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1.
黄土高原西部4万多年以来植被与环境变化的孢粉记录   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
采集甘肃静宁、定西、秦安等地晚更新世晚期以来几个黄土剖面的孢粉样品,分别以晚更新世每个样品分辨率200—300年,全新世20—200年,揭示了黄土高原西部4万多年以来古植被曾经历过草原、森林草原(或疏林草原)、针叶林以及荒漠草原或荒漠几种植被的多次快速变化。在44.2—11kaBP期间,静宁地区植被主要表现为森林和草原成分的相互消长,其中44—29kaBP期间(MIS3)气候以湿润为主,发育针叶林,温度低于现在;23kaBP之后,气候冷干,以稀疏草原为主,在末次盛冰期植被甚至演化为荒漠草原。全新世大部分时间内是以草原或森林草原(或疏林草原)植被为主。在全新世中期,约7.6—5.8kaBP有近1700年时间发育有森林植被,在这个时期当地自然植被覆盖度较高,而草原或疏林草原发育时期植被往往较稀疏,反映气候相对干冷。根据出现的不同类型植物的孢粉浓度及其生态环境特性,研究区早、中全新世,约8.8—5.8kaBP沉积环境较湿润;自3.8kaBP以后气候环境总的变化趋势是逐渐变干,植被开始向草原荒漠化演变。然而,研究区整个全新世气候环境存在多次干湿交替现象,据孢粉记录,其中可能存在11次气候干寒事件。  相似文献   

2.
新疆乌伦古湖全新世以来高分辨率的孢粉记录与环境变迁   总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10  
根据新疆乌伦古湖钻孔剖面高分辨率的孢粉研究,得出全新世以来研究区的气候经历了四个大的阶段:约9.99~7.72cal.kaBP期间,气候温暖干旱;7.72—3.62cal.kaBP,气候由温和偏湿逐渐转向温暖偏干;3.62—1.24cal.kaBP,气候由寒冷干旱逐渐转向寒冷偏湿到温和湿润;1.24cal.kaBP至今,气候总体上温和干旱。在这四个大阶段的气候背景下,还存在8.90cal.kaBP和8.35cal.kaBP左右、3.62—2.80cal.kaBP期间、0.82—0.45cal.kaBP期间和约0.23cal.kaBP时的突然变冷事件。本剖面的孢粉组合在约9.99—7.72cal.kaBP期间反映的是湖区的植被,早期为以芦苇为主的水生植物群落,随后演替成以黑三棱为主的水生植物群落;自7.72cal.kaBP以后,孢粉组合反映的是区域植被,与气候相应的区域植被依次经历了荒漠草原→荒漠→荒漠草原→草原或荒漠草原→草原→荒漠→荒漠草原的多次演替。  相似文献   

3.
成都平原4 000aBP以来的孢粉记录与环境变化   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
成都平原晚全新世以来沉积的泥质层发现丰富的孢粉。根据孢粉成分组合特征和生态类型可划分出5个孢粉组合带,结合剖面上6个14^C测年数据,提出在过去的4000a研究区植被类型及气候环境经历了5个阶段的变化:3800-3600aBP为亚热带常绿阔叶林,气候暖偏湿;3600-3400aBP为含常绿树种的落叶阔叶林,气候温暖湿润;3400-2600aBP为草/湿地,气温下降,环境更潮湿;2600-900aBP为落叶阔叶林,温度又开始逐渐回升,气候温和偏湿;900-300aBP再次变为草/湿地,偏干冷的气候环境。  相似文献   

4.
苏北盆地是我国西部高原至东部海洋之间的过渡地区,该地区的气候演变史对揭示东亚季风的时空变化有着重要的意义。根据气候地层学的原理,用孢粉分析的方法,结合^14C测年数据,再造了兴化地区自倒数第二次冰期以来的古植被与古环境,其演变史能与深海氧同位素记录进行良好的对比,孢粉带Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ分别对应深海氧同位素阶段5、4、3、2、1,且孢粉带Ⅲ细分的5个亚带与MIS 5a-5e也有良好的对应。此外,从该地区末次冰期孢粉记录中检索出6次冷事件,通过与格陵兰冰芯及会宁黄土记录对比,推测这些冷事件可能对应于末次冰期气候变化中的Heinrich事件。  相似文献   

