The light-induced unrolling of the grass leaf — A study of polarity, light-piping and stimulus transmission

Primary leaves of dark-grown barley ( Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Weibull's Ida) unroll in darkness when cut into sections shorter than about 2 cm; the shorter the more unrolling. The unrolling pattern of irradiated leaf sections longer than about 2 cm indicates a polarity in the leaves: the top end of the basal section of a divided leaf unrolls more than the base end of the distal section. Earlier reported findings of a stimulus transmission from irradiated to non-irradiated areas can be fully explained by light-piping and by mechanical, mutual influence between irradiated and non-irradiated areas.     

The effect of δ-aminolevulinic acid on red light-induced unrolling of dark-grown barley leaf sections

Unrolling of sections from dark grown barley leaves ( Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Klages) was stimulated by red irradiation. The unrolling started after a lag phase of 6-8 h and was completed after 24 h. The effect of several keto and amino acids on leaf unrolling was compared with their effect on coleoptile segment expansion growth. Of the substances tested δ-aminolevulinic acid had the most inhibitive effect on leaf unrolling and the least inhibitive effect on coleoptile segment expansion growth. Prolonged treatment caused a strong inhibition of the unrolling but with a short tretment, a stimulation of the unrolling occurred. The inhibitive effect of δ-aminolevulinic acid was only found if the treatment started within 6-8 h after the red irradiation. Kinetin and gibberellic acid could decrease the inhibitory effect of δ-aminolevulinic acid. A possible role for δ-aminolevulinic acid working as a triggering substance for leaf unrolling is discussed.     

Effect of vanadate on bean leaf movement, stomatal conductance, barley leaf unrolling, respiration, and phosphatase activity

Vanadate (Na₃ VO₄) inhibits leaf movement and stomatal conductance of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Carlos Favorit in light-dark cycles as well as photomorphogenetic leaf unrolling of Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Rupal. Inhibition was 50% by 10 to 100 micromolar vanadate and 100% by millimolar vanadate. Leaf unrolling was also inhibited by oligomycin and diethylstilbestrol.     

Blue light-induced unrolling in rice plant leaves

Blue light-induced unrolling of second leaves in rice plants(Oryza sativa L.) was studied. Light in wavelengths of 400–500nm was most effective for the induction of unrolling, whilethat of 500–800 nm had no influence. This blue light actionon unrolling was observed for both dark and light grown seedlings.Several hours of irradiation was required for the inductionof unrolling at a relatively high intensity. Red light had noinfluence on the blue light action. We concluded that blue lightaction on the unrolling of rice leaves is not mediated by thephytochrome system, but by a high energy blue light reactionwhich differs from the unrolling of wheat and barley leaves. (Received March 3, 1979; )     

Barley leaf unrolling. The proline connection

Unrolling of 1 cm sections, taken between 3 and 4 cm from the apex, of 6-day-old, etiolated barley leaves, was promoted by blue (426 nm) and red (658 nm) light. Accompanying such unrolling was a reduction in the level of the free proline of the tissue. When leaf unrolling was prevented by irradiation with far-red (728 nm) light, or treatment with abscisic acid (ABA) following red light irradiation, the level of proline remained more or less unchanged, at the level of the untreated, dark controls. The proline analogue, azetidine carboxylic acid (AZC) powerfully inhibited the light induced leaf opening, emphasizing the significance of proline-containing, structural and functional proteins in barley leaf unrolling. The inhibition imposed by AZC is partially reversible by added proline.     

Leaf age and salinity influence water relations of pepper leaves

Plant growth is reduced under saline conditions even when turgor in mature leaves is maintained by osmotic adjustment. The objective of this study was to determine if young leaves from salt-affected plants were also osmotically adjusted. Pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L. cv. California Wonder) were grown in several levels of solution osmotic potential and various components of the plants' water relations were measured to determine if young, rapidly growing leaves could accumulate solutes rapidly enough to maintain turgor for normal cell enlargement. Psychrometric measurements indicated that osmotic adjustment is similar for both young and mature leaves although osmotic potential is slightly lower for young leaves. Total water potential is also lower for young leaves, particularly at dawn for the saline treatments. The result is reduced turgor under saline conditions at dawn for young but not mature leaves. This reduced turgor at dawn, and presumably low night value, is possibly a cause of reduced growth under saline conditions. No differences in leaf turgor occur at midday. Porometer measurements indicated that young leaves at a given salinity level have a higher stomatal conductance than mature leaves, regardless of the time of day. The result of stomatal closure is a linear reduction of transpiration.     

