华南虎、东北虎、孟加拉虎的D-100p和ND5序列及其在系统进化分析中的应用

本文采用PCR和质粒克隆测序方法,获得了华南虎线粒体D-loop区的480bp序列和东北虎、孟加拉虎线粒体D-loop区的503bp序列;同时还获得了这三个虎亚种和金钱豹线粒体ND5基因5’端309bp的部分序列。根据D-loop序列分析,华南虎与孟加拉虎、东北虎的平均距离(p-distance)分别为0．11088和O．11087,而东北虎与孟加拉虎间的平均距离为0．00994;根据ND5序列分析,华南虎与孟加拉虎、东北虎的平均距离分别为0．11434和0．11758,而东北虎与孟加拉虎间的平均距离为0．00324。三个虎亚种的mtDNA D-loop和ND5序列比较表明,华南虎是这三个虎亚种中最为古老的亚种。     

Prey selection by the Indian tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) in Nagarjunasagar Srisailam Tiger Reserve, India

Very little is known about prey selection by the Indian tiger Panthera tigris tigris in tropical dry deciduous forests or in wild herbivore-depleted habitats with high livestock pressures. We undertook a short-term study in a large south Indian tiger reserve and examined two intensive study areas (SA's) from October 1998 – June 1999. In each area, herbivore sightings were recorded, scats were collected, and wild prey and livestock kills documented. Chital, wild boar and sambar were the most abundant among the wild herbivores in the study area. Scat analysis revealed wild boar (Sus scrofa) being the most common prey followed by chital (Axis axis) and sambar (Rusa unicolor). Livestock comprised less than 7% of diet intake. Here, the tigers consumed a lower mean prey mass (56.3 kg) than in other reserves. Our study suggests that in tropical dry deciduous forests with low natural prey density, smaller prey species, and high livestock biomass, tigers preferentially kill smaller prey and generally avoid livestock predation.     

孟加拉虎粪便放线菌的分离及其多样性

【目的】建立有效分离动物粪便放线菌的方法,认识孟加拉虎粪便放线菌的多样性。【方法】从预处理、抑制剂、培养基三个方面考虑,采用平板稀释的分离方法。用细菌通用引物扩增获得放线菌菌株的16SrRNA基因,根据系统发育分析进行鉴定。【结果】孟加拉虎粪便样品中,可培养放线菌的菌落平均数量为1.10×108cfu/g(粪便湿重);对分离到的110株纯培养放线菌的16S rRNA基因部分序列分析表明:它们分布于10个科、12个属,主要是一些菌丝分化程度低的放线菌,如:Arthrobacter、Dietzia、Kocuria、Corynebacterium、Microbacterium等;产丝的放线菌主要以Streptomyces占优势,约占分离到放线菌总数的64%。【结论】干热处理粪便样品可以大大提高放线菌的出菌率;添加多种抑制剂及不含天然成分的组合培养基较适合粪便放线菌的分离;孟加拉虎粪便中可培养放线菌的多样性较丰富。本研究提供的分离动物粪便放线菌的有效方法,为动物粪便放线菌资源的研究和开发利用提供了借鉴作用。     

东北虎血液成分的测定与分析

用氰化高铁血红蛋白法、改良纽鲍氏计算板法、显微测量法、低渗ＮａＣｌ试管法、微量毛细吸管离心法、血细胞计算板法和瑞特氏染色三区计数法，分别测得和算出８只东北虎血液中血红蛋白含量１３１±７．５ｇ／Ｌ、红细胞数７．１１±Ｏ．５３×１０１２／Ｌ、红细胞直径５．５８（４．６２—６．５５）μｍ、红细胞渗透脆性０．６０６±０．０６５—０．４３０±０．０４５％、红细胞压积容量３８．１±２．６８％、白细胞总数２３．３±７．５×１０９／Ｌ、嗜中性白细胞５７．９％、淋巴细胞３５．６％、单核细胞３．５％、嗜酸性粒细胞１．８％、嗜硷性粒细胞＜１％、平均红细胞体积５３．６±２．７５ｆＬ、平均红细胞血红蛋白含量１７．９±１．２５Ｐｇ、平均每个红细胞血红蛋白分子数１５８９±１１０×１０５个、平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度３３．５±２．７％；用全自动凯氏定氮法测定并计算得出血清总蛋白含量７３．６±１２．６ｇ／Ｌ、血清白蛋白含量４６．５±３．２％及血清球蛋白含量２７．１±１３．１ｇ／Ｌ。上述各项结果为保护东北虎提供了难得而有意义的生理参考值。     

On the sexual dimorphism in the skull of the tiger (Panthera tigris)

Sexual dimorphism in the skull of the tiger (Panthera tigris) is reviewed and described in detail. The most significant diagnostic differences between the sexes are absolute length of the cranium, breadth of interorbital region and muzzle, zygomatic arch, and occipital region, length of upper carnassial, and the degree of the development of the cranial prominences. The degree of sexual dimorphism is closely related to geographic variation, and its form is rather complex.     

西藏墨脱格当乡野生虎捕食家畜现状与保护建议

曾经在西藏东南的阔叶林中广泛分布的孟加拉虎,目前仅有一个小种群残留在墨脱县境内。2000年5－6月间,在大型家畜遭受野生虎捕食最严重的墨脱县格当乡展开调查,试图寻找减轻虎害的方法。结果表明：1994－1995年虎的捕食率达到最高,对牛和骡马的捕食率分别是17．9％和9．4％;但1996年后,捕食率分别降低到7．8％和1．8％,这可能与1996年当地曾捕杀过一头虎有关。1993－1999年间,全乡牛的数量下降了11％,但骡马数量上升了23％,这是因为当地为增加运输能力而从别处购得骡马。据反映,目前格当乡境内大约有4－5头虎。1997年和1999年,均见母虎和小虎同行,说明该种群尚有繁殖。在抽样的21户居民家中,1999年4月到2000年5月间,66．6％的人家有大型牲畜遭虎捕杀,共损失牛27头,马12匹,而自1993年以来,21户中共有18户（85．8％）,有牲畜被杀记录,共计损失117头。其中对牛的捕食率达19．7％,对马达11．9％,平均每户损失牛1．2头,骡马0．5匹。非法狩猎减少了虎的猎物如野猪、羚牛等的数量,是老虎转向家畜的主要原因之一。虎害已对格当乡群众的经济造成较大负面影响。但格当乡以及周边地区保护着中国最后的野生孟加拉虎种群,为确保虎的长期生存同时减少人－虎冲突,建议改变目前放牧方式,尽可能联合放牧、增加看护;改善放牧地条件,清除牧场周围蕨草丛;减少对羚牛等有蹄类的猎杀,以减少对老虎猎物种群的破坏;对部分家畜移入棚内试行圈养,既保护家畜,又提高乳制品产量和增加农家肥料;实行多种经营方法,建议养一些山羊和家禽;政府应该帮助安置好部分愿意外迁的居民,这样既满足这些居民的需要,同时也减轻对当地野生动物种群的压力。     

东北虎源等孢球虫的发现

对东北虎粪便进行虫卵检查,分离获得了自然感染的球虫卵囊。对球虫卵囊的形态和经培养发育后的各阶段的卵囊形态进行了观察。东北虎源球虫卵囊符合等孢属球虫的形态学特征。根据Genbank 上发表的猫等孢球虫18S rDNA 序列(L74671)设计一对特异性引物,利用PCR 技术对东北虎源球虫的18S rDNA 进行了扩增。扩增得到一段360 bp 的DNA 片段,并对该片段进行了序列测定。测序结果和其它17 种原虫的相应序列进行序列同源性比较分析,分析显示东北虎源球虫和其它等孢属球虫单独聚为一类。结合对东北虎源球虫的卵囊形态、卵囊发育情况及序列分析结果,确定其为等孢属球虫。      

