芦芽山亚高山草甸的数量分类与排序研究

芦芽山亚高山草甸是在华北地区最典型的山地草甸之一,该草甸在水土保持、生态旅游资源开发和生物多样性保护等方面发挥着重要作用。应用双向指示种分析法（TWINSPAN）和除趋势对应分析（DCA）相结合的方法,对山西芦芽山亚高山草甸进行数越分类和排序,将该草甸划分为13个群丛类型,分别位于不同的海拔高度。分类结果很好地反映了植物群丛类型与环境梯度之间的关系,并在DCA二维排序图上得到较好的验证。DCA排序轴反映了海拔、土壤湿度和坡向的梯度变化,表明海拔高度、水热条件和地形是影响植物群丛变化的主要生态因子。     

芦芽山亚高山草甸优势种群和群落的二维格局分析

种群和群落的二维空间格局研究能够更好地揭示群落的空间和结构特征,但在分析方法上有较大的困难。用垂直相交的两条样带在两个方向上同时取样的二维取样法,获得数据,用一维格局分析方法分别分析,可以得到各个种不同格局规模斑块的长、宽及面积,实现二维格局研究。用DCA排序和格局分析方法相结合,可以完成群落的二维格局分析。在山西芦芽山亚高山草甸应用的结果表明这样的垂直样带二维取样及分析方法较好地反映了种群和群落的空间特性,是非常有效的,并且该方法简单易做,具有较大的可操作性。所研究的草甸主要优势种格局斑块的形状比较规则,面积也较大。次要种斑块多为不规则形,面积也较小。群落格局与主要优势种的格局关系密切。     

芦芽山植物群落的多样性研究

采用丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数对山西芦芽山植物群落的多样性进行了研究,并用相关分析研究了多样性指数间的关系,结果表明：１．随海拔升高物种均匀度指数逐渐增大,而丰富度指数和物种多样性指数和物种多样性指数逐渐减少;２．各植被类型的物种多样性指数排列依次为：落叶阔叶林＞温性针阔叶混交林＞温性针叶林＞寒温性针叶林＞落叶阔叶灌丛＞草甸＞灌草丛;３．多样性指数的ＤＣＡ二维排序图很好地反映了各多样性     

芦芽山亚高山草甸、云杉林土壤有机碳、全氮含量的小尺度空间异质性

分析比较了山西芦芽山不同海拔处分布的亚高山草甸（样地A,海拔2756.3 m;样地B,海拔2542.3 m）和云杉林（样地C,海拔2656.8 m;样地D,海拔2387.2 m）土壤有机碳和全氮的小尺度空间异质性特征。结果表明：相同植被类型下海拔较高的样地有机碳含量较高（A：49.84 g/kg,B：38.33 g/kg,C：47.06 g/kg,D：40.67 g/kg）,而较低海拔的样地土壤有机碳含量的异质性较高;除样地A以外的其他3个样地均表现为高度空间依赖性。亚高山草甸土壤全氮含量的异质性远远高于云杉纯林,四个样地中均表现出强的空间自相关性。亚高山草甸样地土壤有机碳和全氮含量均在较大尺度上空间自相关,云杉纯林样地则表现为较小尺度的空间自相关变异。     

五台山亚高山草甸的β多样性研究

分别应用基于二元属性数据的群落相异性系数、Cody指数、W ilson和Shm ida指数及Sorenson指数和基于数量数据的B ray-Curtis指数对五台山亚高山草甸的β多样性沿海拔梯度的变化规律进行了研究.结果表明:群落相异性系数、Cody指数、W ilson和Shm ida指数总体上随海拔升高呈现相似的变化趋势,但波动幅度有一定差异.B ray-Curtis指数对群落沿海拔梯度的变化更为敏感,它所反映的结果更准确可靠.同时,除海拔梯度外,人为活动干扰也是引起β多样性发生变化的一个不可忽视的重要因素.     

