内蒙古高原荒漠区四种锦鸡儿属植物灌丛沙包形态和固沙能力比较

测定了内蒙古高原荒漠区4种锦鸡儿属优势植物(柠条锦鸡儿、狭叶锦鸡儿、荒漠锦鸡儿和垫状锦鸡儿)不同大小灌丛的灌丛形态参数、沙包形态参数和沙包体积,目的是掌握这些锦鸡儿属植物灌丛的沙包形态特征、沙包发育特征和固沙能力随着灌丛发育的变化,比较4种锦鸡儿属植物灌丛沙包的形态、发育特征和固沙能力的差异。研究发现:柠条锦鸡儿沙包形态呈球冠状,狭叶锦鸡儿沙包呈圆锥状,荒漠锦鸡儿沙包呈圆台状,垫状锦鸡儿沙包呈半球状。同种锦鸡儿属灌丛沙包的底面直径与地上枝条鲜重呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),沙包高度与地上枝条鲜重无显著相关性(P>0.05),沙包高度与植物株高呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05),沙包坡角与地上枝条鲜重呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05),沙包半径与沙包高度呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05)。灌丛水平扩展快于垂向生长,灌丛沙包的水平发育也快于垂向发育。随着灌丛地上生物量的增加,4种锦鸡儿属植物不仅沙包体积增大,而且固沙效率也显著增加(P<0.01)。不同锦鸡儿属植物灌丛和沙包形态参数存在显著差异。柠条锦鸡儿和狭叶锦鸡儿的灌丛水平和垂直方向成比例扩展,而荒漠锦鸡儿和垫状锦鸡儿无论灌丛面积多大,高度基本不变。随着灌丛地上枝条鲜重的增加,4种锦鸡儿灌丛沙包底面积都在增大,其中荒漠锦鸡儿增长最快,垫状锦鸡儿次之,柠条锦鸡儿排位第三,狭叶锦鸡儿增长最慢。随着灌丛沙包水平方向的扩展,荒漠锦鸡儿沙包垂向扩展最慢,最终导致其沙包垂向尺度最小;柠条锦鸡儿、垫状锦鸡儿和狭叶锦鸡儿沙包两个方向发育较为均衡。4种锦鸡儿属植物的固定沙包体积和固沙效率都表现为:荒漠锦鸡儿>柠条锦鸡儿>狭叶锦鸡儿>垫状锦鸡儿。这些研究结果表明,灌丛地上生物量的不同决定了种内沙包的体积、形态和植物固沙能力的差异;灌丛形态和发育特征的不同决定了种间沙包形态、沙包发育和植物固沙能力的差异。     

内蒙古退化草原中与小叶锦鸡儿相关的小尺度土壤碳、氮资源异质性动态

小叶锦鸡儿在内蒙古典型草原中有着广泛分布,从而对小空间尺度土壤资源异质性产生强烈影响。退化草原中小叶锦鸡儿能够通过克隆生长形成灌丛斑块,不同大小斑块对应于其发育的不同阶段。因此,通过对与不同大小灌丛斑块相关的土壤有机碳（SOC）、全氮（STN）空间分布状况的分析,能够推断内蒙古退化草原中、与小叶锦鸡儿相关的小尺度SOC与STN异质性动态。结果表明：在内蒙古退化草原中,就0-5cm,5-10cm,10-20cm 3个土壤层次,小叶锦鸡儿均导致了与灌丛斑块相关小尺度上SOC与STN分布的空间异质性,且随着灌丛斑块的发育,这种异质性均不断增强,其中土壤表层0-5cm碳氮资源异质性的增强最为强烈,表现在灌丛斑块内部相对于外部（或边缘）对SOC与STN富集程度均显著增加。这表明内蒙古退化草原中,随着灌丛斑块自身的扩展,与小叶锦鸡儿相关小尺度上土壤碳氮资源空间异质性趋于增强。     

