壳聚糖中胺基对其抑菌性能的影响及与DNA的作用

采用抑菌圈法研究了壳聚糖对大肠杆菌(E.coli)和金黄色葡萄球菌(St.aureus)的抑菌活性。利用壳聚糖的席夫碱反应,对壳聚糖的胺基进行保护后,研究了壳聚糖中胺基对其抑菌性能的影响。同时,运用紫外吸收光谱和电化学的方法,研究了壳聚糖与DNA的相互作用,提出了壳聚糖对E.coli和St.aureus的抑菌机理。研究结果表明,壳聚糖对E.coli和St.aureus具有很好的抑制作用,且抑菌活性与其胺基有关;壳聚糖能与细胞内带负电的核酸结合,使细胞正常DNA复制生理功能受到影响,抑制细菌的繁殖,从而达到抑菌的目的。     

一种源于蜗牛的壳聚糖水解酶的纯化和定性

目的研究属于蜗牛的壳聚糖水解酶的纯化方法,得到壳聚糖水解酶的纯品,从而为氨基酸序列分析、基因克隆及工业菌制备奠定前期基础。方法建立检测蜗牛壳聚糖水解酶活性的手段并考察影响酶活性的各种因素,比较现有层析方法纯化蜗牛壳聚糖水解酶的实际效果,确定纯化的最佳条件,从而设计出最合理的纯化方案。结果经苯基琼脂糖柱层析,DEAE-Sepharose离子交换层析和Sephacryl S-300凝胶过滤分离,得到高纯高活性蛋白质,在SDS-PAGE上用银染的方法呈单一蛋白质条带,比活性提高33.333倍,纯化倍数为18.272,得率为0.15。结论实验建立了1种从蜗牛中分离高效高纯度壳聚糖水解酶的方法,为壳寡糖的酶解工业生产提供了新思路、新方法。     

硫脲壳聚糖Zn(Ⅱ)配合物的制备、表征及生物活性

利用FT-IR、UV、TG-DTA和XRD手段,对合成的硫脲壳聚糖及硫脲壳聚糖-Zn(Ⅱ)配合物进行了表征,研究了壳聚糖、硫脲壳聚糖及硫脲壳聚糖-Zn(Ⅱ)配合物对细菌大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和真菌黑曲霉的抑菌性能.结果表明:合成的硫脲壳聚糖-Zn(Ⅱ)配合物对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌性能比单一的壳聚糖、硫脲壳聚糖显著提高,对真菌黑曲霉亦具有较强的抑制作用.     

羧甲基壳聚糖金属配合物的抗氧化活性研究

研究了壳聚糖、羧甲基壳聚糖及3种羧甲基壳聚糖金属配合物(CMC-Cu、CMC-Co、CMC-Ag)的抗氧化活性,同时考察了金属离子含量对CMC-Cu配合物抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明:对羟自由基的清除能力依次为CMC-CuCMC-CoCMC-Ag羧甲基壳聚糖壳聚糖,清除能力随着浓度的增大而增强;对超氧负离子自由基清除能力依次为CMC-AgCMC-CuCMC-Co羧甲基壳聚糖壳聚糖,清除能力随浓度的增加而增强;还原能力依次为CMC-CoCMC-AgCMC-Cu羧甲基壳聚糖壳聚糖。Cu2+含量与CMC-Cu配合物的抗氧化活性有关。     

壳聚糖作为基因治疗载体的研究

本文从壳聚糖－DNA复合物／微球的形成方法和机理,稳定性,转染细胞效率等方面综述了壳聚糖在基因治疗领域目前的研究现状。     

壳聚糖的血液相容性

壳聚糖是一种天然的氨基多糖,作为一种海洋生物活性物质被广泛地应用于生物医学工 程领域。从血小板、红细胞、白细胞、凝血因子以及补体系统等方面对壳聚糖与血液中各成分的 作用进行了探讨,认为壳聚糖的止血作用是通过激活外源性血液凝固途径和补体系统旁路途径 实现的。在此基础上介绍了几种提高壳聚糖材料血液相容性的方法及相应的抗凝血机理,包括 磺酸化、酰化、表面修饰等。     

壳聚糖对大肠杆菌的抑制作用规律及抗菌机理初探

考察了不同分子量壳聚糖对大肠杆菌的抑菌性能,利用壳聚糖的席夫碱反应对其氨基加以保护,探讨了壳聚糖对大肠杆菌的抗菌机理。研究结果表明:壳聚糖分子量越小,对大肠杆菌的抗菌作用越明显;壳聚糖对大肠杆菌的抑菌作用与其氨基的质子化有关。     

高脱乙酰度壳聚糖制备工艺研究

分别对传统的碱液加热法、超声波预处理法、微波辐射法三种制备壳聚糖的工艺进行了研究和比较。结果表明,以上三种方法均可以制备出脱乙酰度〉95％的壳聚糖,但利用微波辐射法制备壳聚糖所需生产设施少,工序简单,提高了效率,降低生产成本,环保节能,具有显著的技术先进性、经济性和实用性。     

硫脲壳聚糖金属配合物的抗氧化活性研究

通过测定对羟自由基、超氧负离子自由基的清除率和还原能力,研究了壳聚糖、硫脲壳聚糖及5种硫脲壳聚糖金属配合物的抗氧化活性。结果表明:在实验设置的浓度范围内,对羟自由基的清除能力依次为硫脲壳聚糖Cu(Ⅱ)>硫脲壳聚糖Fe(Ⅱ)>硫脲壳聚糖Co(Ⅱ)>硫脲壳聚糖Ni(Ⅱ)>硫脲壳聚糖Zn(Ⅱ),且清除能力随着浓度的增加而增强;对超氧负离子自由基清除能力依次为硫脲壳聚糖Ni(Ⅱ)>硫脲壳聚糖Zn(Ⅱ)>硫脲壳聚糖Co(Ⅱ)>硫脲壳聚糖Cu(Ⅱ)>硫脲壳聚糖Fe(Ⅱ),且清除能力随着浓度的增加而增强;还原能力依次为硫脲壳聚糖Co(Ⅱ)>硫脲壳聚糖Cu(Ⅱ)>硫脲壳聚糖Fe(Ⅱ)>硫脲壳聚糖Ni(Ⅱ)>硫脲壳聚糖Zn(Ⅱ)。     

壳聚糖的化学改性及其在生物医药领域的应用进展

本文综述了近年来壳聚糖的酰化、羧甲基化、接枝、烷基化和交联等化学改性方法及其在生物医用高分子方面的应用进展,总结了壳聚糖改性及其应用过程中存在的问题并对其发展趋势作了预测。     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism