最近12 000年来青藏高原植被的时空分布

青藏高原30个点湖泊的孢粉记录综合研究显示: 在进入全新世之前(12 ka BP以前),除最东南部外,高原从东到西均发育为荒漠草原植被.全新世早期(12.0-9.0 ka BP)高原东南部(104°-98° E)为落叶阔叶林/针阔叶混交林; 中部(98°-92° E)为草甸或灌丛草甸,再向西至80° E左右为草原植被; 全新世中期(9.0-3.2 ka BP)高原由东向西古植被依次发育为针阔混交林和硬叶阔叶林(104°-98° E)→针阔混交林(98°-94° E)→灌丛草甸(94°-92° E)→草原(92°-80° E);全新世晚期(3.2 ka BP以后)由东向西古植被依次为硬叶阔叶林→针阔混交林→草甸→草原→荒漠.     

西南地区不同植被类型归一化植被指数与气候因子的相关分析

基于中国西南地区1982—2006年的归一化植被指数(NDVI)遥感数据集和气象数据,运用GIS技术对年均气温、年降水量和干旱指数进行插值,分析了西南地区不同植被类型(沼泽、灌丛、草丛、草原、草甸、针叶林、阔叶林、高山植被、栽培植被)NDVI的年际变化及其与气候因子的相关性.结果表明:研究期间,西南地区NDVI、年均气温、年降水量总体呈上升趋势,其中,年均气温的上升趋势达极显著水平,干旱指数则呈下降趋势;在9种植被类型中,沼泽和草丛NDVI呈下降趋势,且草丛的下降趋势达显著水平,其他7种植被类型的NDVI均呈上升趋势,且针叶林、草甸和高山植被的NDVI上升趋势达显著水平,灌丛NDVI呈极显著上升趋势.9种植被类型所在地区的年均气温均显著上升;年降水量的变化均不显著;沼泽、草丛和栽培植被所在地区的干旱指数呈上升趋势,草甸和高山植被所在地区的干旱指数显著下降,其他4种植被类型所在地区的干旱指数呈不明显的下降趋势.研究区灌丛和针叶林NDVI与年均气温呈显著正相关,灌丛和草甸NDVI与干旱指数呈显著负相关.在保持其他2个气候因子不变的情况下,针叶林、阔叶林、高山植被NDVI与年均气温的相关性最大,草丛NDVI与年降水...     

青藏高原两种高寒草地植被变化及其水温驱动因素分析

高寒草甸和高寒草原作为青藏高原两种重要植被类型,研究其植被变化与气候变化相关性,有助于为青藏高原两种高寒草地生态系统应对全球气候变化管理提供参考。以位于同纬度的三江源高寒草甸和阿里高寒草原为研究对象,基于植被净初级生产力(Net Primary Productivity, NPP)变化表征植被变化,利用NPP数据和气象数据,分别分析两地2000—2017年植被NPP、降水和气温时空变化差异;利用Sen+Mann-Kendall趋势检验,研究两种高寒草地气候与植被净初级生产力变化趋势;以县域统计年鉴牛羊肉产量表征放牧强度,研究放牧活动对高寒草地植被变化的影响;通过Pearson相关和偏相关分析方法,分别研究降水和气温对两种高寒草地植被NPP变化影响差异。研究结果表明:(1)2000—2017年三江源高寒草甸和阿里高寒草原区年平均气温以0.085℃/a和0.084℃/a的趋势上升,降水以平均每年3.87 mm和2.23 mm的趋势增加,高寒草甸区变暖变湿速率较高寒草原区快。(2)三江源高寒草甸和阿里高寒草原植被NPP均呈现由东南向西北逐渐降低空间格局;2000—2017年高寒草甸区57.7...     