围封禁牧对小叶锦鸡儿灌丛化草原群落组成和结构的影响

典型草原向灌丛化草原的转变是过度放牧引起的重要结果之一。为研究内蒙古地区小叶锦鸡儿灌丛化草原对围封禁牧的响应,在内蒙古锡林郭勒典型草原退化区选取小叶锦鸡儿成片分布的典型地段,自2003年,分别设置禁牧样区和放牧样区。于2008—2011年连续四年调查禁牧样区小叶锦鸡儿种群生长和生理生化指标及灌丛间群落基本特征,并将2011年禁牧样区与放牧样区小叶锦鸡儿种群与灌丛间群落进行比较。结果显示:(1)围封后小叶锦鸡儿种群开始衰退,主要体现在种群盖度的降低和叶片氮磷含量(特别是磷含量)有所降低,而个体构件生长状况无显著差异;(2)灌丛间群落的物种组成随围封年限增加发生显著变化:禁牧后1年生植物逐渐退出群落,多年生丛生禾草重要值随围封年限增加而显著增加,即围封禁牧对小叶锦鸡儿灌丛化草原的群落恢复有积极作用;(3)小叶锦鸡儿种群盖度与多年生丛生禾草的重要值显著负相关,说明两者之间存在竞争关系,推测多年生丛生禾草的竞争是禁牧后小叶锦鸡儿衰退的重要原因。     

沙柳灌丛植株形态与气流结构野外观测研究

通过野外观测,研究了毛乌素沙地南缘平沙地人工栽种单行沙柳灌丛的植株形态与气流结构.结果表明,沙柳灌能降低迎风侧和背风侧的近地面风速,使沙粒在植株下部沉积.积沙体积(V₂)与植株体积(V₁)相关性较高(R=0.696).单行沙柳灌丛在4 m高处风速为6 m·s^-1时的气流结构特征为:迎风侧3H处风速已降低,2 H处风速又得到加强,之后在背风侧迅速降低,1 H处达到最低值,然后逐渐恢复到旷野风速.防护距离约为17H',有效防护距离约为13 H'.沙柳灌丛对植株高度以上高度处风速影响较小.     

科尔沁沙地小叶锦鸡儿地上-地下生物量分配格局

以科尔沁沙地18年生(成龄)和4年生(幼龄)人工小叶锦鸡儿以及天然小叶锦鸡儿灌丛为研究对象,采用分层挖取根系法调查不同植被区小叶锦鸡儿的根系分布特点,研究其在生物量分配、根冠比、根系分布等方面对干旱环境的响应.结果表明:1)小叶锦鸡儿倾向于把更多的生物量分配于地下,其中天然植被地下生物量比重最大,4年生植被地下生物量比重最小.2)小叶锦鸡儿灌丛根系生物量随着土层深度的增加而逐渐减少,其根系主要分布在0 ～ 100 cm土层中.3)4年生小叶锦鸡儿吸收根呈现浅层分布特性,在地下O～50 cm吸收根生物量显著高于18年生和天然植被(P＜0.05);18年生和天然植被吸收根更多分布于50 ～ 100 cm土层中.天然小叶锦鸡儿输导根生物量在50 ～ 100 cm土层中显著高于4年生和18年生植被(P＜0.05).4)小叶锦鸡儿灌丛地上-地下生物量符合异速生长模型的幂函数.     

平茬处理对小叶锦鸡儿灌丛邻居植物群落空间格局的影响

近几十年来,内蒙古典型草原小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)灌丛化现象普遍发生,严重影响了草地生产力。平茬作为灌丛化草地主要管理方式之一,已受到广泛关注;然而平茬如何影响灌丛邻居植物群落的格局动态及其下土壤理化性质变化,仍缺少相应研究。以内蒙古草原小叶锦鸡儿灌丛化草地为研究对象,进行平茬处理,并依据距离小叶锦鸡儿灌丛的远近位置(远—2.5 m,近—0.5 m)设置样方进行植物群落调查和土壤样品的采集,经分析发现:(1)平茬处理显著提高了灌丛邻居植物群落均匀度及邻居植物群落下土壤全碳、全氮含量。(2)借助零模型(Null-model)分析,得出未平茬处理条件下,距离灌丛远近两种位置群落均表现为竞争性格局;而平茬处理条件下,群落竞争性格局作用弱化,且距离灌丛2.5 m位置处群落表现为促进性格局。(3)调查群落中物种间的关系多为中性作用;仅有少数物种对表现为显著正(或负)相互作用关系,且多由群落中优势物种组成;平茬处理条件下群落中显著负相互作用关系物种对比例下降,支持群落整体竞争性格局弱化这一结论。所得结果不仅为小叶锦鸡儿灌丛平茬处理条件下邻居植物群落及土壤环境的动态变化的探讨提供了实验依据,而且对灌丛化草地的恢复具有一定的实践指导意义。     

围封年限对内蒙古灌丛化草原小叶锦鸡儿灌丛结构及群落种间关联的影响

由于全球气候变化及过度放牧等不合理利用,灌木入侵草地已经成为干旱半干旱草原区的一种普遍现象。本研究在内蒙古锡林郭勒草原区选择3处不同围封恢复年限（围封时间分别为1979,1983和2003年）的小叶锦鸡儿（Caragana microphylla）灌丛化草地,分析了围封年限对灌丛化草地关键种小叶锦鸡儿种群大小格局及灌丛间主要物种种间关联的影响,并从群落内物种生态位配置情况方面进行了相关机制的探讨。结果显示：（1）小叶锦鸡儿的冠幅大小分布结构的偏态系数在8/9的样区内大于0,表现为正偏态;随着围封年限的延长,在低、中灌丛化样区内,小叶锦鸡儿的冠幅有增大的趋势,这主要是由小于0.5 m冠幅的小叶锦鸡儿的减少或者消失导致的;（2）随着围封年限的延长,灌丛间多年生禾草生态位宽度（B）逐渐增大,表现为B_1979围封 > B_1983围封 > B_2003围封;灌丛间主要物种种间关系由负关联作用（竞争作用）向正关联作用（促进作用）转变。本研究结果不仅揭示了围封条件下小叶锦鸡儿灌丛化草地群落结构的变化及发展趋势,同时也从关键种小叶锦鸡儿种群大小格局及灌丛间主要物种种间关联的角度对相关机制进行了解释,为该区域的合理利用及恢复政策的制定提供了数据支持及理论指导。     

科尔沁沙地灌丛的“虫岛”效应及其形成机理

为了了解沙地灌丛对于土壤动物是否存在聚集作用,于2008-2009年在科尔沁沙地调查了流动沙地小叶锦鸡儿和黄柳灌丛内外大型土壤动物的群落特征.结果表明:流动沙地灌丛内大型土壤动物类群数量、密度和Shannon多样性指数较灌丛外流沙地分别高125.0％ ～ 175.0％、52.8％ ～263.9％和34.6％ ～57.1％,显现出明显的“虫岛”效应,其中小叶锦鸡儿灌丛的“虫岛”效应大于黄柳灌丛;灌丛内外土壤优势动物类群虽然相同,并有少量共有类群,但灌丛下聚集了多个流沙裸地没有的大型土壤动物类群,群落功能群结构也发生明显改变;流动沙地灌丛的“虫岛”效应主要源于灌丛的小气候效应和肥岛效应,其降风滞尘、遮蔽暴晒、改善土壤质地和养分条件的作用是导致流动沙地灌丛“虫岛”效应形成的主要机理.     