Variation in response of five identical steady-state porometers1

Abstract. Variation in response was measured for live identical steady-state porometers manufactured and calibrated by Li-Cor, Lincoln, NE, U.S.A. Mean values for relative humidity, air and leaf temperature, transpiration and leaf conductance were compared in two experiments, one with random measurements among a population of leaves and the other using paired observations on the lateral sides of individual leaves. Comparisons were made using young newly expanded leaves of potato (Solarium tuberosum, cv. Norland) plants grown under controlled environmental conditions in the Biotron at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Average mean differences among porometers were 5, 11 and 12% for relative humidity, leaf conductance and transpiration, respectively.     

超高产杂交稻剑叶中C4途径酶活性和稳定碳同位素分异作用的变化

以超高产杂交水稻(Oryza sativa L.)"培矮64S/E32"和多年来大面积推广的杂交稻"汕优63"为材料,研究孕穗后剑叶中C4途径酶和对稳定碳同位素分异作用的变化.结果表明,籽粒灌浆期(移栽后68～75 d)的两个品种剑叶中NADP-MDH活性最高,随后下降;超高产杂交水稻"培矮64S/E32"的NADP-MDH的活性明显高于"汕优63";PEPCase和NADP-ME活性在黄熟期之前的叶片中持续上升.不同生育期的叶片与籽粒的△1aC值相近(19.49‰～19.82‰),在成熟期时较高.超高产水稻"培矮64S/E32"叶片的平均△13C值比"汕优63"高0.43‰.     

几种水稻植株中血凝活性物质的分布与变化及其稻胚凝集素的比较

开花前的水稻旗叶提取液中不含有血凝活力,但开花后旗叶提取液中能测得血凝活力,并随着开花后天数增加而逐渐升高。雄蕊和成熟花药中无血凝活力,开花前和开花早期的子房提取液中有血凝活性,开花5d后子房或胚乳中测不到血凝活性,但胚中血凝活性随种子发育而明显增加。分别从“寒丰”和“双丰一号”水稻成熟胚中分离得到凝集素,用电泳、免疫学方法和血凝试验表明两者的分子特性和血凝性质完全相同。     

Variation in the glucosinolate content of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) leaves

The glucosinolate content of oilseed rape {Brassica napus) leaves was monitored over the growth period 30–70 days after planting, and a comparison made between a single-low cultivar (low in erucic acid), Bienvenu, and a double-low cultivar (low in erucic acid and glucosinolate), Cobra. In older, fully-expanded leaves the glucosinolate concentration was very low (< 0.3 μmol/ml tissue water) and did not alter during the course of the experiment. In developing sixth leaves glucosinolate content increased rapidly and reached a maximum concentration (4–5 μmol/ml tissue water) 40 days after planting (6 days after leaf emergence). The concentration then declined, to about 1 μmol/ml after 60 days although the total glucosinolate content in leaves continued to increase until 50 days; much of the reduction in concentration was simply a result of leaf expansion. No major differences were seen between the two varieties in total glucosinolate content or in the individual compounds present. Cv. Cobra developed more quickly than cv. Bienvenu so direct comparison between leaves of the two cultivars was complex. When comparing the glucosinolate content of oilseed rape leaves, between cultivars or between treatments, it is vital to ensure that carefully matched leaves of comparable developmental age are selected.     

