科尔沁沙地沙漠化过程中土壤有机碳和全氮含量变化

通过地面调查,研究了沙漠化对科尔沁沙地农田和草地土壤有机碳和全氮含量的影响.结果表明,随着沙漠化的发展,科尔沁沙地土壤碳、氮含量明显下降.和非沙漠化农田相比,轻度、中度、重度和严重沙漠化农田土壤有机碳和全氮含量分别下降12.3%和15.3%、22.2%和24.7%、39.5%和44.7%、64.4%和63.5%;和非沙漠化草地相比,轻度、中度、重度和严重沙漠化草地土壤有机碳和全氮含量分别下降了56.3%和48.7%、78.4%和74.4%、88.9%和84.6%、91.6%和84.6%.截至2000年,科尔沁沙漠化总面积已经达到50197.5 km2,由于沙漠化而导致的土壤有机碳和全氮损失总量分别为36.39 Mt和7.89 Mt,其中草地分别占91.12%和86.06%,农田分别占8.88%和13.94%.相关分析结果表明,土壤有机碳和全氮的损失主要源于风蚀所引起的土壤粘粉粒的减少.因此,在科尔沁沙地,防治土壤风蚀对于减少农田和草地土壤碳、氮损失极为重要.     

马拉硫磷和敌百虫混用和轮用的研究:淡色库蚊的酯酶同功酶与抗性的关系

用马拉硫磷和敌百虫单独处理30代和31代的淡色库蚊,见到对马拉硫磷和敌百虫的抗性分别为敏感品系的286和303倍,而以马拉硫磷和敌百虫轮用(32代)和混用(31代)处理的品系对马拉硫磷和敌百虫的抗性均在70倍以下。 离体酶的活性测定和酯酶同功酶的酶谱分析均表明,抗性品系体内羧酸酯酶活力高于敏感品系;酸性磷酸酯酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶的活力两者差异不显著,可见马拉硫磷和敌百虫的抗性主要和羧酸酯酶活力的增长有关。     

广东连州自然分布的3种植物体内及根际环境中稳定性碳和氮同位素的分析

以广东连州自然分布的3种国家重点保护野生植物南方红豆杉〔Taxus chinensis var.mairei(Lemée et Lévl.)Cheng et L.K.Fu〕、半枫荷(Semiliquidambar cathayensis Chang)和金荞麦〔Fagopyrum dibotrys(D.Don)Hara〕为研究对象,分析了根、茎和叶片及根际土壤和岩石的C、N含量和C:N比以及δ13 C和δ15 N值的差异;在此基础上,通过δ13 C和δ15 N值的散点图比较了3种植物生态位的差异.结果表明:在同种植物中,根、茎和叶片的C和N含量及C:N比总体高于根际土壤和岩石,其中,叶片中C和N含量均最高,茎的C:N比最高;而根际土壤和岩石的δ13 C和δ15 N值总体高于根、茎和叶片.在供试的3种植物间,根际土壤和岩石中C和N含量总体上无明显差异,但根、茎和叶片中C和N含量以及根、茎和叶片及根际土壤和岩石的C:N比、δ13 C和δ15 N值均有一定差异;其中,金荞麦根中C含量显著(P<0.05)低于南方红豆杉和半枫荷,其根、茎和叶片中N含量和δ15 N值均极显著(P<0.01)高于后二者,其根、茎和叶片的C:N比和δ13 C值均极显著低于后二者,其根际土壤和岩石的C:N比和δ13 C值总体上也低于后二者;南方红豆杉和半枫荷的叶片中C和N含量以及茎和叶片的δ13 C值、根际土壤和岩石的δ13 C和δ15 N值均存在显著差异,但二者的整体差异相对较小.从散点图上看,金荞麦的生态位远离南方红豆杉和半枫荷,而后二者的生态位有交集.综合分析结果显示:草本植物金荞麦与木本植物南方红豆杉和半枫荷的C和N含量以及δ13 C和δ15 N值的差异不仅与植物自身的生活型有关,而且与各自生境中的光照和土壤因子等相关.另外,供试3种植物的根、茎和叶片的δ13 C值变幅为-31.69‰~-26.46‰,符合C3植物的δ13 C值范畴.     

