氨基酸添加对亚热带森林红壤氮素转化的影响

为探究氨基酸氮形态对亚热带土壤氮素含量及转化的影响,选择建瓯市万木林保护区的山地红壤为对象,采用室内培养实验法,通过设计60%和90%WHC两种土壤含水量并添加不同性质氨基酸,测定了土壤中铵态氮、硝态氮、可溶性有机氮的含量和氧化亚氮的释放量,分析了可溶性有机碳、土壤p H值的大小变化及其与氮素的相互关系。结果表明:与对照处理相比,氨基酸添加显著增加了土壤NH_4~+-N含量并使土壤p H值升高,且在一定程度上解除了高含水量(90%WHC)对NH_4~+-N产生的抑制,其中甲硫氨基酸的效果最为明显。酸性、碱性、中性氨基酸对土壤NO_3~--N含量和N_2O释放影响不显著,但甲硫氨基酸可显著抑制土壤硝化从而导致NH_4~+-N的积累,并在培养前期抑制土壤N_2O产生而在培养后期促进N_2O释放,总体上促进N_2O释放。60%WHC的氨基酸添加处理较90%WHC条件下降低土壤可溶性有机氮的幅度更大。氨基酸对土壤氮素转化的影响与带电性关系较小,而可能与其分解产物密切相关。可见,不同性质氨基酸处理对森林土壤氮素含量及转化存在不同程度的影响,且甲硫氨基酸对土壤氮素转化的影响机理值得深入研究。     

萘对川西亚高山森林土壤呼吸、养分和酶活性的影响

萘作为土壤动物化学抑制剂已在土壤动物生态功能的研究中广泛使用,但其非目标效应使其应用仍存在很大的不确定性.为了了解在亚高山森林土壤应用萘抑制土壤动物群落是否存在非目标效应,以青藏高原东缘的川西亚高山森林土壤为研究对象,采用微缩试验研究了萘对土壤呼吸速率、养分含量和酶活性的短期影响.结果表明: 萘处理显著抑制了培养0～10 d的土壤呼吸速率,随后(24～52 d)表现出明显的促进作用.萘处理显著影响了土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量的动态变化,萘处理铵态氮和硝态氮含量分别以培养的3和17 d最高,对照则以培养的45 d和结束时的52 d最高.萘处理土壤可溶性碳含量在培养3 d急剧增加后迅速降低,对照则略有升高后降低,而萘处理和对照的可溶性氮含量均表现为先升高后降低.萘处理和对照的土壤酶活性均具相似的动态规律,两者的脲酶、硝酸还原酶和亚硝酸还原酶活性分别在培养45、38和10 d至最高.萘处理和采样时间的交互作用显著影响了土壤呼吸速率,以及土壤铵态氮、硝态氮和可溶性氮含量,但对可溶性碳含量、蔗糖酶、硝酸还原酶和亚硝酸还原酶活性的影响不显著.萘作为驱虫剂的非目标效应可能在短期内对川西亚高山森林土壤的氮循环过程产生强烈的影响.     

施肥方式和施氮量对欧美108杨人工林土壤氮素垂向运移的影响

在大田试验条件下,研究了施肥方式(滴灌施肥和沟施)和施氮量(单次每株25、50、75 g)对欧美108杨人工林土壤氮素垂向运移动态的影响.结果表明：不同施肥方式和施氮量下,土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮含量均随土层深度的增加而降低;滴灌施肥下铵态氮和硝态氮主要集中在0～40 cm土层,随时间变化呈先升后降的变化趋势,分别于施肥后第5天和第10 天达到最大值（211.1和128.8 mg·kg^-1).沟施下铵态氮和硝态氮主要集中在0～20 cm土层,硝态氮含量随时间呈逐渐增加的变化趋势,于施肥后第20天达到最大值(175.7 mg·kg^-1),但铵态氮随时间无显著变化;滴灌施肥下氮素在土壤中的有效时长约为20 d,而沟施下氮素在土壤中有效时长超过20 d.滴灌施肥下,土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮的含量和运移距离均随施氮量的增加而增加;沟施下,施氮量越高土壤中硝态氮含量越高,但对铵态氮含量无显著影响.滴灌施肥下林地土壤中尿素的水解、硝化速率和运移深度均高于沟施,且施氮量越大,氮素在深层土壤的积累量越高.结合欧美108杨根系和土壤氮素分布特征,滴灌施肥能够为更大的细根分布区提供氮素,更适用于人工林培育.当单次施氮量为每株50 g时,既可保证细根主要分布区内有较高含量的氮分布又不会造成淋溶,肥料利用效率可能更高.     

氮素形态对小白菜生长和碳氮积累的影响

水培条件下,研究不同氮素形态(硝态氮、铵态氮、甘氨酸、谷氨酰胺、丙氨酸、牛血清蛋白,以及甘氨酸与硝态氮、牛血清蛋白与硝态氮的混合氮源)对小白菜生长和碳氮积累的影响.结果表明:不同氮素形态对小白菜质量、碳氮积累量、可溶性蛋白质含量、可溶性糖含量和游离氨基酸含量的影响不同;硝态氮处理下小白菜地上部分和根的干质量与鲜质量均最大;甘氨酸对小白菜根系的生长及碳氮积累具有明显的促进作用;在3种氨基酸中,谷氨酰胺更有利于小白菜地上部分的生长和氮积累.聚类分析表明,9种氮素形态处理按营养效应大小分为:硝态氮、谷氨酰胺＞甘氨酸与硝态氮混合氮源、牛血清蛋白与硝态氮混合氮源、甘氨酸、铵态氮＞丙氨酸、牛血清蛋白、对照.有机氮源可以作为小白菜生长的氮源,不同的氮素形态对植物产生的生理效应不同.     

川西高山森林林窗对季节性冻融期土壤氮动态的影响

为了解高山森林林窗对土壤氮动态的影响,于2012—2013年在川西高山冷杉原始林大、中、小林窗以及林下采集了4个关键时期(初冻期、深冻期、初融期和融化末期)的土样,测定其铵态氮、硝态氮、微生物生物量氮和可溶性有机氮含量。结果表明:各林窗内土壤铵态氮、硝态氮含量在融化末期显著高于其他3个关键时期;土壤微生物生物量氮在初融期最低,土壤可溶性有机氮含量在深冻期最低,而这两者含量在初冻期均最高;土壤硝态氮含量占土壤矿质氮总量的67.26%~83.59%;冬季林窗通过改变土壤微环境进而引起氮素组分的改变,林窗大小与可溶性有机氮含量呈显著正相关;土壤温度与铵态氮、硝态氮及可溶性有机氮含量呈显著正相关;冻结深度与硝态氮和可溶性有机氮呈显著负相关。经过季节性冻融期,小林窗和林下土壤具有更高的矿质氮和可溶性有机氮,为生长季内植被与土壤微生物奠定了良好的生长条件。     

枣粮间作生态系统土壤氮空间分布特性

基于枣粮间作复合生态系统内部异质性,通过在不同位置采样测定,探讨了枣粮间作系统内土壤氮素空间分布特性.结果表明:(1)枣粮间作生态系统中,在小麦收获期和玉米收获期两个时期,土壤全氮和硝态氮含量均存在明显的垂直和水平两个方向空间变异性.而土壤铵态氮含量极低且没有明显的空间变异;(2)与全氮相比,枣粮间作系统中硝态氮空间变异性更强,且随着时间变化其空间分布特性有明显变化;(3)氮素施用量对土壤全氮和硝态氮空间变异有正向作用,而植株对氮的吸收利用可以降低土壤氮素分布空间差异程度.各因子对土壤全氮空间变异影响强弱顺序为氮吸收量＞氮素施用量＞土壤含水量;对土壤硝态氮空间变异影响强弱顺序为氮素施用量＞土壤全氮含量＞氮素吸收量＞土壤含水量.     

古尔班通古特沙漠生物土壤结皮对土壤氮库垂直分布特征的影响

生物土壤结皮在干旱区氮素地球化学循环中具有重要作用,研究不同生物土壤结皮下不同形态氮素含量的变化,解析生物土壤结皮对土壤养分影响过程和范围,有助于进一步理解生物土壤结皮的生态功能。本研究以古尔班通古特沙漠藻-地衣混生结皮和藓类结皮两种生物土壤结皮为研究对象,以裸沙为对照,测定生物土壤结皮层和0—100 cm内8个土层全氮、无机氮、可溶性有机氮、游离态氨基酸氮、微生物生物量氮等氮库含量,和土壤脲酶、硝酸盐还原态酶、亮氨酸氨基肽酶等土壤胞外酶活性。结果表明：1)结皮层各形态氮素含量和各土壤酶活性显著高于其下层土壤,结皮层和结皮下各层土壤氮库整体上表现为藓类结皮>藻-地衣混生结皮>裸沙;土壤氮库各形态氮素含量和土壤酶活性在垂直分布上均呈现先显著下降(0—20 cm)后稳定(20—100 cm)的趋势;在20—30 cm土层,除裸沙的无机氮、铵态氮以及藻-地衣混生结皮的硝态氮外,其余速效氮(无机氮、硝态氮、铵态氮)含量具有增加的特点。2)土壤各氮库含量与全磷、有机碳、电导率、土壤脲酶和亮氨酸氨基肽酶活性呈正相关,与pH、土壤含水率呈负相关。3)利用氮循环相关指标建立土壤氮循环多功能...     

长期施肥及撂荒对土壤氮素矿化特性及外源硝态氮转化的影响

以黄土高原南部17年长期定位试验不同处理土壤为研究对象,研究了不同肥料处理及撂荒条件下土壤氮素矿化特性、灭菌与不灭菌条件下不同肥力土壤对施入外源硝态氮转化的影响.结果表明：氮磷钾化肥和有机肥配施（MNPK）及长期撂荒处理显著提高了土壤有机质和全氮含量以及土壤氮素矿化量和矿化率;氮磷钾化肥（NPK）处理虽然提高了土壤无机氮含量,但对土壤有机质、全氮、土壤氮素矿化量和矿化率的影响相对较小.高温高压灭菌显著增加了土壤铵态氮含量,但对不同处理土壤硝态氮含量无明显影响;在灭菌土壤培养过程中,土壤铵态氮含量呈显著增加趋势.同一土壤类型,不论灭菌与否,培养过程中施入土壤的硝态氮含量保持相对稳定,说明在本研究培养条件下,生物因素和非生物因素对外源硝态氮在土壤中的转化无明显影响.     

营养液温度和溶解氧浓度对黄瓜植株氮化合物含量的影响

常液温(25℃)下,当将营养液的溶解氧浓度(DO)降到1～2 mg/L时,黄瓜植株体内氮素代谢增强,根组织内各种氮素化合物含量有提高的趋势,叶和根内各种氨基酸含量显著提高,植株生长良好,对生长介质中的低氧逆境表现出较高的耐性;但高液温(33℃)下低溶解氧浓度(1 mg/L)处理,除植株可溶性氮和根组织内硝态氮含量不受影响外,叶和根中的其他各种氮素化合物含量均明显降低,而根组织内氨基酸含量则明显提高,植株生长不良,表明高液温下黄瓜植株耐低氧性明显降低.     

土壤硝态氮时空变异与土壤氮素表观盈亏Ⅱ.夏玉米

在不同氮肥用量下研究了夏玉米生育期间土壤硝态氮的时空变化特征 ,同时对不同生育阶段土壤氮素的盈余与亏缺进行了表观估算 ,结果表明 :0～ 1 0 0 cm土体内 ,夏玉米一生中土壤硝态氮均表现为在中间土层含量低 ,上层和下层含量高 ,一般以表层最高 ,但受降雨的影响在高氮肥处理会出现下层高于表层的现象。施氮肥提高了土壤硝态氮含量 ,而且提高程度与用量成正相关。降雨时土壤硝态氮可随水下移 ,在干旱条件下也可随水上移。土壤硝态氮的运移不仅受土壤水分状况的影响 ,还取决于硝态氮含量 ,含量越高 ,向下移动的越深 ,淋失的可能性越大 ;在本试验条件下 ,土壤氮素盈余主要出现在夏玉米播种～ 9叶展和 9叶展～吐丝两个生育阶段 ,吐丝～收获则出现土壤氮素的亏缺。随着氮肥用量的增加 ,玉米一生中土壤氮素的表观盈余量明显增大 ,最高平均可达 2 74 .1 kg N/hm2。研究结果表明 ,土壤氮损失是盈余氮素的一个主要去向 ,而硝态氮淋洗是夏玉米生育期间土壤氮素损失的一个重要途径。     

不同的贮藏方式对黄花菜品质的影响

对新鲜的黄花菜分别进行室温贮藏、冷藏、冻藏处理,分析在不同的贮藏条件下黄花菜的营养价值与感官品质随着贮藏天数增长而引起的变化规律。结果表明:新鲜黄花菜在室温(25℃～30℃)条件下2天就开始腐败变质,到第3天完全腐败;在冷藏条件下贮藏6～7天也开始腐败变质,第9天完全腐败变质;而在冻藏条件下能很好的保藏,但是口感会很差,另外,随着贮藏天数的增长,黄花菜的颜色、维生素C、叶绿素和还原糖等指标的变化也会导致黄花菜品质下降。     

Storage stability of Anagrapha falcifera nucleopolyhedrovirus in spray-dried formulations

A multiply embedded nucleopolyhedrovirus isolated from Anagrapha falcifera (Kirby) (AfMNPV) can lose insecticidal activity during months of dry storage in ambient room conditions. We tested the spray-dried AfMNPV formulations after storage for up to 1 year at room temperatures for insecticidal activity against neonate Trichoplusia ni (Hübner). Experimental formulations were made using combinations of corn flours, lignin, and sucrose, and were selected based on previous work which demonstrated that these formulations resisted solar degradation in field experiments. Twelve experimental formulations (organized in three groups of four formulations) compared the effect of (1) the ratio of formulation ingredients (lignin and corn flour) to virus concentration, (2) different sources of lignin, or (3) different corn flours and sugar. Based on a single-dose plant assay with these 12 formulations, none of the formulations lost significant activity due to the drying process, when compared with the unformulated wet AfMNPV. Samples of the 12 dried formulations were stored at room (22+/-3 degrees C) and refrigerated (4 degrees C) temperatures. Insecticidal activity (LC(50)) was determined with a dosage-response assay for neonates fed on treated cotton-leaf disks. After 6 (or 9) and 12 months storage, refrigerated samples maintained insecticidal activity better than corresponding samples stored at room temperatures with LC(50)s that averaged 2.0 x 10(6) polyhedral inclusion bodies per milliliter (pibs/ml) for refrigerated samples and 5.4 x 10(6) pibs/ml for samples stored at room temperatures. Compared with unformulated stock virus stored frozen, six formulations stored at room temperature and 10 formulations stored in the refrigerator did not lose significant insecticidal activity after 1 year based on overlapping 90% confidence intervals. Changing the ratio of virus to formulation ingredients did not provide a clear trend over the range of concentrations tested, and may be less important for shelf-life of virus activity compared with formulations made with different ingredients. Two of the four formulations made with different lignins were about 15 times less active after 1 year at room temperature compared with refrigerated samples, indicating that specific formulation ingredients can affect storage stability. Formulations that contained sugar generally maintained activity during storage better than formulations without sugar. Unformulated virus stock maintained insecticidal activity (ranged from 0.20 to 2.5 x 10(6) pibs/ml) better during storage than dried formulations with LC(50)s that ranged from 0.39 to 27 x 10(6) pibs/ml. Unformulated virus stock, which is essentially a suspension of virus occlusion bodies in homogenized insect cadavers, did not lose activity when stored at refrigerated or room temperature. We believe that stability of AfMNPV insecticidal activity during storage as dry formulations is related to the general composition of the formulation and that sugar may play a critical role in maintaining insecticidal activity.     

Effects of storage conditions on total carbon and nitrogen contents of soil and plant samples

Aims The storage of soil and plant samples has important significance for ecological studies, but has not been widely used. This study aims to compare total carbon/nitrogen content of soil and plant samples before and after long term storage, and further to investigate the feasibility of archiving samples for time series ecological studies at large temporal scales.Methods Soil and plant samples were collected in the growing season in 2011. Carbon/nitrogen mass fraction were analyzed after four years of storage, and were compared with the data obtained before storage using pairwise t-test and linear regression.Important findings Nitrogen mass fractions of stored samples were linearly correlated to the data before storage along the 1:1 line under different storage conditions, and the correlation coefficient r was greater than 0.98 (except for soil samples stored at temperature lower than 20 °C and with particle size <2 mm, r = 0.91). The carbon mass fraction after storage was changed by the storage conditions. Carbon mass fractions of stored samples with particle size <0.15 mm were linearly correlated to the data before storage along the 1:1 line (r > 0.98). Carbon mass fractions of samples with particle size <2 mm increased after storage, and the slope of the linear relationship was 1.26 and 1.04 for soil and plant samples respectively. These results indicated that, nitrogen content of stored samples was stable under different storage conditions, while the stability of carbon content was affected by sample particle size but by storage temperature. Archived samples used for carbon/nitrogen analysis were suggested to be ground to particle size <0.15 mm under fully dry and completely sealed conditions.     

The influence of storage conditions of tuna viscera before fermentation on the chemical, physical and microbiological changes in fish sauce during fermentation

Effect of storage condition of tuna viscera on chemical, physical and microbiological changes of its sauce were monitored. Results based on microbial counts, protein degradation products, total volatile base (TVB), and trimethylamine (TMA) contents, showed that tuna viscera stored at room temperature underwent more deterioration than that kept in ice, especially with increasing storage time. As a result, fish sauce obtained from tuna viscera stored at room temperature for a longer time rendered the greater amino nitrogen, TVB, TMA contents as well as browning intensity. However, storage conditions had no marked effect on overall changes in chemical, physical and microbiological characteristics of sauce generated during fermentation. Additionally, fish sauce produced from tuna viscera kept at room temperature comprised lower histamine content than that prepared from fresh or ice-stored viscera. Therefore, tuna viscera stored at room temperature for up to 8h could be used for the production of fish sauce with no detrimental effect on the quality.     

Effect of storage conditions of clinical materials on virological tests results by RT-PCR

Obtaining a reliable laboratory test result depends on many factors, among which preanalitical factors play a significant role. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of temperature, storage time of samples and number of freezing and thawing cycles on the results of tests carried out by RT-PCR. The study was conducted in a model of measles virus (RNA). The results revealed that: (1) Samples of clinical material (serum, cerebrospinal fluid, urine) for testing by RT-PCR can be stored for at least 5 days at room temperature or refrigerated and at least 7 days when frozen, (2) Freezing and thawing three times, samples of clinical material does not affect the outcome of the presence of viral RNA, (3) Isolated viral RNA is stable at freezer temperature and can be subjected to at least 20 freeze-thaw cycles without affecting the results.     

Long Term Storage of Dry versus Frozen RNA for Next Generation Molecular Studies

The standard method for the storage and preservation of RNA has been at ultra-low temperatures. However, reliance on liquid nitrogen and freezers for storage of RNA has multiple downsides. Recently new techniques have been developed for storing RNA at room temperature utilizing desiccation and are reported to be an effective alternative for preserving RNA integrity. In this study we compared frozen RNA samples stored for up to one year to those which had been desiccated using RNAstable (Biomatrica, Inc., San Diego, CA) and stored at room temperature. RNA samples were placed in aliquots and stored after desiccation or frozen (at −80°C), and were analyzed for RNA Integrity Number (RIN), and by qPCR, and RNA sequencing. Our study shows that RNAstable is able to preserve desiccated RNA samples at room temperature for up to one year, and that RNA preserved by desiccation is comparable to cryopreserved RNA for downstream analyses including real-time-PCR and RNA sequencing.     

Lactic acid concentration as an indicator of acceptability in refrigerated or freeze-thawed ground beef.

Lactic acid concentrations increased in refrigerated and freeze-thawed anaerobically stored ground beef. Bacterial counts were higher in refrigerated samples, but the ratios of gram-positive bacteria in refrigerated and freeze-thawed samples were the same. No differences in appearance or odor between refrigerated and freeze-thawed samples were noted after 2 days of aerobic storage. Initial lactic acid concentration can be used to predict the shelf life of frozen beef.     

Lactic acid concentration as an indicator of acceptability in refrigerated or freeze-thawed ground beef

Lactic acid concentrations increased in refrigerated and freeze-thawed anaerobically stored ground beef. Bacterial counts were higher in refrigerated samples, but the ratios of gram-positive bacteria in refrigerated and freeze-thawed samples were the same. No differences in appearance or odor between refrigerated and freeze-thawed samples were noted after 2 days of aerobic storage. Initial lactic acid concentration can be used to predict the shelf life of frozen beef.     

土壤样品长期保存对微生物群落代谢活性和功能类群的影响

【目的】评估土壤长期保存(4个月)对土壤微生物群落代谢活性的影响。【方法】采用Biolog? EcoPlateTM生态板研究4 °C风干保存和?20 °C低温冻存的农田土壤和森林土壤中微生物群落的碳源利用模式。【结果】与新鲜土壤样品相比,长期保存的土壤样品的微生物群落对碳源的利用能力大大降低,其多样性、均匀度和Simpson指数均降低;风干保存和低温冻存两者对土壤微生物的碳源利用的影响没有显著差异;除风干保存的土壤样品中利用多聚物类的微生物类群的代谢活性外,两种保存方法显著降低微生物群落的代谢活性,降低幅度为54.5%–99.8%。【结论】长期保存土壤可能会导致对微生物群落信息的低估,土壤微生物代谢活性研究的最佳样品为新鲜 土壤。