Irradiance-dependent senescence of isolated leaves

Isolated leaves from pea ( Pisum sativum L. cv. Alaska or the genotype L-1107), oat ( Avena sativa L. cv. Victory), and fuchsia ( Fuchsia triphylla L. cv. Koralle) were retained at irradiances between 0 and 130 μmol m^-2 s^-1 PAR (photosynthetic active radiation). Irradiance-dependent CO₂ fixation was measured when the leaves were excised, and time-dependent changes in light compensation point were determined. If the irradiance was below the light compensation point for CO₂ fixation, the respiratory quotient was low, indicating that lipids were respired. The isolated leaves senesced at these low light levels. At higher light intensities the decrease in chlorophyll level was not accompainied by diminished protein level, and the respiratory quotient was close to unity. Only an irradiance equal to or slightly above the light compensation point maintained a stable chlorophyll level for a long time. This suggested that depletion of reserves in darkness or at low levels of irradiance is important for the initiation of the senescence syndrome. At high levels of irradiance, the decrement in chlorophyll level may be caused by photooxidation. Only in leaves placed under an irradiance close to the compensation point, was CO₂ fixation able to prevent aging of the leaves.     

Calcium and phytochrome control of leaf unrolling in dark-grown barley seedlings

The red light-stimulated component of unrolling in sections from 7-d-old dark-grown barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) leaves is inhibited by ethyleneglycol-bis-(-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N,N-tetracetic acid (EGTA). A free-Ca²⁺ activity of less than 40 M restores the ability to respond to red light, but only if supplied within 1 h of red light. Magnesium ions are an ineffective substitute. At least two processes in unrolling appear to be Ca²⁺-sensitive.Fluence-response measurements indicate that the levels of the far-red-absorbing from of phytochrome (Pfr) still present 4 h after red-light treatment should be above saturation for the unrolling response; consequently, loss of Pfr does not explain the loss in effectiveness of Ca²⁺ during prolonged EGTA treatment. However, if a further red-light treatment is given simultaneously with Ca²⁺ addition 4 h after the initial light stimulus, then full unrolling occurs in EGTA-treated sections. These data indicate that, under normal circumstances, a functional change in the properties of Pfr must occur, uncoupling it from the transduction chain.Abbreviations EGTA ethyleneglycol-bis-(-aminoethylether)-N,N,N,N,-tetracetic acid - FR far-red light - Mes 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulphonic, acid - Pfr far-red absorbing form of phytochrome - Pr red-absorbing form of phytochrome - R red light     

Metabolism and translocation of nitrogen in two Lolium perenne populations with contrasting rates of mature leaf respiration and yield

Barneix, A. J., Cooper, H. D., Stulen, I. and Lambers, H. 1988. Metabolism and translocation of nitrogen in two Lolium perenne populations with contrasting rates of mature leaf respiration and yield. - Physiol. Plant. 72: 631–636.
Several aspects of nitrogen metabolism and transport were investigated to determine whether these processes could account for the observed differences in the dark respiration rate of mature leaves between two populations of Lolium perenne L. cv. S23: GL72 - a slow respiring, high growth rate line, and cv. GL66 - a fast respiring, low growth rate line.
No differences were found in total nitrogen or soluble protein concentrations between the populations, but GL72 showed a higher concentration of soluble amino acids, accounted for mainly by increases in the amounts of asparagine and glutamine. There were no differences in the glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2) or nitrate reductase (EC 1.6.6.1) activities between populations, but the fast respiring GL66 line showed higher glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.3) and peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) activities than GL72. The protein turnover rate, determined from ³H disappearance from leaves labelled with [³H]-acetic anhydride, appeared to be larger in GL66, but the difference was not significant and could not account for the differences in respiration rate.
The apparent extent of ¹⁵N cycling between roots and shoots was low in Lolium compared to other grass species, and there were no differences between the two populations.
It is concluded that the differences in dark respiration rate are not due to differences in demand for ATP by nitrogen assimilatory processes, but may be related to faster leaf senescence in the GL66 population.     

Short-term effects of aphid feeding on photosynthetic CO2 exchange and dark respiration in legume leaves

Net CO₂ exchange rates and dark respiration rates were determined for single attached legume leaves (leaflets) after 6 to 9 days of aphid infestation. Plant-aphid combinations used were broad bean ( Vicia faba L. cv. Aquadulce) and cowpea [ Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. cv. Caloona)] infested with cowpea aphids ( Aphis craccivora Koch) and broad bean and garden pea ( Pisum sativum L. cv. Victory Freezer) infested with pea aphids [ Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)]. Leaves from all aphid-infested plants had significantly greater net CO₂ exchange rates in the light than their respective controls and rates of dark respiration of leaves from infested cowpea and garden pea were also significantly greater than those of controls. Dark respiration, as a percentage of net CO₂ exchange rates in the light, was greater in aphid-infested than in control plants. When the mean net daily carbon gain was calculated for the leaves of each plant-aphid combination, leaves from aphid-infested plants had the greatest gain. It is proposed that net CO₂, exchange rates increased due to increased sink demand and dark respiration rates increased to meet the increased energy requirements of phloem loading and cellular maintenance associated with aphid feeding. The apparent compensatory carbon gain of infested leaves was consumed by the aphids.     