兜兰DEFICIENS(DEF)-和GLOBOSA(GLO)-like基因的克隆及表达分析

以‘同色兜兰’品种为材料,采用RT-PCR和RACE技术获得了DEFICIENS(DEF)-和GLOBOSA(GLO)-like基因的cDNA全长,命名为PcDEF和PcGLO,并用半定量RT-PCR和实时PCR研究了PcDEF和PcGLO在花芽发育过程和不同组织部位的表达特性。结果表明,PcDEF和PcGLO的全长cDNA分别为1 039bp和934bp,分别编码224和210个氨基酸;蛋白比对表明,PcDEF和PcGLO蛋白都具有典型MADS-box蛋白的MADS和K结构域;蛋白同源性分析显示,PcDEF和PcGLO与已登录的其它兰科植物的DEF/AP3和GLO/PI蛋白的相似性分别在75%～96%和87%～98%;系统进化树分析表明,PcDEF和PcGLO分别属于B类MADS-box蛋白家族的AP3和PI亚家族。表达分析显示,PcDEF和PcGLO在花芽发育中均有表达,PcDEF在成熟花、唇瓣和花瓣中的表达量高,在蕊柱、萼片、苞叶和根中次之,在花茎和叶中较低,在子房中几乎不表达;PcGLO在各组织中均有不同丰度的表达。     

陆地生物圈模型的发展与应用

陆地生物圈与大气圈和水圈之间能量、水和碳氮等元素的交换和循环对整个地球系统产生了深刻的影响。陆地生物圈模型(TBM)是研究陆地生态系统如何响应和反馈全球变化的重要方法和工具。通过对从生态系统到区域和全球陆地生物圈不同空间尺度的植被动态、生物地球物理和生物地球化学循环过程、水循环和水文过程、自然干扰和人类活动等过程时间动态的模拟, 陆地生物圈模型被广泛地应用于评估和归因过去陆地生物圈的时空变化和预测陆地生物圈对未来全球变化的响应和反馈。该文简要回顾了陆地生物圈模型的发展, 总结了模型对陆地生态系统主要过程的刻画和模型在生态系统生态学的应用, 并对未来陆地生物圈模型的发展和应用进行了展望。     

体重、环境温度和相对湿度对大胡蜂蜂王越冬的影响

大胡蜂〔Vespa magnifica （Smith）〕作为我国重要的生物防治昆虫、药用昆虫和食用昆虫,近年来在云南、四川等地已实现人工养殖,在农林害虫控制和乡村振兴方面发挥重要作用。目前存在的主要问题是蜂王越冬存活率和冬眠率较低。本文就蜂王体重、环境温度和相对湿度对大胡蜂蜂王越冬存活率与冬眠率的影响进行了研究。结果显示：蜂王体重≥2.6 g组的存活率和冬眠率分别为93.3%和86.7%,随着蜂王体重下降,蜂王的存活率和冬眠率均降低;温度10.5 ℃组的存活率和冬眠率分别为93.3%和80%,温度高于和低于10.5 ℃组的存活率和冬眠率均降低;相对湿度90%和75%组的存活率和冬眠率分别为93.3%和80%,随着相对湿度降低,蜂王的存活率和冬眠率均降低。结果表明蜂王体重≥2.6 g、温度10.5 ℃和相对湿度90%为蜂王越冬的最适条件。本研究结果为大胡蜂人工养殖提供了重要的基础数据。     

拟南芥STN7和STN8蛋白激酶的结构预测和功能分析

STN7和STN8蛋白激酶分别参与了LHCⅡ蛋白和PSⅡ核心蛋白的磷酸化.作者用折叠识别的方法建立了拟南芥蛋白激酶STN7和STN8核心结构域的三维结构,同时结合其他生物信息学方法对STN7和STN8蛋白的结构和作用机制进行了探讨,选择特异位点合成多肽,并制备抗体.结果表明STN7和STN8蛋白激酶活性区域的电荷和形状互补性决定了两者作用底物蛋白的差异,蛋白印迹结果显示分别制备得到了STN7特异抗体和STN8特异抗体,证实结构预测的正确.     