内蒙古典型草原小叶锦鸡儿灌丛化对水分再分配和利用的影响

灌丛化是全球草原地区存在的主要环境问题。通过对内蒙古典型草原区小叶锦鸡儿灌丛和草地斑块冠层降雨再分配、地表径流、土壤含水量的对比观测,研究了小叶锦鸡儿灌丛化对该区水分再分配和利用的影响。结果表明,灌丛和草地斑块的冠层截留量分别占降雨量的20.86%和7.88%,灌丛和草地斑块的平均地表径流系数分别为5.95%和17.19%。土壤含水量观测结果显示,0—60 cm土层中,降雨事件过程中,灌丛斑块较草地斑块能捕获更多水分,灌丛斑块植被冠层下方土壤含水量高于草地斑块;而在雨后无有效降水补充土壤水分的前提下,0—60 cm土层中,灌丛斑块土壤水分蒸散发量高于草地斑块,其中0—10cm土层中灌丛斑块土壤水分蒸散发速率低于草地斑块,10—60 cm土层中灌丛斑块土壤水分蒸散发速率高于草地斑块。研究认为,在水分为关键性限制因子的干旱半干旱区,小叶锦鸡儿灌丛化过程增加草原生态系统中水分分布的空间异质性,灌丛斑块能捕获、利用更多水分以维持更多的生物量。     

基于稳定性氧同位素分析不同树龄小叶锦鸡儿用水策略

本研究以科尔沁沙地典型固沙植物小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)为对象,采用氧稳定同位素技术,比较了小叶锦鸡儿群落内3、5和9年生小叶锦鸡儿生长季内土壤水、降雨与植株木质部水的δ18O值关系,并利用多元线性混合模型定量研究了不同树龄小叶锦鸡儿用水来源;结合不同树龄小叶锦鸡儿土壤水分季节特征和根系分布分析用水来源变化原因;通过评价不同树龄小叶锦鸡儿与地区水分条件适应性,分析3种树龄小叶锦鸡儿的水分竞争关系,判断群落稳定性。结果表明:根系的分布决定了不同树龄小叶锦鸡儿对水分利用的范围和选择何种用水策略的可能性,水分的分布也一定程度上影响了小叶锦鸡儿的主要用水来源。生长季内30～80 cm土层是3年生小叶锦鸡儿主要水分利用层位;30～100 cm土层是5年生小叶锦鸡儿主要水分利用层位,其中80～100 cm土层贡献率所占较大; 0～30和100～160 cm土层是9年生小叶锦鸡儿主要水分利用层位。小叶锦鸡儿群落内,不同树龄植株之间不存在强烈的水分竞争,该地区小叶锦鸡儿群落较为稳定。     

Presence of shrubs influences the spatial pattern of soil seed banks in desert herbaceous vegetation

Question: Do shrubs influence the spatial pattern of soil seed banks in herbaceous vegetation and are these effects influenced by wind direction, sampling position (windward vs leeward sides of the shrub) and distance from the shrub? Location: Horqin desert in eastern Inner Mongolia, China. Methods: A pioneer shrub, Artemisia halodendron, occurring in a mobile sandy habitat was used as a case study. Species composition and abundance of the seed bank and established herbaceous vegetation around six target shrubs were sampled along transects aligned to the four main wind directions and at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4.5 and 6 m from the shrub base on both windward and leeward sides of a transect. Results: The presence of shrubs significantly modified the spatial pattern of seed deposition, but effects varied with wind direction, sampling position and distance from the shrub. More seeds were deposited on the leeward side than on the windward sides in all four transects, especially on transects with the most prevailing wind directions. Shrubs also caused a marked variation in seed deposition across sampling locations; this effect was more pronounced on the leeward side of transects with the most prevailing wind directions, suggesting the mean range of the shrub's influence is within ca. 2 m. Conclusions: The study shows clear evidence of shrubs as a source of spatial heterogeneity in seed availability in the herbaceous layer. Shrub presence effects were strongly influenced by complex interactions between wind direction, sampling position, and distance from the shrub.     

科尔沁沙地人工杨树林生态服务效能评价

采用定位观测法,系统评价了杨树(Populus simonii)林的防风、抗蚀和滞尘等生态服务效能及其间接价值,同时定量探讨了风速减弱系数与实测林地叶面积指数的关系。结果表明,在研究区主害风(西北风)天气下,林地迎风区6H(H为平均树高)、3H、林地中央、林地背风区林缘、6和8H处2m高度的日平均风速与对照点(流动沙丘)相比均有不同程度减弱,风速减弱系数在18．3％～66．2％之间。林地背风区6H处0．25、0．5、1和2 m 4个高度的月平均风速减弱系数与林地叶面积指数呈显著非线性相关,其间存在良好的三次曲线关系(P<0．0001,R²=0．43～0．94,n=80)。在主害风天气下,林地各观测点的地表日风蚀量与对照点相比大幅度降低,平均降幅85．2％～99．9％。在观测期内,林地中央的日平均降尘量为13.2 kg·hm^-2,而林地迎风区6H处的日平均降尘量为9．9 kg·hm^-2,林地的日滞尘能力约为3．3kg·hm^-2。       

Earlier snow melt and reduced summer precipitation alter floral traits important to pollination

Climate change can cause changes in expression of organismal traits that influence fitness. In flowering plants, floral traits can respond to drought, and that phenotypic plasticity has the potential to affect pollination and plant reproductive success. Global climate change is leading to earlier snow melt in snow-dominated ecosystems as well as affecting precipitation during the growing season, but the effects of snow melt timing on floral morphology and rewards remain unknown. We conducted crossed manipulations of spring snow melt timing (early vs. control) and summer monsoon precipitation (addition, control, and reduction) that mimicked recent natural variation, and examined plastic responses in floral traits of Ipomopsis aggregata over 3 years in the Rocky Mountains. We tested whether increased summer precipitation compensated for earlier snow melt, and if plasticity was associated with changes in soil moisture and/or leaf gas exchange. Lower summer precipitation decreased corolla length, style length, corolla width, sepal width, and nectar production, and increased nectar concentration. Earlier snow melt (taking into account natural and experimental variation) had the same effects on those traits and decreased inflorescence height. The effect of reduced summer precipitation was stronger in earlier snow melt years for corolla length and sepal width. Trait reductions were explained by drier soil during the flowering period, but this effect was only partially explained by how drier soils affected plant water stress, as measured by leaf gas exchange. We predicted the effects of plastic trait changes on pollinator visitation rates, pollination success, and seed production using prior studies on I. aggregata. The largest predicted effect of drier soil on relative fitness components via plasticity was a decrease in male fitness caused by reduced pollinator rewards (nectar production). Early snow melt and reduced precipitation are strong drivers of phenotypic plasticity, and both should be considered when predicting effects of climate change on plant traits in snow-dominated ecosystems.     

海岸梯度上黑松针叶形态与解剖结构性状的变化规律

风对树木形态、生理和生长的影响一直是生态学研究的热点和难点问题,目前主要采用模拟风速或机械刺激的方式来研究树木对风胁迫的响应与适应变化,无法准确反映出树木在风环境下的长期适应机制。本文以海岸60年生黑松林（Pinus thunbergii）为对象,分析了海岸距离梯度上黑松迎风面和背风面针叶长度、宽度、面积、比叶面积、角质层厚度、表皮厚度等形态和解剖结构特征的变化规律。结果表明：黑松迎风面针叶长度、宽度、周长、面积、厚度和比叶面积随着离海岸距离的减小逐渐减小（P<0.05）;而表皮厚度、角质层厚度和导管孔径则随着离海岸距离的减小逐渐增加（P<0.05）;背风面各指标均无明显变化规律。黑松迎风面与背风面针叶性状（比叶面积除外）主要在海岸500 m内存在显著差异（P<0.05）。可以看出,随着海风胁迫的增加,黑松通过降低针叶长、宽等形态指标,有效减少了风胁迫下黑松的受力面积,是一种躲避策略;而增加针叶表皮、角质层厚度和导管孔径等解剖结构指标,则增强了针叶坚韧性和保证针叶的水分供应,是一种忍受策略,这些策略有利于该树种在大风环境中得以更好的生存。     

Shrub expansion modulates belowground impacts of changing snow conditions in alpine grasslands

Climate change is disproportionately impacting mountain ecosystems, leading to large reductions in winter snow cover, earlier spring snowmelt and widespread shrub expansion into alpine grasslands. Yet, the combined effects of shrub expansion and changing snow conditions on abiotic and biotic soil properties remains poorly understood. We used complementary field experiments to show that reduced snow cover and earlier snowmelt have effects on soil microbial communities and functioning that persist into summer. However, ericaceous shrub expansion modulates a number of these impacts and has stronger belowground effects than changing snow conditions. Ericaceous shrub expansion did not alter snow depth or snowmelt timing but did increase the abundance of ericoid mycorrhizal fungi and oligotrophic bacteria, which was linked to decreased soil respiration and nitrogen availability. Our findings suggest that changing winter snow conditions have cross-seasonal impacts on soil properties, but shifts in vegetation can modulate belowground effects of future alpine climate change.     

Impacts of long-term snow climate change on a high-elevation cold desert shrubland, California, USA

Ecological responses to 50-year old manipulations of snow depth and melt timing were assessed using snow fences arrayed across 50 km of a shrub–conifer landscape mosaic in eastern California, USA. We compared how increased, decreased, and ambient snow depth affected patterns of vegetation community composition, fire fuel accumulation, and annual tree ring growth. We also tested the effect of snow depth on soil carbon storage based on total C content under the two co-dominant shrub species (Artemisia tridentata and Purshia tridentata) in comparison with open, intershrub sites. Increased snow depth reduced the cover of the N-fixing shrub P. tridentata but not the water-redistributing shrub A. tridentata. Annual ring growth was greater on +snow plots and lower on ?snow plots for the conifer Pinus jeffreyi but not for Pinus contorta. Graminoid cover and aboveground biomass indicated higher fire fuel accumulation where snow depth was increased. Dead shrub stem biomass was greater regardless of whether snow depth was increased or decreased. Results demonstrate community shifts, altered tree growth, feedbacks on carbon storage, and altered fire fuel accumulation as a result of changes in snow depth and melt timing for this high-elevation, snow-dominated ecotone under future climate scenarios that envision increased or decreased snow depth.     

Vegetation responses in Alaskan arctic tundra after 8 years of a summer warming and winter snow manipulation experiment

We used snow fences and small (1 m²) open‐topped fiberglass chambers (OTCs) to study the effects of changes in winter snow cover and summer air temperatures on arctic tundra. In 1994, two 60 m long, 2.8 m high snow fences, one in moist and the other in dry tundra, were erected at Toolik Lake, Alaska. OTCs paired with unwarmed plots, were placed along each experimental snow gradient and in control areas adjacent to the snowdrifts. After 8 years, the vegetation of the two sites, including that in control plots, had changed significantly. At both sites, the cover of shrubs, live vegetation, and litter, together with canopy height, had all increased, while lichen cover and diversity had decreased. At the moist site, bryophytes decreased in cover, while an increase in graminoids was almost entirely because of the response of the sedge Eriophorum vaginatum. These community changes were consistent with results found in studies of responses to warming and increased nutrient availability in the Arctic. However, during the time period of the experiment, summer temperature did not increase, but summer precipitation increased by 28%. The snow addition treatment affected species abundance, canopy height, and diversity, whereas the summer warming treatment had few measurable effects on vegetation. The interannual temperature fluctuation was considerably larger than the temperature increases within OTCs (<2°C), however. Snow addition also had a greater effect on microclimate by insulating vegetation from winter wind and temperature extremes, modifying winter soil temperatures, and increasing spring run‐off. Most increases in shrub cover and canopy height occurred in the medium snow‐depth zone (0.5–2 m) of the moist site, and the medium to deep snow‐depth zone (2–3 m) of the dry site. At the moist tundra site, deciduous shrubs, particularly Betula nana, increased in cover, while evergreen shrubs decreased. These differential responses were likely because of the larger production to biomass ratio in deciduous shrubs, combined with their more flexible growth response under changing environmental conditions. At the dry site, where deciduous shrubs were a minor part of the vegetation, evergreen shrubs increased in both cover and canopy height. These changes in abundance of functional groups are expected to affect most ecological processes, particularly the rate of litter decomposition, nutrient cycling, and both soil carbon and nitrogen pools. Also, changes in canopy structure, associated with increases in shrub abundance, are expected to alter the summer energy balance by increasing net radiation and evapotranspiration, thus altering soil moisture regimes.     

Phylogenetic structure and formation mechanism of shrub communities in arid and semiarid areas of the Mongolian Plateau

The mechanisms of species coexistence within a community have always been the focus in ecological research. Community phylogenetic structure reflects the relationship of historical processes, regional environments, and interactions between species, and studying it is imperative to understand the formation and maintenance mechanisms of community composition and biodiversity. We studied the phylogenetic structure of the shrub communities in arid and semiarid areas of the Mongolian Plateau. First, the phylogenetic signals of four plant traits (height, canopy, leaf length, and leaf width) of shrubs and subshrubs were measured to determine the phylogenetic conservation of these traits. Then, the net relatedness index (NRI) of shrub communities was calculated to characterize their phylogenetic structure. Finally, the relationship between the NRI and current climate and paleoclimate (since the Last Glacial Maximum, LGM) factors was analyzed to understand the formation and maintenance mechanisms of these plant communities. We found that desert shrub communities showed a trend toward phylogenetic overdispersion; that is, limiting similarity was predominant in arid and semiarid areas of the Mongolian Plateau despite the phylogenetic structure and formation mechanisms differing across habitats. The typical desert and sandy shrub communities showed a significant phylogenetic overdispersion, while the steppified desert shrub communities showed a weak phylogenetic clustering. It was found that mean winter temperature (i.e., in the driest quarter) was the major factor limiting steppified desert shrub phylogeny distribution. Both cold and drought (despite having opposite consequences) differentiated the typical desert to steppified desert shrub communities. The increase in temperature since the LGM is conducive to the invasion of shrub plants into steppe grassland, and this process may be intensified by global warming.     

藏北高原典型植被样区物候变化及其对气候变化的响应

植被物候作为陆地生态系统对气候变化的响应和反馈的重要指示,已成为区域或全球生态环境领域研究的热点。基于非对称高斯拟合方法重建了2001—2010年MODIS EVI时间序列影像,利用动态阈值法提取藏北高原植被覆盖2001—2010年每年关键物候参数。选取研究区内东部高寒灌丛草甸、中部高寒草甸及西部高寒草原和高寒荒漠4种典型植被类型,并结合附近的4个气象台站气候资料,分析典型植被物候在近10a对关键气候因子的响应特征。研究结果表明:(1)4种不同典型植被的物候特征(EVImax降低、返青期延后和生长季长度缩短)均表现出高寒灌丛草甸→高寒草甸→高寒草原→高寒荒漠草原的过渡;(2)藏北高原近10a的年平均气温及春、夏、冬三个季度的平均气温均呈显著升高的趋势,升温幅度在0.8—3.9℃/10a,降水减少趋势不显著,在这种水热条件下典型植被均表现出返青提前(7.2—15.5d/10a)、生长季延长(8.4—19.2d/10a)的趋势,而枯黄出现时间为年际间自然波动;(3)高寒灌丛草甸EVImax主要受春季降水量和气温影响,且降水的影响程度大于气温;对高寒草甸植被而言,春、夏季的气温和降水均有较大的影响;而高寒草原和高寒荒漠草原主要受夏季平均气温和降水量影响;(4)高寒灌丛草甸的返青时间主要受前一年秋季降水量的影响,相关系数达-0.579;而高寒草甸、高寒草原和高寒荒漠草原主要受春季平均气温影响,高寒荒漠草原的特征最为明显(r=-0.559)。