虎的保护遗传学研究进展

回顾了关于虎的遗传变异、种群结构、系统分类等保护遗传学研究,发现虎在遗传进化上面临的最严重与最需要解决的问题是遗传多样性低,圈养种群存在近交退化。为了有效保护和管理好虎现存的种群,建议划分虎的进化单元与保护管理单元,人工促进同一进化单元虎的基因交流;同时建立虎的基因文库,保护虎的基因资源。     

圈养华南虎交配行为的初步观察

1 研究方法 1．1研究地点 在上海动物园虎山进行观察,虎山由半放养区和笼舍区构成。半放养区模仿野外环境,面积约250m^2。笼舍在半放养区后,共5间,每间由活动铁门隔开。     

野生华南虎是怎样走向濒危的--兼谈华南虎保护拯救之希望

近20年来,关于华南虎的数量及保护、拯救工作的报道频频见于各种学术期刊、杂志和报纸、广播、电视新闻中,近几年来更常见于Internet网。有关华南虎野生数量的变化众说纷纭,多是“估计”值,本文就各估计值做一归纳统计,以阐述其走向濒危的过程,分析原因,并建议在目前国家财力不是十分雄厚的情况下,华南虎的保护拯救工程应积极寻求国际资金的支持。     

东北虎幼体消化系统蛋白水解酶的初步研究

蛋白水解酶在许多生命活动中是必需的物质(Vassalli and Pepper,1994)。蛋白质的酶解修饰(Xuet al.,1999)、细胞迁移、组织再生与修复、消化系统对蛋白质的消化等均与蛋白水解酶有关(Baimbridgeet al.,1992),且蛋白水解酶功能失调会导致许多疾病(Teichertet al.,1989)。东北虎(     

Previously undescribed features in the temporalis and masseteric musculature of several large felids raised in captivity

Although the anatomy of the domestic housecat has been examined in meticulous detail, comparative observations on the anatomy of the larger wild cats is scant and information about particularities in their cranial complexes rarer still. In the course of dissecting sets of masticatory muscles in five large felids, all older zoo animals, we had the opportunity to note muscular attachments in the head and jaw apparatus that appeared significantly broader and more distal in their insertion sties than expected. Further investigation may determine whether these masticatory peculiarities are functional adaptations of felids, or instead are associated in some manner with the specialized diets large felids receive in captive environments. Zoo Biol 16:187–191, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Synthesis of enantiomers of exo‐2‐norbornyl‐N‐n‐butylcarbamate and endo‐2‐norbornyl‐N‐n‐butylcarbamate for stereoselective inhibition of acetylcholinesterase

The acetylcholinesterase inhibition by enantiomers of exo‐ and endo‐2‐norbornyl‐N‐n‐butylcarbamates shows high stereoselelectivity. For the acetylcholinesterase inhibitions by (R)‐(+)‐ and (S)‐(?)‐exo‐2‐norbornyl‐N‐n‐butylcarbamates, the R‐enantiomer is more potent than the S‐enantiomer. But, for the acetylcholinesterase inhibitions by (R)‐(+)‐ and (S)‐(?)‐endo‐2‐norbornyl‐N‐n‐butylcarbamates, the S‐enantiomer is more potent than the R‐enantiomer. Optically pure (R)‐(+)‐exo‐, (S)‐(?)‐exo‐, (R)‐(+)‐endo‐, and (S)‐(?)‐endo‐2‐norbornyl‐N‐n‐butylcarbamates are synthesized from condensations of optically pure (R)‐(+)‐exo‐, (S)‐(?)‐exo‐, (R)‐(+)‐endo‐, and (S)‐(?)‐endo‐2‐norborneols with n‐butyl isocyanate, respectively. Optically pure norborneols are obtained from kinetic resolutions of their racemic esters by lipase catalysis in organic solvent. Chirality 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