西安市贫困大学生人格和幸福感的关系

目的:探讨西安市高校贫困大学生人格和主观幸福感的关系.方法:采用艾森克问卷和主观幸福感问卷对西安三所高校贫困生和非贫困生共337人进行测试.结果:(1)贫困生和非贫困生在精神质、内外向和神经质都存在显著差异;他们在总体主观幸福感、生活满意度和消极情感存在显著差异;(2)贫困大学生的神经质和内外向对他们的总体主观幸福感有影响;贫困生的神经质影响他们的生活满意度;贫困生的神经质、内外向和精神质影响着他们的积极情感,神经质和精神质对他们的消极情感产生影响.结论:贫困大学生的神经质对他们的幸福感的影响最大,其次是内外向和精神质.     

城市生态景观建设的指导原则和评价指标

在人口膨胀和快速城市化的全球化背景下,构建人与自然和谐的生态景观是城市景观规划和设计的基本美学观和价值观.缺乏统一的指导原则和评价标准使得城市生态景观建设出现了很多问题,也限制了生态景观的进一步推广和实践.基于文献调研和专家咨询的方式,归纳了城市生态景观的基本内涵和指导原则,并提出了针对性的评价指标.通过问卷调查的方式,获取了170余份有效问卷,据此分析公众对城市生态景观的理解和需求.可以依据该结果为城市生态景观的定量评价提供初步的权重值,为进一步完善生态景观建设的理论和方法提供了参考和依据.     

中国兽类行为学和行为生态学研究进展与展望

行为学与行为生态学通常研究动物的行为特征、行为方式和行为机制,以及适应环境变化而采取的行为策略。本文回顾了我国近40年来主要哺乳动物行为学和行为生态学的研究进展,发现随着近20年来新技术和新方法的广泛应用,野外数据收集和实验设计更加科学有效,产生出很多有代表性和创新性的成果,标志着我国在这一领域研究取得了长足的进步和发展。其中大熊猫的行为生态研究已处于国际领先水平,啮齿类的种间互作关系和行为适应机制研究、灵长类的社会行为和觅食行为生态研究以及蝙蝠的回声定位行为研究等已达到国际水平,然而关于食肉目、有蹄类和海兽类的行为生态学研究相对较少。随着国家对基础学科研究重视不断提升,更多高水平研究基地的建设和科研人才队伍的壮大,以及交叉学科和先进信息技术的应用,将助力我国行为学和行为生态学未来研究蓬勃发展。     

农牧结合生态工程的基本理论与实践

农牧结合生态工程是一个复杂的农业生态、经济和技术系统工程,它由植物(种植业)、动物(养殖业)和微生物(连接种养业)3个子系统组成,其关键是建设一个以"四、三、二、一"畜牧业生产模式为主要内容的高效节粮型畜牧生态工程,它要求用尽可能少的自然资源,在尽可能短的周期内,生产尽可能多而优的农(牧)产品,以获取尽可能高的经济效益,达到或维持尽可能最佳的生态平衡.     

Ethnobotany of Ghalegay, District Swat, Pakistan

Ethnobotanical study of plants revealed that the local community of Ghalegy, District Swat, invariably uses 126 species of 59 families for various purposes. Based on their traditional local uses, fifty-seven species （45.2%） were classifted as medicinal, forty-seven as fire wood （37.3 % ）, forty-five as forage （35.7 % ）, twenty-eight as honey bee species （22.2%）, twenty-seven as vegetable species （21.4%）, 25 as edible fruits （14 wild and llcultivated）, thirteen as timberwood （10.3%）, twelve as ornamental （9.5%）, eleven as furniture wood, ten as shelter and thatch makers （7.9%）, ten as fencing （7.9%）, five as poisonous （4%）, four as religious/superstitious species, three species used in making hand sticks and wooden tools （2.4%）, three as utensil cleaner species （2.4%）, three as evil repellent and one as fish poisoning species. The area is in plant resources and traditional knowledge but it needs ecological management for its sustainability.     

Ethnobotany of Ghalegay,District Swat,Pakistan*

Ethnobotanical study of plants revealed that the local community of Ghalegy, District Swat, invariably uses 126 species of 59 families for various purposes. Based on their traditional local uses, fifty- seven species ( 4512%) were classified as medicinal, forty-seven as fire wood ( 3713%) , forty- five as forage ( 3517%) , twenty- eight as honey bee species ( 2212%) , twenty- seven as vegetable species ( 2114%) , 25 as edible fruits ( 14 wild and 11cultivated) , thirteen as timber wood ( 1013%) , twelve as ornamental ( 91 5%) , eleven as furniture wood, ten as shelter and thatch makers ( 719%) , ten as fencing ( 719%) , five as poisonous ( 4%) , four as religiousPsuperstitious species, three species used in making hand sticks and wooden tools ( 21 4%) , three as utensil cleaner species ( 214%) , three as evil repellent and one as fish poisoning species. The area is in plant resources and traditional knowledge but it needs ecological management for its sustainability.     

An Improved Computational Prediction Model for Lysine Succinylation Sites Mapping on Homo sapiens by Fusing Three Sequence Encoding Schemes with the Random Forest Classifier

Background Lysine succinylation is one of the reversible protein post-translational modifications (PTMs), which regulate the structure and function of proteins. It plays a significant role in various cellular physiologies including some diseases of human as well as many other organisms. The accurate identification of succinylation site is essential to understand the various biological functions and drug development.Methods In this study, we developed an improved method to predict lysine succinylation sites mapping on Homo sapiens by the fusion of three encoding schemes such as binary, the composition of k-spaced amino acid pairs (CKSAAP) and amino acid composition (AAC) with the random forest (RF) classifier. The prediction performance of the proposed random forest (RF) based on the fusion model in a comparison of other candidates was investigated by using 20-fold cross-validation (CV) and two independent test datasets were collected from two different sources.Results The CV results showed that the proposed predictor achieves the highest scores of sensitivity (SN) as 0.800, specificity (SP) as 0.902, accuracy (ACC) as 0.919, Mathew correlation coefficient (MCC) as 0.766 and partial AUC (pAUC) as 0.163 at a false-positive rate (FPR) = 0.10 and area under the ROC curve (AUC) as 0.958. It achieved the highest performance scores of SN as 0.811, SP as 0.902, ACC as 0.891, MCC as 0.629 and pAUC as 0.139 and AUC as 0.921 for the independent test protein set-1 and SN as 0.772, SP as 0.901, ACC as 0.836, MCC as 0.677 and pAUC as 0.141 at FPR = 0.10 and AUC as 0.923 for the independent test protein set-2. It also outperformed all the other existing prediction models.Conclusion The prediction performances as discussed in this article recommend that the proposed method might be a useful and encouraging computational resource for lysine succinylation site prediction in the case of human population.     

孕烷X受体的研究进展

核受体是一类高度保守的配体依赖性转录因子家族,在哺乳动物发育、繁殖、免疫应答、心血管功能、组织生长、肿瘤形成、外源物清除及糖类和脂质代谢等生理过程中发挥重要作用。机体对外源物质的清除主要是由孕烷X受体等核受雄介导的。孕烷X受体最早是作为外源物感受器而被研究的,可以被大多数亲脂性药物等外源性化合物及一些内源性化合物如胆汁酸等结构差异很大的配体激活,进而与视黄醇类X受体等形成异源二聚体,结合在ER6、XREM等DNA元件上,调控下游靶基因（包括一相代谢酶、二相结合酶及药物转运体等基因）的表达。此外,孕烷X受体在能量代谢和免疫反应中也有重要作用,参与某些代谢疾病的发生发展,且已在动物模型中被证明是Ⅱ型糖尿病、血脂异常、肥胖症和动脉粥样硬化等代谢疾病治疗的有效靶标。我们主要就其发现、结构、组织分布、作用方式、自身表达的调节等方面的最新研究进行综述。     