最近12000年来青藏高原植被的时空分布

青藏高原 30个点湖泊的孢粉记录综合研究显示 :在进入全新世之前 (12kaBP以前 ) ,除最东南部外 ,高原从东到西均发育为荒漠草原植被。全新世早期 (12 .0 - 9.0kaBP)高原东南部 (10 4° - 98°E)为落叶阔叶林 /针阔叶混交林 ;中部 (98° - 92°E)为草甸或灌丛草甸 ,再向西至 80°E左右为草原植被 ;全新世中期 (9.0 - 3 .2kaBP)高原由东向西古植被依次发育为针阔混交林和硬叶阔叶林 (10 4° - 98°E)→针阔混交林 (98° - 94°E)→灌丛草甸 (94° -92°E)→草原 (92°- 80°E) ;全新世晚期 (3.2kaBP以后 )由东向西古植被依次为硬叶阔叶林→针阔混交林→草甸→草原→荒漠。     

青海湖地区植被及其分布规律

青海湖地区位于青藏高原东北部。境内复杂的地貌类型及青海湖的存在对植被有重要影响。本区植物种类贫乏,现有种子植物52科、174属、445种。主要植被类型有寒温性针叶林、高原河谷灌丛、高寒灌丛、沙生灌丛、温性草原、高寒草原、高寒草甸、沼泽草甸、高寒流石坡植被等。植被分布表现出明显的规律性变化。草原分布于湖盆及河谷地带,由东而西植被类型有更加适应寒旱趋势。温性草原以青海湖为中心;呈环带状分布,而高寒草原的分布则与生境寒冷干旱相一致。山地垂直带谱表现为草原带、高寒灌丛与高寒草甸带以及高寒流石坡植被带。本区植被水平地带性分异受到青海湖的影响,其植被组合及特征表现出与青藏高原植被的明显相似性。作为祁连山南麓中部地区的一个大型山间盆地,其东西方向界于青海省东部地区和柴达木盆地之间,植被东西方向的水平地带性并未表现出明显的过渡特征。根据植被特点及分布规律分析,本区植被有其自身的特殊性,并与青藏高原隆升之后气候寒冷干旱相一致。因此,青海湖地区就整体而言应属祁连山地区植被一个相对独立的组成部分。     

青藏高原高寒草甸植被特征与温度、水分因子关系

以广布于青藏高原的高寒草甸为研究对象,进行模拟增温实验,探讨高寒草甸植被特征与温度、水分因子关系,并试图论证高寒草甸植被是否符合生物多样性代谢理论.结果表明:①高寒草甸植被物种多样性的对数与绝对温度的倒数呈显著线性递减关系,空气-地表-浅层土壤(0-20 cm)温度(R2 ＞0.6,P＜0.01)较深层土壤(40-100 cm)温度(R2＜0.5,P＜0.05)对物种多样性影响大;其植被新陈代谢平均活化能为0.998-1.85 eV,高于生物多样性代谢理论预测值0.6-0.7 eV,这是高寒草甸植被对长期低温环境适应进化的结果.②除趋势对应分析和冗余分析显示,温度对植被地上部分影响较大,而土壤水分对全株影响均较大,适当的增温与降水均可极显著促进高寒草甸植被生长.③逐步回归和通径分析显示,40 cm、60 cm深度土壤水分对植被地上部分产生直接影响,20 cm高度空气相对湿度和40 cm深度土壤温度对其产生间接影响;40 cm深度土壤温度和60 cm深度土壤水分对植被地下部分产生直接影响,红外地表温度对其产生间接影响.深层土壤温度和水分对高寒草甸植被具有影响作用,这可能与增温后冻土的融化有关,但其机理尚待进一步研究.     

中国北方草地植物群落季节生长格局模拟

中国北方草地横跨干旱、半干旱及亚湿润干旱气候区,水分是限制中国北方草地植物群落生产力的主要气候因子.采用基于水分平衡过程的、简单的植物群落模型,利用460个气象站40年气象数据的月平均值,模拟中国北方7种草地类型的季节及年生长、叶片投影盖度(FPC)、蒸发系数(k)及净第一性生产力(NPP).野外观测数据对模型的验证显示模拟结果与观测值相符较好.温性草地自东向西,青藏高原自东南向西北,植物群落的k、NPP与FPC呈递减趋势,显示了中国温性草地自东向西,青藏高原自东南向西北逐渐干旱的水分梯度;其中高寒草甸的3个模拟参数值均最高,高寒草原FPC次于高寒草甸,而NPP却与温性典型草原相近,温性典型荒漠的3个参数最低.高寒草甸、高寒草原、温性草甸草原、温性典型草原、温性荒漠草原、温性草原化荒漠和温性典型荒漠等7种类型草地的畜群承载力约为每公顷5.2、2.3、3.6、2.1、1.0、0.6和0.2只羊单位,区域最适恢复植被盖度分别以93%、79% 、56%、50%、44%、38%和37%为宜.     

