Plot 3),Davidia trees were found only in the subcanopy and shrub layers, and the forest was dominated byMachilus, Castanopsis, Styrax andPrunus trees. Regeneration ofDavidia occurs mainly on the scree slope where landslides are most common. The age structure of theDavidia stands indicates that this species is able to survive on the unstable scree habitat due to its strong sprouting ability. The Tertiary-relic deciduous forest on the scree slope is seen to be a topographic climax forest.     

The regeneration process in a mixed forest in central Hokkaido,Japan

The regeneration process in a mixed forest was investigated in Nopporo National Forest, Hokkaido. The analysis of age structure in an 80 m×80 m plot revealed that almost all of the species regenerated intermittently. In eleven gaps observed in the plot, the regeneration of a boreal conifer (Abies sachalinensis) was seldom observed. Temperate hardwoods, even climax species (Acer mono, Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata, Tilia japonica), regenerated vigorously in the gaps. The age structure in ten additional plots scattered all over the forest showed that Abies tended to regenerate synchronously. From previous records, regeneration of Abies could be ascribed to catastrophic storms causing serious windfalls. On the other hand, regeneration of the temperate hardwoods was not synchronous but independent in different places within the forest. They could regenerate not only after those catastrophic storms but also after less severe disturbances which caused the death and fall of one or several trees. It is concluded that the coexistence of boreal coniferous species and temperate deciduous broad-leaved species in mixed forests may be maintained not only by the difference in habitat but also by the balance between the less frequent large disturbances, and the more frequent smaller ones.