Inhibition of sulphur redistribution into new leaves of vegetative soybean by excision of the maturing leaf

When soybean plants are pulsed with [³⁵S]sulphate, label is subsequently redistributed from the roots to the leaves. This confounds studies to measure the redistribution of label from leaves. Accordingly, soybean plants ( Glycine max [L.] Merr. cv. Stephens) were grown in 20 μ M sulphate and a small portion of the root system (donor root) was pulsed with [³⁵S]sulphate for 24 h. After removing the donor root, the plants were transferred into unlabelled solution, either without sulphate (S20→SO) or with 20 μ M sulphate (S20→20) (intact plants). Also at this time, the expanding leaf (L3) was excised from half of the plants in each treatment (excised plants). Immediately after the pulse, only ca 15% of the label occurred in the roots and ca 40% in the expanding leaf, L3, mostly in the soluble fraction. In intact S20→20 plants, ³⁵S-label was exported from the soluble fraction of L3, mostly as sulphate, whilst L4 and L5 imported label. Similar responses occurred in S20→SO plants except that export of label from L3 was more rapid. Excision of L3 from S20→S20 plants inhibited labelling of leaves L4-L6 but not total sulphur, whereas in S20→SO plants, excision of L3 inhibited the import of both total sulphur and ³⁵S-label in leaves L4, L5 and L6. The data suggest that the soluble fraction of almost fully expanded leaves is an important reserve of sulphur for redistribution to growing leaves. The ³⁵S-label in the root system exhibited fluctuations consistent with its proposed role in the recycling of soluble sulphur from the leaves.     

小麦叶片老化期间的内肽酶与H_2O_2的关系(英文)

研究了H2 O2 和蛋白水解酶在小麦 (TriticumaestivumL .cv.Yanmai15 8)叶片老化过程中的关系。小麦叶片老化期间 ,H2 O2 含量高的叶片中内肽酶活力也高。老化后期 ,内源H2 O2 迅速累积 ,内肽酶活力迅速上升 ;通过内肽酶同工酶电泳可检测到新增一种活力较强的内肽酶。用外源H2 O2 处理全展旗叶的内肽酶粗提液 ,随着H2 O2 浓度的升高 ,内肽酶活力先上升后下降。     

几种瓜类作物对根际高温胁迫的生理响应

以黑籽南瓜、‘春秋王2号’黄瓜、‘傲美’苦瓜、‘兴蔬’丝瓜、‘五叶香’丝瓜为试材,采用营养液栽培法,研究了这几种瓜类作物在根际35℃高温处理下的生长量、光合参数及地上部、地下部的渗透胁迫物质的变化。结果显示：处tE5d后,两种丝瓜幼苗的株高、茎粗、叶面积、根长、地上干重及地下干重,叶片相对叶绿素含量、净光合速率（Pn）,气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO2浓度（Gi）、蒸腾速率（Tr）与对照相比变化均不大,而另外三种瓜类的以上指标均受到明显的抑制;高温使得黑籽南瓜及黄瓜叶片和根系中都积累了大量的膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）,渗透调节物质脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量在叶片中增大,但在根系中却减小,而处理下‘五叶香’丝瓜的MDA含量与对照差异不显著,且两种渗透调节物质表现为叶片中减小根系中增大;处理下‘兴蔬’丝瓜根系中MDA的减少量及可溶性蛋白的增加量都大于‘傲美’苦瓜。结果表明,根际高温下两个丝瓜品种,特别是‘五叶香’丝瓜有较高的耐受力,通过提高根系中的渗透调节物质含量来降低根际高温对植株整体造成的伤害。     

Response of antioxidant and osmoprotective systems of wheat seedlings to drought and rehydration