5.
东北二龙湾玛珥湖孢粉记录显示,34 ka B.P.以来,该区植被和气候经历了以下变化:34-29.3 ka B.P.,发育山地寒温性针叶林,气候冷湿.29.3-12.6 ka B.P.,该区以寒温性针叶林、桦树林为主,气候转向冷干发展,尤其在20.6-18.7 ka B.P.(LGM)时,表现最为突出.12.6-8.9 ka B.P.,该区植被为针阔叶混交林,气候由冷干向温湿逐渐过渡,8.9-4.6 ka B.P.,为落叶阔叶林,气候温暖湿润.4.6 ka B.P.至今,发育针阔叶混交林,气候向温凉转干方向发展.研究表明,MIS3a阶段,以二龙湾为代表的中国东北东部气候以冷湿为主要特征,而末次冰期对该区的影响直到12.6 ka B.P.以后才结束.  相似文献   

6.
灌木年轮学研究进展   总被引:1,自引:4,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
芦晓明  梁尔源 《生态学报》2013,33(5):1367-1374
灌木往往分布在树线以上或以北的高海拔和高纬度地区以及干旱、半干旱区,是把传统上以乔木为主的树轮研究扩展至森林分布界限以外的唯一选择.尽管灌木具有以上研究潜力,迄今用于树木年代学研究的灌木种类仅有30种左右.介绍了灌木年轮研究方法,综述了过去几十年来环北极高纬度地区,干旱、半干旱区以及高海拔地区的灌木年轮研究的主要进展.主要研究进展如下:(1)发掘一些灌木的树木年代学潜力;(2)揭示限制灌木生长的主要环境因子,并尝试利用灌木年轮宽度等指标重建过去区域气候变化历史;(3)探讨全球变暖的背景下,灌木的生长或分布范围的变化;(4)通过人为控制增温来揭示变暖对灌木生理特征和生长的影响.这些研究展示了灌木在扩展传统乔木树轮研究网络方面的潜力,也是树木年代学研究中最有前景的研究方向之一.目前的灌木年轮学研究多集中于环北极苔原带.作为地球的第三极,青藏高原具有广泛的高山灌木分布,具有把青藏高原边缘区以乔木为主的树木年轮网络扩展至更高海拔和高原内部的潜力.青藏高原高山灌木的年轮学研究并没有引起足够的重视.青藏高原高山灌木的生长是如何适应极端环境条件的,全球变暖的背景下,青藏高原高山灌木的分布和生长正在发生哪些变化等,都有待深入研究.  相似文献   

7.
Beatty GE  Provan J 《Molecular ecology》2010,19(22):5009-5021
Previous phylogeographical and palaeontological studies on the biota of northern North America have revealed a complex scenario of glacial survival in multiple refugia and differing patterns of postglacial recolonization. Many putative refugial regions have been proposed both north and south of the ice sheets for species during the Last Glacial Maximum, but the locations of many of these refugia remain a topic of great debate. In this study, we used a phylogeographical approach to elucidate the refugial and recolonization history of the herbaceous plant species Orthilia secunda in North America, which is found in disjunct areas in the west and east of the continent, most of which were either glaciated or lay close to the limits of the ice sheets. Analysis of 596 bp of the chloroplast trnS-trnG intergenic spacer and five microsatellite loci in 84 populations spanning the species' range in North America suggests that O. secunda persisted through the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in western refugia, even though palaeodistribution modelling indicated a suitable climate envelope across the entire south of the continent. The present distribution of the species has resulted from recolonization from refugia north and south of the ice sheets, most likely in Beringia or coastal regions of Alaska and British Columbia, the Washington/Oregon region in the northwest USA, and possibly from the region associated with the putative 'ice-free corridor' between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets. Our findings also highlight the importance of the Pacific Northwest as an important centre of intraspecific genetic diversity, owing to a combination of refugial persistence in the area and recolonization from other refugia.  相似文献   

8.
Alpine ecosystems are among those biomes that are most vulnerable to climate change. Cushion plants are an important life form of alpine ecosystems and will likely play a critical role for the resilience of these habitats to climate change. We studied cushion size distribution and different measures of the compactness of cushions (biomass and rosette density, leaf area index) of the cushion plant, Androsace tapete along an elevational gradient from 4500 to 5200 m a.s.l. in the Nyainqentanglha Mountains of the central Tibetan Plateau. Cushion size distribution, total cover, and compactness of cushions varied substantially along the elevational gradient. At the driest site at low elevation we found the lowest total cushion cover, a particularly high proportion of very small cushions, and the most compact cushions (highest rosette and biomass densities, and leaf area index (LAI) per cushion). Our results indicate that in the semi‐arid Tibetan Plateau water availability is the more important climate factor than temperature affecting cushion plant traits and morphology.  相似文献   

9.
青藏高原植被覆盖时空变化及其对气候因子的响应   总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12       下载免费PDF全文
卓嘎  陈思蓉  周兵 《生态学报》2018,38(9):3208-3218
研究青藏高原植被覆盖时空分布特征对加深气候变化的认识及生态环境保护具有重要的生态价值和现实意义。利用2000—2016年MODIS NDVI 1km/月分辨率数据以及气象观测数据,采用最大合成法、趋势性分析以及相关分析方法,探讨了不同时间尺度青藏高原地区NDVI的分布特征及其与降水、气温的关系。结果表明:(1)青藏高原东南部植被状况明显好于西北部,植被覆盖的分布格局与区域水热条件的时空分布保持了较好的一致性;近17年来青藏高原植被覆盖改善的地区要比退化的地区面积大,严重退化的区域主要位于青藏高原西南部;青藏高原NDVI值在2000—2016年呈幅度较小的增加趋势。(2)除夏季降水量外,研究时段内其他季节降水量均呈增加趋势;气温均呈增加趋势,尤其以春季增加最为显著,整体上青藏高原气候呈现\"暖湿化\"趋势。总体上年降水量与年最大合成NDVI呈较好的正相关;年平均气温与年最大合成NDVI在高原东南部呈正相关,西南部呈负相关。降水量和热量条件均是高原植被生长的影响因素,降水与植被覆盖的影响较气温密切。  相似文献   

10.
王军邦  欧阳熙煌  赵新全 《生态学报》2024,44(22):10119-10132
叠加食草野生动物和人类需求驱使家畜牧食的放牧草地碳循环是食草动物-草地植物-土壤耦合系统吸收、储存和释放碳的过程。食草动物通过牧食、踩踏和粪尿归还等途径影响草地碳循环过程,但其发挥促进碳吸收和增加碳汇的正效应还是促进碳释放的负效应,仍然存在较大不确定性。鉴于此,通过文献综述阐明食草动物对草地碳循环过程的可能影响及作用机制,提出可能的未来研究方向,以期为青藏高原高寒草地碳循环过程与机理研究,及碳增汇管理提供基础。研究发现,虽然高寒草地净生态系统生产力和碳汇强度可观,但由于观测站点分布和草食动物等因素的影响,目前的结果可能存在高估固碳速率的情况,同时基于不同方法所得的结果也存在一定差异;特别在放牧条件下,高寒草地碳固存过程更为复杂,食草动物通过改变草地群落组成、植物多样性、生产力和地上/地下碳分配,显著影响草地植被碳储量和碳循环过程,这些影响同时还收到气候和土壤等多种因素的调控,具有复杂性和不确定性。目前对高寒放牧草地碳循环的研究仍然缺乏考虑食草动物再分配的影响和强度,同时对植被碳分配如何响应放牧强度的机制和认识、以及放牧管理对草地碳循环的影响机理仍然缺乏深入探究。因此,在未来研究中仍需要深入研究食草动物-植被-土壤之间的碳耦联机制,不断整合地面观测与过程模型模拟,发展针对草地碳汇功能管理模式及不同气候情景的遥感-生态过程模型,为未来高寒草地碳汇功能的演变趋势提出适应性的管理对策。  相似文献   