内蒙古不同类型草原光合植被覆盖度对降水变化的响应

植被是影响土壤侵蚀过程的重要因素。论文基于MODIS遥感数据和同期降水数据,用相关和回归分析方法从不同时间尺度揭示了内蒙古草甸草原、典型草原和荒漠草原2002—2016年光合植被覆盖度(Fractional Photosynthetic Vegetation,f_PV)的变化规律及其对降水变化的响应。结果表明:(1)2002—2016年间多年平均f_PV草甸草原为46.5%,典型草原和荒漠草原分别为36.3%和22.4%;草甸草原f_PV随时间变化呈不显著增长趋势(线性变化斜率为0.29%/a),典型草原和荒漠草原f_PV呈不显著下降趋势(线性变化斜率分别为-0.04%/a和-0.21%/a);相应时期年降水量随时间变化都呈现不显著波动上升趋势。(2)内蒙古草原的月植被覆盖度对月降水量存在明显的1—2个月滞后效应和显著的累积效应,且表现出草原类型越干旱,滞后效应越明显的特征;相比草甸草原和典型草原,荒漠草原植被对降水量变化更加敏感。(3)内蒙古3类草原年平均植被覆盖度对降水量的响应,均表现出年、季、月尺度上...     

藏北高原典型植被样区物候变化及其对气候变化的响应

植被物候作为陆地生态系统对气候变化的响应和反馈的重要指示,已成为区域或全球生态环境领域研究的热点。基于非对称高斯拟合方法重建了2001—2010年MODIS EVI时间序列影像,利用动态阈值法提取藏北高原植被覆盖2001—2010年每年关键物候参数。选取研究区内东部高寒灌丛草甸、中部高寒草甸及西部高寒草原和高寒荒漠4种典型植被类型,并结合附近的4个气象台站气候资料,分析典型植被物候在近10a对关键气候因子的响应特征。研究结果表明:(1)4种不同典型植被的物候特征(EVImax降低、返青期延后和生长季长度缩短)均表现出高寒灌丛草甸→高寒草甸→高寒草原→高寒荒漠草原的过渡;(2)藏北高原近10a的年平均气温及春、夏、冬三个季度的平均气温均呈显著升高的趋势,升温幅度在0.8—3.9℃/10a,降水减少趋势不显著,在这种水热条件下典型植被均表现出返青提前(7.2—15.5d/10a)、生长季延长(8.4—19.2d/10a)的趋势,而枯黄出现时间为年际间自然波动;(3)高寒灌丛草甸EVImax主要受春季降水量和气温影响,且降水的影响程度大于气温;对高寒草甸植被而言,春、夏季的气温和降水均有较大的影响;而高寒草原和高寒荒漠草原主要受夏季平均气温和降水量影响;(4)高寒灌丛草甸的返青时间主要受前一年秋季降水量的影响,相关系数达-0.579;而高寒草甸、高寒草原和高寒荒漠草原主要受春季平均气温影响,高寒荒漠草原的特征最为明显(r=-0.559)。     

滇中阳宗海流域过去1200年以来的环境变化

根据滇中阳宗海78 cm沉积岩芯的花粉/炭屑分析,重建了阳宗海流域过去1200年的植被演替、气候变化和森林火灾史。岩芯年代框架的建立基于底部一个植物残体的AMS14C测年和上部的210Pb测年。结果表明:1)阳宗海流域过去1200年的植被变化经历了4个阶段:暖干期(780—1630 AD)的植被以松栎混交林为主,草本植物少;凉湿期(1630—1860 AD)的植被仍以松栎混交林为主,但比重有所减少并存在明显波动,草本植物显著增加;冷干期(1860—1950 AD)和随后的暖干期(1950 AD之后)受人类活动干扰强烈,人类活动可能已成为影响植被的主导性因素。2) 1200年以来,阳宗海流域气候变化存在明显的暖期(780—1630 AD)和冷期(1630—1950 AD),分别对应了中世纪暖期和小冰期,且水热条件配置呈现暖干-冷湿的模式,与滇西天才湖、洱海和青藏高原东部等邻近区域较为同步。整个暖期气温波动不大,仅在最暖的12世纪中期到15世纪中期温度表现出较大的波动,小冰期存在两个气候波动阶段,分别是1630—1860 AD凉湿期和1860—1950 AD的冷干期。阳宗海流域气候变化的主...     

Diversity and physiology of culturable bacteria associated with a coastal Antarctic ice core

Microbiological studies of polar ice at different depths may provide important comparisons, as they preserve records of microbial cells and past climate. In this study, we examined bacterial abundance, diversity and glaciochemical composition from three depths of an ice core from coastal Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica. Higher bacterial abundance corresponded with high in situ sea-salt Na(+) and dust concentration, suggesting that bacteria might have been transported and deposited into ice along with dust particles and marine aerosols. Fourteen bacterial isolates belonging to the genera Methylobacterium, Brevundimonas, Paenibacillus, Bacillus and Micrococcus were retrieved. Frequent isolation of similar bacterial genera from different cold environments suggests that they possess features that enable survival and metabolism for extended periods of time at sub-zero temperatures. The highest number and diversity of recoverable bacteria was obtained from 49 m depth corresponding to 1926 AD and consisted of bacteria from 4 different genera whereas at 11 m (1989 AD) and 33 m (1953 AD) samples only species belonging to the genera Bacillus was recovered. Among the Bacillus species, Bacillus aryabhattai which has been reported only from the upper stratosphere, was isolated and is the first record from the Earth's surface. Methylobacterium was the most dominant genera at 49 m depth and its prevalence is attributable to a combination of high in situ methanesulfonate concentration, specialized metabolism and environmental hardiness of Methylobacterium. Some of the isolated bacteria were found to respire and grow using methanesulfonate, suggesting that they may utilize this substrate to sustain growth in ice. In addition, NO(3)(-) (2.93-3.69 μM), NH(4)(+) (1.45-3.90 μM) and PO(4)(3-) (0.01-0.75 μM) present in the ice could be potential sources fueling bacterial metabolism in this environment. It could be deduced from the study that variation in bacterial abundance and diversity was probably associated with the prevailing in situ conditions in ice.     

New subgroup of Bacteroidetes and diverse microorganisms in Tibetan plateau glacial ice provide a biological record of environmental conditions

We recovered microorganisms from five ice core samples from three glaciers (Puruogangri, Malan, and Dunde) located in the Tibetan Plateau in China and analyzed their small subunit rRNA gene sequences. Most of the bacterial sequences were unknown previously; the most closely related known sequences were from bacteria of the Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes , and Actinobacteria phyla. Chlorophyta, Streptophyta, Ciliophora , and fungal groups were represented among the 18S rRNA gene sequences that we obtained. The most abundantly represented glacial bacteria were Bacteroidetes , and Chlamydomonas was the predominant eukaryote. Comparative analysis showed that the Bacteroidetes sequences obtained from this study were highly similar to one another but most were only distantly related to previously characterized Bacteroidetes (<92% identity). We propose that our Bacteroidetes sequences represent two novel subgroups: one at the family level and one at the genus level. The unique ice environment and the high abundance of Bacteroidetes , combined with the coexistence of a high abundance of psychrophilic Chlamydomonas , strongly suggests that there is a viable ecosystem on the surface of Tibetan glaciers. Comparisons of microbial community structures in the five ice samples showed distinct differences, likely due to environmental differences in the locations in which the samples were obtained.     

THE BOTTOM-ICE MICROALGAL COMMUNITY FROM ANNUAL ICE IN THE INSHORE WATERS OF EAST ANTARCTICA1

The structure, productivity and heterotrophic potential of an extensive microalgal community growing on the underside of sea ice near the Australian Antarctic Station of Casey, are described. Underwater observations made near the Australian Antarctic stations of Davis and Mawson are also reported. This community develops during September, is largely suspended from the bottom surface of annual sea ice and often extends into the underlying water column as conspicuous strands up to 15 cm long. The algal community structure in the strands is dominated by an unidentified tube diatom belonging to the Amphipleura/Berkeleya group and chains of a species of Entomoneis cf. Amphiprora paludosa var. hyperborea (Grunow) Cleve. Unlike previously described bottom ice environments, a brash ice layer under the hard sea ice is absent. Living cells, predominantly Nitzschia frigida Grunow, also occur in microbrine channels in the bottom 3 cm of the ice. Maximal primary production rates of 81 μg C · L^-1· h^-1 occurred during November, then began declining near the end of December. Minimal rates (2.8 μg C · L^-1· h^-1) were reached in mid-January and coincided with changes in the physical structure of the sea ice and in the stability of the water column. An abundant epibacterial community associated with the microalgal strands assimilated ³H-labelled amino acids suggesting significant heterotrophic recycling of dissolved organic matter. Turnover times of assimilated amino acids in the bottom ice community averaged 55 h during November while negligible turnover of these substrates occurred in the water column 1.5 m below the ice. These bottom ice communities have higher primary productivity than typical brash ice communities; they are also accessible to marine herbivores and so may be more important to the Antarctic marine food chain than previously supposed.     

THE INFLUENCE OF SALINITY AND TEMPERATURE COVARIATION ON THE PHOTOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTARCTIC SEA ICE MICROALGAE1

The responses of sea ice microalgae to variation in ambient irradiance (0 to 150 μE · m^?2· s^?1), temperature (–6° to + 6° C), and salinity (0 to 100 ppt) were tested to determine whether these variables act independently or in concert to influence rates of microalgal photosynthesis. The photosynthetic efficiency and maximum photosynthetic rate for sea ice microalgae increased as a function of incubation temperature between -6° and + 6° C. Furthermore, photosynthetic efficiency, maximum photosynthetic rate, and quantum yield were greatest at salinities between SO and 50 ppt. In contrast, the mean specific absorption coefficients were lowest near seawater salinities, and the saturating irradiance, I_s, appeared to be inversely proportional to salinity. Results also suggest that the effects of salinity on the growth of sea ice microalgae are independent of those elicited by temperature or light, and that the functional relationship between salinity and light or temperature is multiplicative. This information is essential to the proper formulation of algorithms used to describe algal growth in environments where light, temperature, and salinity are changing simultaneously, such as within sea ice or within the water column at the marginal ice edge zone.     

A 2700-year high resolution pollen record of climate change from varved Sugan Lake in the Qaidam Basin, northeastern Tibetan Plateau

A 2700-year high resolution pollen record from annually-varved Sugan Lake in the Qaidam Basin at 2793 m a.s.l was obtained to examine vegetation and climatic change on the NE Tibetan Plateau. Pollen data shows that Sugan Basin was constantly covered by open desert-steppe vegetation dominated by Chenopodiaceae, Artemisia, Poaceae and Ephedra. However, large variations in Artemisia/Chenopodiaceae (A/C) ratios suggest regional moisture fluctuations over the last 2700 years, including a dry and relatively stable climate prior to 300 AD, relatively wet climate from 300 to 1200 AD with variability during 1100-1200 AD, and unstable climate since 1200 AD with relatively moister climate during 1250-1400 AD and 1700-1800 AD. However, other proxies (varve thickness, Chironomid taxa, isotopes of oxygen in precipitated carbonate) show fresher water when regional moisture was lower inferred from A/C ratio. This inconsistency suggests the possible difference of in-lake lithology/environment and regional moisture change. Fresh water into the lake from ice melting on the surrounding mountains might have contributed to the in-lake lithology and environment variation. The effective moisture changes in the Basin are in opposite phases to snow accumulation records from Dunde ice core (5325 m a.s.l) and to the monsoon intensity inferred from Dongge Cave, suggesting that the regional topography might have played an important role in mediating moisture changes at regional scale. Pollen data from Sugan Lake shows the shift of moisture at 1200 AD, from stable to variable conditions. This event is well correlated with other paleoclimate proxies in China and other parts of the world; however, the mechanisms behind these patterns require further investigation.     

抗冻蛋白应用于水稻悬浮细胞超低温保存的研究

本文将鱼类抗冻蛋白应用于植物细胞的超低温保存。结果表明,在水稻悬浮细胞的两步法保存中,浓度为0.01mg/ml的抗冻蛋白具有特别的负作用,相对高浓度的抗冻蛋白则能减小细胞存活率的波动性。在玻璃化法保存中,浓度为0.2mg/ml的抗冻蛋白能改善保存效果,更高浓度的抗冻蛋白(>5mg/ml)反而会降低保存效果。环境冰晶量、抗冻蛋白浓度、低温保护剂浓度和细胞膜组成等是影响抗冻蛋白使用效果的几大因素。作者在机理分析中认为,一方面,抗冻蛋白能和冰晶作用,抑制重冰晶,防止去玻璃化;另一方面,抗冻蛋白也能和细胞膜作用,诱发膜表面冰晶形成。     

THE SHORT‐TERM EFFECT OF IRRADIANCE ON THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC PROPERTIES OF ANTARCTIC FAST‐ICE MICROALGAL COMMUNITIES1

Although sea‐ice represents a harsh physicochemical environment with steep gradients in temperature, light, and salinity, diverse microbial communities are present within the ice matrix. We describe here the photosynthetic responses of sea‐ice microalgae to varying irradiances. Rapid light curves (RLCs) were generated using pulse amplitude fluorometry and used to derive photosynthetic yield (Φ_PSII), photosynthetic efficiency (α), and the irradiance (E_k) at which relative electron transport rate (rETR) saturates. Surface brine algae from near the surface and bottom‐ice algae were exposed to a range of irradiances from 7 to 262 μmol photons · m^?2 · s^?1. In surface brine algae, Φ_PSII and α remained constant at all irradiances, and rETR_max peaked at 151 μmol photons · m^?2 · s^?1, indicating these algae are well acclimated to the irradiances to which they are normally exposed. In contrast, Φ_PSII, α, and rETR_max in bottom‐ice algae reduced when exposed to irradiances >26 μmol photons · m^?2 · s^?1, indicating a high degree of shade acclimation. In addition, the previous light history had no significant effect on the photosynthetic capacity of bottom‐ice algae whether cells were gradually exposed to target irradiances over a 12 h period or were exposed immediately (light shocked). These findings indicate that bottom‐ice algae are photoinhibited in a dose‐dependent manner, while surface brine algae tolerate higher irradiances. Our study shows that sea‐ice algae are able to adjust to changes in irradiance rapidly, and this ability to acclimate may facilitate survival and subsequent long‐term acclimation to the postmelt light regime of the Southern Ocean.     

OPTIMIZATION OF THE ENUMERATION OF TOTAL AEROBIC BACTERIAL FLORA IN THE FLESH OF SEAFISH

Abstract The total aerobic flora of seafish flesh is weakly halophilic, and requires on average 1.38% NaCl according to statistical studies. Enumeration is optimal on tryptone soya agar or on NaCl supplemented plate count agar (-H₂S), incubated at 20 and 25C, respectively. Plate count agar (-H₂S) was selected because it can also be used for enumeration of hydrogen sulfide-producing bacteria by degradation of sulfur-containing proteins, which are abundant in fish The models employed are sigmoidal. The initial bioburden is too great for there to be a lag phase during storage in ice at 0C. The models show that when the total aerobic microflora count exceeds 100,000 cfu/g, whole or filleted fish stored on ice at 0C are unfit for consumption.     

PROGRESS IN THE RESEARCH ON MECHANISM OF INSECT COLD-HARDINESS

Abstract A number of freeze-tolerant insect species contain proteins/lipoproteins or insoluble crystals that are ice nucleating active at relatively high subzero temperatures. Recently ice nucleating active bacteria and fungi have been identified as normal flora in insect guts. However, most insects are unable to survive internal ice formation and the key factor in their overwintering survival is the regulation of the temperature at which they spontaneously freeze. To enhance their supercooling capacity overwintering insects eliminate endogenous ice nucleators, accumulate low molecular weight polyols and sugars, and synthesize hemolymph antifreeze proteins or peptides. The factors affecting the supercooling capacity of overwintering insects or the mechanism of cold-hardiness are discussed.     

昆虫抗冻机理研究进展(英文)

大多数冰冻耐受性昆虫具有蛋白质／脂蛋白质或非溶性的晶体,它们相对地在较高温度下具有激活体内冰核的作用。最近已确证,许多昆虫肠道中正常的细菌和真菌是冰核激活菌丛。而对于非冰冻耐受性的昆虫,其存活是不允许体内冰的形成。它们在过冬过程中,关键是要调节体液的过冷却点,避免结冰。为了增加抗冻能力,非冰冻耐受性的过冬昆虫通过去除内源性冰核、积累低分子量的多元醇和糖类以及血淋巴中抗冻蛋白或抗冻肽的合成来降低体液的过冷却点。本文详尽综述了过冬昆虫抗冻机理的研究进展。