Complex study of the effect of soil drought (72 h) and subsequent rehydration for 24 and 48 h on the activities of antioxidant and osmoprotective systems in the leaves of young plants of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cvs. Ballada (high productivity) and Beltskaya (low productivity) was carried out. Under drought conditions, the content of water in the leaves of cv. Ballada reduced to a lesser degree than in the leaves of cv. Beltskaya. Drought did not affect the rate of leaf growth in cv. Ballada but retarded leaf growth in cv. Beltskaya. Under drought conditions, the content of ascorbate reduced in cv. Beltskaya but was not changed in cv. Ballada; the content of glutathione increased by 19% in cv. Ballada and by 30% in cv. Beltskaya. Under drought conditions, ascorbate peroxidase activity was not changed in cv. Ballada whereas in cv. Beltskaya there was a tendency to its decrease. Glutathione reductase activity in the leaves of cv. Beltskaya increased stronger than in cv. Ballada. Substantial differences between cultivars in the accumulation of reducing sugars and sucrose under water deficit were observed. In both cultivars, drought induced an active proline accumulation. Observed differences in the cultivar responses to water stress evidently indicate differences in the strategy of their adaptation to drought. Drought did not affect the contents of chlorophyll and MDA in both cultivars. The data obtained allow a suggestion that, under conditions of moderate soil drought, the coordinated system of antioxidant defense and osmotic control functioned sufficiently effective; as a result, oxidative stress was not developed in both cultivars. Young plants of both cultivars differing in their responses to water deficit retained the ability to recover after rehydration.     

Changes in carbohydrate and enzyme levels during development of leaves of Prunus persica, a sorbitol synthesizing species

Carbohydrate levels and activities of enzymes associated with starch, sucrose and sorbitol metabolism were assayed in leaves of peach [ Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. Redhaven] of different ages, in order to examine developmental changes in leaf carbohydrate metabolism. Dry matter, soluble protein, chlorophyll and the activities of key enzymes of the reductive pentose phosphate pathway increased during leaf development. The levels of leaf carbohydrates, especially sorbitol and starch, also increased. Changes of starch levels were related to increases in the activities of enzymes associated to starch metabolism, such as ADPglucose-pyrophosphorylase (E.C. 2.7.7.27) and amylase (E.C. 3.2.1.1. plus E.C. 3.2.1.2). The activities of enzymes involved in sucrose and sorbitol degradation decreased during leaf development, whereas the activities of aldose-6-phosphate reductase (E.C. 1.1.1.200) and cytosolic fructase-1,6-bisphosphatase (E.C. 3.1.3.11) increased. In contrast, the activity of sucrose-phosphate synthase (E.C. 2.4.1.14) did not vary in a significant manner. The results suggest that the ability to synthesize and utilize both sucrose and sorbitol changes as peach leaves mature, and also that there are differences in metabolism of these two transport sugars during leaf development.     

Involvement of polyamines in the chilling tolerance of cucumber cultivars

The possible involvement of polyamines (PAs) in the chilling tolerance of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv Jinchun No. 3 and cv Suyo) was investigated. Plants with the first expanded leaves were exposed to 3 degrees C or 15 degrees C in the dark for 24 h (chilling), and then transferred to 28 degrees C/22 degrees C under a 12-h photoperiod for another 24 h (rewarming). Chilling-tolerant cv Jinchun No. 3 showed a marked increase of free spermidine (Spd) in leaves, once during chilling and again during rewarming. Putrescine increased significantly during rewarming, but the increase of spermine was slight. Any of these PAs did not increase in chilling-sensitive cv Suyo during either period. PA-biosynthetic enzyme activities appear to mediate these differences between cultivars. Pretreatment of Spd to cv Suyo prevented chill-induced increases in the contents of hydrogen peroxide in leaves and activities of NADPH oxidases and NADPH-dependent superoxide generation in microsomes and alleviated chilling injury. Pretreatment of methylglyoxal-bis-(guanylhydrazone), a PA biosynthesis inhibitor, to chilled cv Jinchun No. 3 prevented Spd increase and enhanced microsomal NADPH oxidase activity and chilling injury. The results suggest that Spd plays important roles in chilling tolerance of cucumber, probably through prevention of chill-induced activation of NADPH oxidases in microsomes.