11.
张倚浩  阎建忠  程先 《生态学报》2023,43(6):2180-2193
青藏高原是中国湿地分布最多的区域,其独特的高寒湿地对区域生态环境安全有着不可或缺的作用。梳理了青藏高原湿地变化的时空特征,基于此,重点分析了气候变化与人类活动对不同类型湿地的影响和作用机制。研究发现:(1)主导不同类型湿地变化的气候因素有差异,影响存在区域异质性。湖泊湿地主要受降水量影响,湖泊湿地在北部扩张、南部缩小的趋势与降水量的空间差异存在较强的一致性;沼泽湿地主要受气温影响,气温升高导致水分蒸发、植被群落演替,沼泽湿地向草地转化,江河源区和若尔盖高原等主要分布区域呈现退化趋势;河流湿地主要受气温影响,气温升高加速河源冰川消融、同时也增大河流蒸散发量,共同作用下河流湿地呈现北部减少、南部增加的趋势。(2)过度放牧、泥炭开采、水利建设等是影响湿地变化的主要人类活动。若尔盖高原同时存在过度放牧、泥炭开采和沟渠建设多重人类活动影响,当地沼泽湿地退化明显;柴达木盆地的人工湿地由于盐业开采迅速扩张。(3)当前研究存在数据可对比性不足、大区域尺度和野外定点持续监测数据缺乏等问题,导致对气候变化与人类活动影响机制研究不够深入。未来应加强高寒湿地定期监测与风险评估,完善高寒湿地生态系统与环境变化和...  相似文献   

12.
The world's hydrological cycle is believed to intensify with global warming, yet current climate models have only a limited ability to assess moisture responses at regional scales. Tree-ring records are a valuable source of information for understanding long-term, regional-scale moisture changes, particularly for large regions such as the Tibetan Plateau (TP), where the observational data are short and sparse. Here, we present a new ring-width chronology developed from Qilian Juniper ( Sabina przewalskii ) wood at two sites on the northeastern TP. This chronology, combined with others from the same region, demonstrates that tree growth anomalies are linked to regional late spring to early summer moisture availability. Although late monsoon season precipitation in the study area decreased during recent decades, tree growth continued to increase due to persistent moisture availability in the early monsoon season. Comparison with global sea surface temperatures (SSTs) indicates that early (late) monsoon season precipitation is closely related to tropical Pacific (Indian Ocean) SSTs, suggesting a possible seasonal shift in the dominant moisture source area for monsoonal precipitation over the northeastern TP. It is further shown that there is a very high degree of coherency regarding low-frequency tree growth anomalies over the northeastern TP during the last six centuries. The most prominent drought epoch occurred during ca. 1450–1500, which may have been caused by a significant decrease in the thermal gradient between the Eurasian continent and the tropical oceans. A persistent tree growth increase since the 1880s is coincident with global warming, suggesting an intensified early monsoon season moisture regime in the study area.  相似文献   

13.
李海东  沈渭寿  蔡博峰  纪迪  张晓勇 《生态学报》2013,33(24):7729-7738
运用1982-2010年的两种NDVI数据集(Pathfinder AVHRR和SPOT VEGETATION),以及1975、1990、2000和2008年4期遥感数据,通过GIS技术、人工目视解译和灰色关联分析方法,研究了雅鲁藏布江流域NDVI变化和风沙化土地演变的耦合关系,结合1957-2007年降水和气温逐日气象资料,探讨了气候变化对其耦合关系的影响。结果表明:(1)流域内1982-2010年NDVI的年际变化总体上呈波动式增长的趋势。NDVI空间分布呈现由下游向中上游逐渐降低的趋势,以米林宽谷最大、马泉河宽谷最小。(2)2008年流域内共有风沙化土地273 697.54hm2,呈现由江源区马泉河宽谷向中下游递减的趋势。1975-2008年流域内风沙化土地呈缓慢增长趋势,以1990-1999年增长率最高,2000-2008年的增长率最小。(3)对于NDVI年变化和植被生长季(7-9月份)的变化,马泉河宽谷受平均气温的影响最大,日喀则宽谷和山南宽谷受年降水量的影响最大;米林宽谷NDVI的年变化受风沙化土地扩展的影响最大,植被生长季变化受年降水量的影响最大。(4)不同宽谷段NDVI与风沙化土地年变化的关联度自下游向中上游呈总体减小的趋势。流域尺度NDVI植被生长季变化主要受平均气温和年降水量的影响,非植被生长季(10月-翌年6月)变化主要受风沙化土地扩展的影响。  相似文献   

14.
  总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
The ongoing changes in vegetation spring phenology in temperate/cold regions are widely attributed to temperature. However, in arid/semiarid ecosystems, the correlation between spring temperature and phenology is much less clear. We test the hypothesis that precipitation plays an important role in the temperature dependency of phenology in arid/semiarid regions. We therefore investigated the influence of preseason precipitation on satellite‐derived estimates of starting date of vegetation growing season (SOS) across the Tibetan Plateau (TP). We observed two clear patterns linking precipitation to SOS. First, SOS is more sensitive to interannual variations in preseason precipitation in more arid than in wetter areas. Spatially, an increase in long‐term averaged preseason precipitation of 10 mm corresponds to a decrease in the precipitation sensitivity of SOS by about 0.01 day mm?1. Second, SOS is more sensitive to variations in preseason temperature in wetter than in dryer areas of the plateau. A spatial increase in precipitation of 10 mm corresponds to an increase in temperature sensitivity of SOS of 0.25 day °C?1 (0.25 day SOS advance per 1 °C temperature increase). Those two patterns indicate both direct and indirect impacts of precipitation on SOS on TP. This study suggests a balance between maximizing benefit from the limiting climatic resource and minimizing the risk imposed by other factors. In wetter areas, the lower risk of drought allows greater temperature sensitivity of SOS to maximize the thermal benefit, which is further supported by the weaker interannual partial correlation between growing degree days and preseason precipitation. In more arid areas, maximizing the benefit of water requires greater sensitivity of SOS to precipitation, with reduced sensitivity to temperature. This study highlights the impacts of precipitation on SOS in a large cold and arid/semiarid region and suggests that influences of water should be included in SOS module of terrestrial ecosystem models for drylands.  相似文献   

15.
    
Climate change has induced substantial shifts in vegetation boundaries such as alpine treelines and shrublines, with widespread ecological and climatic influences. However, spatial and temporal changes in the upper elevational limit of alpine grasslands (“alpine grasslines”) are still poorly understood due to lack of field observations and remote sensing estimates. In this study, taking the Tibetan Plateau as an example, we propose a novel method for automatically identifying alpine grasslines from multi-source remote sensing data and determining their positions at 30-m spatial resolution. We first identified 2895 mountains potentially having alpine grasslines. On each mountain, we identified a narrow area around the upper elevational limit of alpine grasslands where the alpine grassline was potentially located. Then, we used linear discriminant analysis to adaptively generate from Landsat reflectance features a synthetic feature that maximized the difference between vegetated and unvegetated pixels in each of these areas. After that, we designed a graph-cut algorithm to integrate the advantages of the Otsu and Canny approaches, which was used to determine the precise position of the alpine grassline from the synthetic feature image. Validation against alpine grasslines visually interpreted from a large number of high-spatial-resolution images showed a high level of accuracy (R2, .99 and .98; mean absolute error, 22.6 and 36.2 m, vs. drone and PlanetScope images, respectively). Across the Tibetan Plateau, the alpine grassline elevation ranged from 4038 to 5380 m (5th–95th percentile), lower in the northeast and southeast and higher in the southwest. This study provides a method for remotely sensing alpine grasslines for the first-time at large scale and lays a foundation for investigating their responses to climate change.  相似文献   

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