旅游干扰对历山亚高山草甸植物多样性的影响

历山是国家级自然保护区,也是山西省自然保护区中面积最大、物种资源最丰富的自然保护区.运用丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数,结合方差分析研究了旅游干扰对历山舜王坪亚高山草甸植物多样性的影响及其变化规律.结果表明:(1)随着距游径距离的增加,不同样带主要科、属、种的数量均有所上升,毛茛科所含种数增加幅度较大,菊科、蔷薇科、禾本科所含种数变化幅度较小.(2)不同样带植物主要优势种的相对盖度、相对密度、相对高度均发生了不同程度的变化(p〉0.05),距离游径越远,主要优势种的相对盖度、相对密度、相对高度越大;伴人植物则表现出相反的变化趋势,即距离游径越远,伴人植物的相对盖度、相对密度、相对高度越小,个别物种甚至消失(如扁蓄).(3)生活型功能群中,多年生草本植物的种数最多,占总种数的79.24%,1年生植物和灌木合占总种数的20.76%.随着旅游干扰强度的增加,1年生植物的比例略有增加,多年生草本植物的比例略有下降,灌木所占比例较为稳定.(4)随着远离游径,物种丰富度和物种多样性指数略有增加,而物种均匀度指数表现为先升后降的趋势,增减幅度经方差分析未达到显著水平(P〉O.05).鉴于目前旅游活动对历山舜王坪草甸植物多样性的干扰程度,建议保护区应在开展旅游的同时,加强资源的保护和可持续利用. 高度越小,个别物种甚至消失(如扁蓄).(3)生活型功能群中,多年生草本植物的种数最多,占总种数的79.24%,1年生植物和灌木合占总种数的20.76%.随着旅游干扰强度的增加,1年生植物的比例略有增加,多年生草本植物的比例略有下降,灌木所占比例较为稳定.(4)随着远离游径,物种丰富度和物种多样性指数略有增加,而物种均匀度指数表现为先升后降的趋势,增减幅度经方差分析未达到显著水平(P》O.05).鉴于目前旅游活动对历山舜王坪草甸 物多样性的干扰程度,建议保护区应在开展旅游的同时,加强资源的保护和可持续利用. 高度越小,个别物种甚至消失(如扁蓄).(3)生活型功能群中,多年生草本植物的种数最多,占总种数的79.24%,1年生植物和灌木合占总种数的20.76%.随着旅游干扰强度的增加,1年生植物的比例略有增加,多年生草本植物的比例略有下降,灌木所占比例较为稳定.(4)随着远离游径,物种丰富度和物种多样性指数略有增加,而物种均匀度指数表现为先升后降的趋势,增减幅度经方差分析未达到显著水平(P》O.05).鉴于目前旅游活动对历山舜王坪草甸 物多样性的干     

干扰对云顶山亚高山草甸群落物种多样性的影响

放牧等干扰会对亚高山草甸群落的外貌、结构及功能造成影响。为了揭示在外界干扰下云顶山草甸群落的变化规律,对云顶山草甸进行群落学调查,共取45个样方（1×1 m）。在此基础上,应用TWINSPAN对草甸群落进行数量分类;运用丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数分析了不同程度干扰对草甸植物物种多样性的影响及其变化规律。结果表明：该草甸划分为6个群丛,受干扰程度中等的群丛3的丰富度、多样性以及均匀度都最高,受干扰程度轻的群丛1次之,而受干扰程度较重的群丛6最低。同时干扰对该草甸不同植物功能群及不同物种的影响趋势是不一致的。随着干扰程度加重,灌木和豆科等植物在群落中的优势地位逐渐减弱,甚至消失;禾草中的部分种如披针叶苔草（Carex lanceolata）等对干扰响应不明显;毒草和一些杂草种类在群丛中的优势地位明显上升。     

山西吕梁山亚高山草甸物种多样性的时空变化格局

在山西吕梁山系按照纬度从北向南依次选取马伦草原、荷叶坪、云顶山作为研究区,于2015、2016、2017年7月下旬进行亚高山草甸植被群落多样性调查,研究吕梁山亚高山草甸物种多样性不同年份、不同纬度的时空变化格局。结果表明:(1)吕梁山亚高山草甸群落中矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)和珠芽蓼(Polygonum viviparum)、线叶嵩草(Kobresia capillifolia)和珠芽蓼、车前草(Plantago asiatica)和披碱草(Elymus dahuricus)分别为马伦草原、荷叶坪、云顶山的优势种,不同山地植物优势种和次优势种均以菊科(Asteraceae)、蔷薇科(Rosaceae)、莎草科(Cyperaceae)、禾本科(Gramineae)植物为主。(2)吕梁山亚高山草甸物种多样性在不同年份分布较为稳定,Pielou指数在连续3年内均无较大变化; Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和Patrick指数在2016年最高,同时该年份的降水天数也是最多,表明吕梁山亚高山草甸物种多样性在时间上呈现出受降水条件影响较大的变化格局。(3)吕梁山偏南部的云顶山多样性指数高于偏北部的马伦草原和荷叶坪,表明吕梁山亚高山草甸物种多样性在空间上表现出由北向南逐渐升高的变化格局。因此,吕梁山亚高山草甸物种多样性在时空上呈现出受降水条件影响较大,且由北向南逐渐升高的变化格局,降水条件和纬度梯度对该山地亚高山草甸物种多样性的时空变化格局产生了重要影响。     

旅游对北京东灵山亚高山草甸物种多样性影响的初步研究

在1965、1983、1994和2000年4个时期调查数据的基础上,对北京东灵山区亚高山草甸物种多样性变化和生活型谱进行了对比研究,结果显示,近年来东灵山亚高山草甸的物种多样性呈下降趋势,尤其是1983～1994年的下降速度明显加快,利用重要值作为权重参数对不同时期的东灵山亚高山草甸生活型谱进行了比较,所得到的结果反映了20世纪80年代以来,伴随旅游发展而迅速增加的马匹散牧已经对亚高山草甸的群落外貌造成了严重的不良影响,群落高度降低,物种组成改变及植被盖度下降等,说明过度放牧是东灵山亚高山草甸退化的重要影响因素,根据东灵山风景区亚高山草甸目前存在的问题,我们建议当地有关部门科学地确定东灵山风景区旅游容量,首先要严格限制风景区马匹的散牧,关闭风景区内的跑马场和牧马帐蓬,并通过加强宣传、管理和景区的基本建设,充分发挥生态系统的服务功能,实现在保护生态环境的前提下实现资源的持续利用。     

芦芽山自然保护区鸟类垂直分布

为有计划地保护和利用芦芽山自然保护区的鸟类资源提供科学依据,1980年7～9月和1984年3～9月,对本区鸟类进行了初步调查,现将结果报道如下:芦芽山自然保护区地处吕梁山系北部,东经111°50′～112°5′,北纬38°35′～38°45′。主峰芦芽山海拔2772米。本区山峦重叠,沟谷交错,森林密布。主要树种有云杉(Picea spp.)、油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)、白桦(Betula platyphylla)、华北落叶松(Larix principis-rup-rechtii)及辽东栎(Quercus liaotung-gensis)等。年均温3～5℃,1月均温零下15～21℃,7月均温15℃左右。年降水量500～700毫米。无霜期…     

Two-dimensional pattern analysis on dominant species and community in subalpine meadow of Luya Mountain, Shanxi Province, China

The spatial pattern analysis of population and community is important to understand community structure and has become one key topic in modern plant ecology. There are many techniques for analyzing one-dimensional pattern in ecological literature. Two-dimensional pattern analysis is better than one-dimensional analysis in the study on community spatial characteristics and structure. However, it is hard to analyze these two-dimensional patterns due to poor effective methodology. The two-dimensional sampling using two transects that meet at right angles was applied to get quadrat data in this work. And then the data from the two transects were analyzed separately by one-dimensional pattern analysis method, two-term local quadrat variance. The length, width, and area of patches at different scales of pattern for populations were obtained from the analysis. For community pattern, detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) was employed to summarize the species information firstly, and then the first DCA axis scores were analyzed to check its pattern. The application of this method to the pattern analysis on dominant populations and community for subalpine meadow (Comm. Polygonum viviparum + Carex rigescens + Kobresia bellardii) in the Luya mountains showed that it could release the characteristics of spatial pattern clearly and was a very effective technique. The method is easy to use and saves time with obvious advantages, compared with the two-dimensional pattern analysis methods presented in the literatures. In the study meadow, the patterns of the main dominant species, Polygonum viviparum, Carex rigescens, and Kobresia bellardii, were apparent and comparatively regular in shape with large areas of patches at the same scale compared with other species such as Festuca sp. and Thalictrum petaloideum. There were two or three scales of patterns for each plant population studied. This was related to population features, the interaction with environmental factors, and their dominant position in the community. The two scales of patterns for the meadow community were clear. The pattern of community was closely correlated with that of the main dominant species. The patches of dominant species were inter-distributed and overlapped, and formed the community pattern together. This is beneficial for utilization of resources, and keeping the community stable. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25(6): 1264–1268 [译自: 生态学报]     

Two-dimensional pattern analysis on dominant species and community in subalpine meadow of Luya Mountain,Shanxi Province,China

The spatial pattern analysis of population and community is important to understand community structure and has become one key topic in modern plant ecology.There are many techniques for analyzing one-dimensional pattern in ecological literature.Two-dimensional pattern analysis is better than one-dimensional analysis in the study on community spatial characteristics and structure.However,it is hard to analyze these two-dimensional patterns due to poor effective methodology.The two-dimensional sampling using two transects that meet at right angles was applied to get quadrat data in this work.And then the data from the two transects were analyzed separately by one-dimensional pattern analysis method,two-term local quadrat variance.The length,width,and area of patches at different scales of pattern for populations were obtained from the analysis.For community pattern,detrended correspondence analysis (DCA)was employed to summarize the species information firstly,and then the first DCA axis scores were analyzed to check its pattern.The application of this method to the pattern analysis on dominant populations and community for subalpine meadow (Comm.Polygonum viviparum+Carex rigescens+Kobresia bellardii)in the Luya mountains showed that it could release the characteristics of spatial pattern clearly and was a very effective technique.The method is easy to use and saves time with obvious advantages,compared with the twodimensional pattern analysis methods presented in the literatures.In the study meadow,the patterns of the main dominant species,Polygonum viviparum,Carex rigescens,and Kobresia bellardii,were apparent and comparatively regular in shape with large areas of patches at the same scale compared with other species such as Festuca sp.and Thalictrum petaloideum.There were two or three scales of patterns for each plant population studied.This was related to population features,the interaction with environmental factors,and their dominant position in the community.The two scales of patterns for the meadow community were clear.The pattern of community was closely correlated with that of the main dominant species.The patches of dominant species were inter-distributed and overlapped,and formed the community pattern together.This is beneficial for utilization of resources,and keeping the community stable.     

模拟增温对云顶山亚高山草甸水热因子及群落结构的影响

高山草甸作为一种发育在高山林线以上位置的植被类型,高大的海拔促使其对气候变暖响应敏感而迅速,其群落结构在气候变暖影响下发生着显著变化。然而,现在的研究大都集中在诸如极地、青藏高原等高纬度、高海拔地区,对于中低纬度、低海拔地区分布的亚高山草甸研究就显得不足。因此,为了揭示中纬度、低海拔地区亚高山草甸群落结构在气候变暖背景下的动态变化规律,以山西云顶山亚高山草甸为研究对象,设置小幅度增温（OTC₁）和大幅度增温（OTC₂）两种模拟增温实验样地,调查草甸空气-土壤水热因子及植被群落结构特征,探究增温对亚高山草甸水热因子及群落结构的影响。结果表明：（1）在OTC₁和OTC₂处理下,草甸空气呈现暖干化,其中空气温度分别增加3.57℃和和5.04℃（P<0.05）,空气湿度分别减小7.36%和5.23%（P<0.05）;草甸土壤趋向暖湿化,其中土壤温度分别减小0.05℃和增加0.26℃（P<0.05）,土壤水分分别减小0.2%和增加0.62%（P>0.05）。（2）增温对草甸物种多样性产生一定负面影响,但Richness指数、Simpson指数、Shannon指数在不同处理间的差异均不显著（P>0.05）,表明物种多样性对增温响应不敏感。（3）增温促进草甸群落中禾草类植物生长,抑制杂草类植物生长,且随增温幅度变大,群落中不同植物功能型由杂草类向禾草类转化。（4）RDA排序和相关分析表明,空气、浅层土壤温度促进禾草生长,抑制杂草生长;深层土壤温度抑制莎草生长;浅层土壤水分促进禾草生长。因此,增温改变了云顶山亚高山草甸的水热因子状况,导致草甸群落结构发生改变,使之向禾草类植物进行演替。     

紫柏山亚高山草甸群落的种间关联和相关分析

采用方差比率法、x2检验、Jaccard关联指数以及Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数研究了秦岭紫柏山亚高山草甸群落20个主要物种的种间关联与相关性.结果表明:种对间呈显著和极显著关联(相关)的种对较少,x2检验、Pearson相关系数检验和Spearman秩相关系数检验的正负关联(相关)比分别为0.85、0.61和1.02,群落总体上接近无关联,处于相对稳定状态;Spearman秩相关星座图将20个物种划分为4个生态种组,各生态种组内的物种具有相似的生态要求和资源利用方式,不同生态种组间呈现明显的演替转化趋势;种对间呈正关联或者正相关,主要是由于具有相近的生物学特性,对生境具有相似的生态适应性;种对间呈负关联或者负相关,主要由于彼此间具有不同的生物学特性,对生境具有不同的生态适应性和相互分离的生态位所致.     

山西芦芽山植物群落的数量分类

本文在群落样方调查基础上,采用双向指示种分析法（TWINSPAN）和除趋势对应分析（DCA）对山西芦芽山植物群落进行数量分类和排序。TWINSPAN等级分类将芦芽山82个样方分为28类,可归属于7个植被型,分类结果反映了植物群落类型与环境梯度之间的关系,并在 DCA二维排序图上得到较好的验证。DCA排序轴对角线基本反映了海拔、温度和湿度的梯度变化,表明群落生境所在地的海拔、温度和湿度是决定群落分布的主要因素。     

Biomass estimation models and allocation patterns of 14 shrub species in Mountain Luya,Shanxi, China

Aims Shrub species have evolved specific strategies to regulate biomass allocation among various organs or between above- and belowground biomass and shrub biomass model is an important approach to estimate biomass allocation among different shrub species. This study was designed to establish the optimal estimation models for each organ (leaf, stem, and root), aboveground and total biomass of 14 common shrub species in Mountain Luya, Shanxi Province, China. Furthermore, we explored biomass allocation characteristics of these shrub species by using the index of leaf biomass fraction (leaf to total biomass), stem biomass fraction (stem to total biomass), root biomass fraction (root to total biomass), and root to shoot mass ratio (R/S) (belowground to aboveground biomass).
Methods We used plant height, basal diameter, canopy diameter and their combination as variables to establish the optimal biomass estimation models for each shrub species. In addition, we used the ratios of leaf, stem, root to total biomass, and belowground to aboveground biomass to explore the difference of biomass allocation patterns of 14 shrub species.
Important findings Most of biomass estimation models could be well expressed by the exponential and linear functions. Biomass for shorter shrub species with more stems could be better estimated by canopy area; biomass for taller shrub species with less stems could be better estimated by the sum of the square of total base diameter multiply stem height; and biomass for the rest shrub species could be better estimated by canopy volume. The averaged value for these shrub species was 0.61, 0.17, 0.48, and 0.35 for R/S, leaf biomass fraction, stem biomass fraction, and root biomass fraction, respectively. Except for leaf biomass fraction, R/S, stem biomass fraction, and root biomass fraction for shrubs with thorn was significantly greater than that for shrubs without thorn.     

亚高山草甸华灰早熟禾对气候变化的响应

利用亚高山草甸华灰早熟禾生长发育的定位观测资料和相应的气象观测资料,分析了1985—2005年甘肃省玛曲县气候变化对牧草生长发育的影响.结果表明,研究期间,玛曲县降水量的年际变化呈下降趋势,其线性拟合倾向率为-9.895 mm·(10 a)^-1,降水量存在3 a的周期变化;气温的年际变化呈上升趋势,其线性拟合倾向率为0.341 ℃·(10 a) ^-1;华灰早熟禾生长季的干燥指数呈显著上升趋势,其线性拟合倾向率为0.036·(10 a)^-1,20世纪90年代初至2005年明显趋于干旱化.华灰早熟禾返青到籽实成熟约需140～150 d,期间对≥0 ℃积温、降水量、日照时数的要求分别为1000 ℃～1200 ℃、400～450 mm和1000～1100 h;华灰早熟禾在返青后54 d开始由缓慢生长转为迅速生长阶段,返青后第80天的生长速度达最大,返青后104 d开始由迅速生长又转为缓慢生长.受气候变暖的影响,华灰早熟禾抽穗期、开花期、成熟期、黄枯期每10年分别提前15 d、7～8 d、8～9 d、3 d.研究区的气候变化使该区华灰早熟禾产量变幅明显加大,产量的不稳定性增加.     

山西芦芽山植物群落的数量分类

本文在群落样方调查基础上,采用双向指示种分析法（TWINSPAN）和除趋势对应分析（DCA）对山本芦芽山植物群落进行数量分类和排序。TWINSPAN等级分类将芦芽山82个样方分为28类,可归属于7个植被型,分类结果反映了植物群落类型与环境梯度之间的关系,并在DCA二维排序图上得到较好的验证,DCA排序轴对角线基本反映了海拔,温度和湿度的梯度变化,表明群落生境所在地的海拔,温度和湿度是决定群落分布的主要因素。