Get a grip: Podosomes as potential players in phagocytosis

Podosomes have been known for several decades as micron-sized, F-actin-rich structures that play a pivotal role in cell migration and invasion, as they are able to mediate both cell-matrix attachment as well as extracellular matrix degradation. Particularly in monocytic cells, podosomes have been shown to fulfill a variety of additional functions such as sensing of substrate rigidity and topography, or cell-cell fusion. Increasing evidence now points to the involvement of podosome-like structures also during phagocytosis by immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils. Here, we compare the different cell models and experimental set ups where “phagocytic podosomes” have been described. We also discuss the composition and architecture of these structures, their potential involvement in mechanosensing and particle disruption, as well as the pros and cons for addressing them as bona fide podosomes.     

SLX4: multitasking to maintain genome stability

The SLX4/FANCP tumor suppressor has emerged as a key player in the maintenance of genome stability, making pivotal contributions to the repair of interstrand cross-links, homologous recombination, and in response to replication stress genome-wide as well as at specific loci such as common fragile sites and telomeres. SLX4 does so in part by acting as a scaffold that controls and coordinates the XPF–ERCC1, MUS81–EME1, and SLX1 structure-specific endonucleases in different DNA repair and recombination mechanisms. It also interacts with other important DNA repair and cell cycle control factors including MSH2, PLK1, TRF2, and TOPBP1 as well as with ubiquitin and SUMO. This review aims at providing an up-to-date and comprehensive view on the key functions that SLX4 fulfills to maintain genome stability as well as to highlight and discuss areas of uncertainty and emerging concepts.     

Prion protein modifies TGF-beta induced signal transduction

Members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily regulate a multitude of cellular processes as well as the expression of various proteins such as, e.g., matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). These endopeptidases selectively degrade components of the extracellular matrix as well as non-matrix substrates like growth factors and cell surface receptors. MMPs are activated during embryonic development, morphogenesis, and tissue resorption/remodeling as well as in pathological conditions such as deranged wound healing and cancer metastasis. In this report we demonstrate that over-expression of cellular prion protein in mouse mammary gland epithelial cells is able to modulate TGF-beta induced signal transduction leading to a synergistic increase of secreted MMP-2 activity. This correlates with elevated substrate detachment of cells grown as an epithelial monolayer as well as interfering with morphogenesis of cells cultured in a three-dimensional collagen type I matrix.     

健康仔猪肠道乳杆菌黑龙江地方株的鉴定与种属分析

为了从健康仔猪肠道中分离筛选用于研制微生态制剂的乳酸杆菌菌株,选择黑龙江省大庆、哈尔滨及宝泉岭地区部分猪场,采集12-60日龄健康仔猪肠道粪样64份。选用MRS乳酸杆菌专用培养基分离培养乳酸杆菌,通过分离株的形态特征和培养特性筛选出革兰阳性,厌氧,无芽胞杆菌48株。再通过生化试验鉴定和PCR种属分析,确定18株为乳酸杆菌。其中,罗伊乳杆菌7株,嗜酸乳杆菌5株,约氏乳杆菌2株,短乳杆菌1株,干酪乳杆菌假植物亚种1株,植物乳杆菌1株,詹氏乳杆菌1株。     

Air Pollution: Involvement of Oxygen Radicals (A Mini Review)

In the past decades air pollution has increased worldwide. We also gained more insight into the complex interactions between different air pollutants in the atmosphere as well as their effects on living cells and organisms. It also has been unequivocally shown by several groups in different countries that oxy radicals play an outstanding role in the interconversion of air pollutants as well as during the manifestation of toxic effects. Not only living systems are affected by air pollutants, but also inorganic systems such as buildings and sculptures. In the following overview the most important reactions occuring in the atmosphere as well as effects of oxidative gaseous compounds and particles such as diesel soot and asbestos will be discussed.