The crystal structure of Z‐Gly‐Aib‐Gly‐Aib‐OtBu

The synthetic peptide Z‐Gly‐Aib‐Gly‐Aib‐OtBu was dissolved in methanol and crystallized in a mixture of ethyl acetate and petroleum ether. The crystals belong to the centrosymmetric space group P4/n that is observed less than 0.3% in the Cambridge Structural Database. The first Gly residue assumes a semi‐extended conformation (φ ±62°, ψ ?131°). The right‐handed peptide folds in two consecutive β‐turns of type II' and type I or an incipient 3₁₀‐helix, and the left‐handed counterpart folds accordingly in the opposite configuration. In the crystal lattice, one molecule is linked to four neighbors in the ab‐plane via hydrogen bonds. These bonds form a continuous network of left‐ and right‐handed molecules. The successive ab‐planes stack via apolar contacts in the c‐direction. An ethyl acetate molecule is situated on and close to the fourfold axis. Copyright © 2015 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Application of NMR spectroscopy for assignment of the absolute configuration of 8‐tert‐butyl‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐methoxy‐8‐methyl‐9‐oxa‐6‐azaspiro[4.5]dec‐6‐en‐10‐one

In order to assign the absolute configurations of 8‐tert‐butyl‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐methoxy‐8‐methyl‐9‐oxa‐6‐azaspiro[4.5]dec‐6‐en‐10‐one ( 2a , 2b ), their esters ( 5a , 5b , 5c , 5d ) with (R)‐ or (S)‐2‐methoxyphenylacetic acid ( 4a , 4b ) have been synthesized. The absolute configurations of these compounds have been determined on the basis of NOESY correlations between the protons of the tert‐butyl group and the cyclopentane fragment of the molecules. The crucial part of this analysis was assignment of the absolute configuration at C‐5. Additionally, by calculation of the chemical shift anisotropy, δ^RS, for the relevant protons, it was also possible to confirm the absolute configurations at the C‐2 centres of compounds 2a , 2b and 5a , 5b , 5c , 5d . Chirality, 25:422–426, 2013.© 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

虎物种特异性鉴定的 PCR 方法研究

为了建立可对虎DNA 进行特异性检测的PCR 方法, 应用在野外调查中获得的虎疑似样品和保护执法工作中难以检查辨认的虎产品进行物种鉴定, 从Genbank 数据库下载5 个虎亚种及其它6 种猫科动物和6 种鹿科动物的mtDNA 细胞色素b 基因序列, 并用Wdnasis (V2.5) 软件对上述不同动物的该基因碱基序列进行比较。在此基础上, 综合考虑了设计引物的基本原则, 选择了虎与其它动物碱基序列上差异位点较多的两个片段, 设计出PCR 引物(引物1、2) 。用该对引物分别对从东北虎、华南虎及8 种猫科动物和6 种非猫科动物的肌肉、脏器组织、皮或毛发中提取的DNA 进行PCR (聚合酶链反应) 扩增。结果表明, 所设计的引物对虎DNA 具有特异性,从而达到了对该物种进行特异性检测鉴定的目的。     

Homo‐C‐nucleoside analogs IV. Synthesis of 4‐(2,5‐anhydro‐D‐altro‐pentitol‐1‐yl)‐2‐phenyl‐2H‐1,2,3‐triazole homo‐C‐nucleoside. CD assignment of the absolute configuration of the carbon bridge

Dehydrative cyclization of 4‐(D‐altro ‐pentitol‐1‐yl)2‐phenyl‐2H ‐1,2,3‐triazole in basic medium with one moler equivalent of p‐toluene sulfonyl chloride in pyridine solution gave the homo‐C‐ nucleoside 4‐(2,5‐anhydro‐D‐altro ‐1‐yl)‐2‐phenyl‐2H ‐1,2,3‐triazole. The structure and anomeric configuration was determined by acylation, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectroscopy. The stereochemistry at the carbon bridge of homo‐C‐ nucleoside 2‐phenyl‐2H ‐1,2,3‐triazoles was determined by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy.