基层医院检验科的医院感染管理工作

目的:预防和控制检验科医院感染的发生,提高基层医院检验科工作人员医院感染防控意识。方法:通过查找最近5年的相关资料及工作实践,总结目前工作中存在的问题,提出预防基层医院检验科医院感染的管理措施。结果:基层医院检验科存在实验室设置不合理、空气污染严重、工作人员自我保护意识差、防护措施不到位、交叉感染控制不严格、对医院感染重要性认识不足以及医疗废弃物处置不规范等问题,均是造成检验科医院感染的重要因素。结论:基层医院检验科预防医院感染管理的主要措施是加强实验室环境管理、建立健全检验科消毒管理制度、建立健全医疗废弃物管理条例以及职业暴露应急处理措施、加强人员管理、提高检验科工作人员生物防护意识、加强医院感染监督管理等。检验科各项规章制度的有效落实是保证医疗安全的关键,加强管理并做好感染防控知识的培训可有效预防和控制检验科医院感染的发生。     

邻苯二甲醛与戊二醛消毒消化内镜的比较研究

目的 对新型消毒剂邻苯二甲醛(OPA)的消化内镜消毒效果与戊二醛的进行比较研究.方法 用细菌培养的方法随机研究OPA与戊二醛消毒消化内镜的效果,并比较其临床优劣.结果 有效浓度的OPA和戊二醛在按照要求使用的情况下,所有检测的内镜细菌培养都未见细菌生长,但前者消毒所需时间更短,临床使用更安全.结论 OPA可以有效的对消化内镜进行消毒,与戊二醛相比有临床优势.     

戊二醛对终端吸氧接头擦拭消毒实验研究

目的：用不同浓度的戊二醛消毒剂擦拭已 污染铜绿假单胞菌的载体和细菌超标的终端吸氧接头,探讨一种有效的消毒方法。方法：平皿稀释法检测细菌数。结果：用1%,2%的戊二醛消毒剂,擦拭已污染的载体1遍,其消除率分别为74.77%,95.16%;擦拭3遍的消除率分别为78.21%,99.65%;用2%的戊二醛擦拭细菌超标的终端吸氧接头,3遍,其消除率为100%。结论：选用2%的戊二醛擦拭消毒污染的终端吸氧接头,可切断病原微生物的交叉感染。     

信息追溯系统在消毒供应中心的应用体会

目的研究信息追溯系统在消毒供应中心的应用效果,为实现无菌物品实施可追溯性管理提供依据。方法应用美美软件医院消毒供应中心(CSSD)追溯系统,对消毒物品执行回收、清洗、包装、灭菌、储存、发放等环节进行管理。结果通过信息追溯系统的建立使用,完善质量控制过程的相关记录,更好保证供应物品的安全。结论美美软件信息追溯系统在消毒供应中心使用过程中各环节的质量管理和追溯运行效果良好,值得推广使用。     

不同消毒方法对家蚕微粒子的存活和侵染力影响

家蚕微粒子病是家蚕Bombyx mori的重要病害,探索其消毒杀灭方法对蚕业生产具有重要意义。本研究采用微粒子染色法和添食家蚕侵染法测试了温度、紫外线和消毒剂处理108个/mL家蚕微粒子后对家蚕微粒子的消杀作用,结果表明：温度对家蚕微粒子虫灭活温度为60℃处理30 min以上;使用20 wx功率紫外灯距离50 cm照射12 min及以上时,微粒子死亡率为47.70%,对家蚕侵染率为0;三氯异氰脲酸800 mg/L及以上浓度处理6 min以上家蚕微粒子死亡率为100%,对家蚕的侵染率为0;戊二醛癸甲溴铵200 mg/L及以上浓度处理6 min以上家蚕微粒子死亡率为100%,对家蚕的侵染率为0。3种消毒方法中温度法主要用于小型蚕具消杀微粒子;紫外线用于蚕业辅助设施的表面微粒子的消杀;三氯异氰脲酸和戊二醛癸甲溴铵均表现出较好的消杀效果,其中戊二醛癸甲溴铵较含氯的消毒剂三氯异氰脲酸稳定性强,刺激性小,对养蚕的金属腐蚀性小,可作为含氯消毒剂的部分替代使用。本研究结果可为蚕业生产中消杀微粒子提供参考。     

2%碱性戊二醛的稳定性考察

近几年,消毒剂得到了迅速发展,各种消毒剂都力图具有高效、稳定、无腐蚀、无刺激、低毒等特点。戊二醛因具有优异的灭菌性能受到了国内外专家的一致好评,是高效灭菌剂。WHO肝炎小组将2%碱性戊二醛推荐为HBV污染物的消毒剂。但由于此剂属化学物质,在一定条件下易分解变质,从而影响杀菌性能。马飞等对0.5%碱性戊二醛等消毒剂进行抑菌性能及被污染进行监测,结果表明随着使用时间的延长,抑菌性也逐渐减弱。针对此问题,对我院配制的2%碱性戊二醛进行其稳定性考察。1　材料与方法1.1　药品与试剂　原料戊二醛(丹东市江城化工厂);三乙醇胺(吉林…     

学会读懂血常规化验单

血常规是最简便最直接的化验方法之一,它可以透露给我们很多信息,通过阅读血常规化验单,可以基本确定受检者是否患有血液病,可能是何种血液病,需要进一步进行哪种检查。血常规化验单中项目繁多,在一些项目后可能会出现上升或下降的箭头,很多人会对这些不正常的项目产生疑惑甚至恐惧。虽然白血病的一个重要表现就是血常规的变化,但是造成血常规化验异常的原因还有很多：如剧烈活动、感冒、怀孕及一些药物的影响。因此,有必要学会简单阅读血常规。     

介质表面修饰对蛋白质芯片固定率和反应性的影响

评价最常用的二种玻璃表面修饰方法对蛋白质芯片质量的影响．选择蛋白质的固定效率、反应性作为检测指标,对戊二醛修饰法和多聚赖氨酸修饰法进行比较,由机械手将探针蛋白质分别固定在两种玻片上,靶蛋白用荧光染料Cy3标记,两种修饰方法的芯片均可使蛋白质保持较好的固定效率和反应活性．由共价键偶联的醛基修饰玻片制备的蛋白质芯片不仅有更高的反应活性,而且图象佳,但背景偏高、用醛基修饰的玻片制备蛋白质芯片是较理想的选择、     

不同消毒方法对生物化PET 人工韧带的生物力学影响

目的:探讨环氧乙烷、高压蒸汽、60Co照射三种消毒方法,对生物化PET人工韧带的生物力学影响,为选取合适的消毒灭菌方法提供实验依据。方法:以表面改性的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯纤维为材料,制备生物化PET人工韧带,分别给予环氧乙烷熏蒸、高压蒸汽、60Co照射消毒处理,并设未作消毒处理的空白对照组,分别进行生物力学测试,对测量结果行统计学比较分析。结果:高压蒸汽消毒后,韧带所能承受的最大拉力及第一次破裂力降低,且与对照组间的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);60Co照射消毒后,韧带所能承受的最大拉力降低,与对照组间的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但第一次破裂力的差异不明显(P>0.05);环氧乙烷消毒处理后,最大拉力、第一次破裂力与对照组之间无明显差异(P>0.05);各组间断裂伸长率无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论:高压蒸汽消毒后韧带样品的生物力学性能降低比较明显;采用60Co射线消毒方法对产品的力学性能影响较小,但进一步的消毒方法改进可能更为理想;环氧乙烷消毒法可作为生物化PET人工韧带的有效消毒方法。     

多斗形纹男性的精液分析

１对象和方法１ １对象１９９６年２月以来 ,对来院男科就诊的男性在进行精子计数、活动率等检查的同时进行了指纹类型观察和总指嵴数检查。检查５７例均是因婚后１至数年不育而来院就诊的男性 ,我们将其分成两组 :（１）双手５～１０斗形纹组 ,检出４０例 ;年龄２０～３５岁 ,平均２８ ８岁 ,（２）双手０～４斗形纹组 :检出１７例 ,年龄２１～３２岁 ,平均２６ ５岁 ,随机选择２５～４０岁（平均３２ ５岁）健康有子女男性５７例作为正常对照组。１ ２检查方法在采集精液前禁欲５天 ,到检验科由本人手淫采集 ,用洁净小瓶留取 ,记录精液量…     

A microbiological evaluation of warm air hand driers with respect to hand hygiene and the washroom environment

A finger rinse technique for counting micro-organisms on hands showed no significant difference in the level of recovered micro-organisms following hand drying using either warm air or paper towels. Contact plate results appeared to reflect the degree of dampness of hands after drying rather than the actual numbers of micro-organisms on the hands. In laboratory tests, a reduction in airborne count of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus of between 40 and 75% was achieved from 600 readings comparing inlets and outlets of warm air hand driers. In washroom trials, the number of airborne micro-organisms was reduced by between 30 and 75%. Air emitted from the outlet of the driers contained significantly fewer micro-organisms than air entering the driers. Drying of hands with hand driers was no more likely to generate airborne micro-organisms than drying with paper towels. Levels of micro-organisms on external surfaces of hand driers were not significantly different to those on other washroom surfaces. This work shows that warm air hand driers, of the type used in this study, are a hygienic method of drying hands and therefore appropriate for use in both the healthcare and food industry.     

Contraceptive choice of limiters ages 35-44 in the United States: an examination of selection of method from among a number of possible choices

A subsample from the 1970 National Fertility Survey and discriminant analysis were used in an effort to isolate, for the sample employed, those characteristics of contraceptive adopters which best differentiate among adopters of the various methods. The attempt was also made to isolate those contraceptive method characteristics which are most important to the potential adopter in determining method choice. Analysis of contraceptive choice initially included 7 choices -- rhythm, foam, condom, diaphragm, oral contraceptive (OC), IUD, and sterilization. There were 241 respondents in the sample. The analysis was divided into 2 parts: the choice from among the 6 methods usually thought of as contraceptives; and 2) the choice between sterilization and the 6 methods. 2 significant characteristic dimensions were isolated. The 1st dimension was interpreted as a distinction among methods from non-effective to less-effective and the 2nd as representing an aesthetics-health dimension, dividing methods between coitus-related versus non-coitus-related dimension. Income and number of births to be averted were found to play an important role in the choice of sterilization.     

实验用鱼遗传质量控制及标准化

在遗传学及其他生命科学研究领域, 实验用鱼已成为一类应用越来越广的实验动物, 但是尚缺少标准化的质量控制标准和监管。在我国, 实验动物实行严格的许可证制度和质量监督制度。实验用鱼遗传质量控制标准是实验用鱼质量控制的基础。为了规范实验用鱼的遗传质量, 避免实验用鱼种质退化、遗传漂移, 导致实验结果误差, 开展了本标准的研究。依据《实验动物管理条例》, 参考国内外实验用鱼遗传学相关的研究成果, 结合我国实验用鱼生产和使用的实际情况, 在全面收集、分析实验数据和广泛征询专家意见的基础上, 以实验用斑马鱼和剑尾鱼遗传质量控制为规范对象, 研究制定了实验用鱼遗传质量控制标准, 供科研工作者参考、讨论。本标准对实验用斑马鱼和剑尾鱼的遗传分类及命名原则、实验用鱼的繁殖方法、近交系和封闭群的遗传质量监测进行了规范。新标准将为实验用鱼的使用和管理提供理论支撑。     

Effect of Dielectric and Liquid on Plasma Sterilization Using Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma

Plasma sterilization offers a faster, less toxic and versatile alternative to conventional sterilization methods. Using a relatively small, low temperature, atmospheric, dielectric barrier discharge surface plasma generator, we achieved ≥6 log reduction in concentration of vegetative bacterial and yeast cells within 4 minutes and ≥6 log reduction of Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores within 20 minutes. Plasma sterilization is influenced by a wide variety of factors. Two factors studied in this particular paper are the effect of using different dielectric substrates and the significance of the amount of liquid on the dielectric surface. Of the two dielectric substrates tested (FR4 and semi-ceramic (SC)), it is noted that the FR4 is more efficient in terms of time taken for complete inactivation. FR4 is more efficient at generating plasma as shown by the intensity of spectral peaks, amount of ozone generated, the power used and the speed of killing vegetative cells. The surface temperature during plasma generation is also higher in the case of FR4. An inoculated FR4 or SC device produces less ozone than the respective clean devices. Temperature studies show that the surface temperatures reached during plasma generation are in the range of 30°C–66°C (for FR4) and 20°C–49°C (for SC). Surface temperatures during plasma generation of inoculated devices are lower than the corresponding temperatures of clean devices. pH studies indicate a slight reduction in pH value due to plasma generation, which implies that while temperature and acidification may play a minor role in DBD plasma sterilization, the presence of the liquid on the dielectric surface hampers sterilization and as the liquid evaporates, sterilization improves.     

三级生物安全实验室感染性废弃物处理相关问题的探讨

在生物安全管理的各环节中,感染性废弃物的处理是控制实验室生物安全的关键环节.为此,我国制定了关于感染性废弃物处理的法律、法规,以避免污染实验室或环境.本三级生物安全实验室运行的3年中,在处理感染性废弃物时遇到了若干需要认真对待的细节,如固体感染性废弃物处理过程中的灭菌环节、消毒剂使用对压力蒸汽灭菌器的损伤、液体感染性废...     

Investigation of the orientation of purple membrane sheets in Langmuir-Blodgett films by a quartz crystal microbalance

By means of the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), a convenient method was developed to determine the degree of orientation of purple membrane (PM) sheets on the air/water interface. Langmuir-Blodgett films from both wild-type and SH-mutant PM (bR D36C) were vertically deposited on the surface of gold-sputtered AT-cut quartz crystals. The shift of resonance frequency of the QCM during a special washing protocol allowed us to differentiate between physically adsorbed PM fragments and any PM attached to the gold surface via chemical bonds. By washing with organic solvents, complete desorption of the wild-type PM was achieved, whereas for the SH-mutant, approximately 60% of the PM fragments could not be detached from the surface. These PM sheets should be oriented with the cytoplasmic side facing the water subphase to that their SH-groups can chemically bind to the gold surface of the quartz plate.     

Microbiological Evaluation of a Large-Volume Air Incinerator

Two semiportable metal air incinerators, each with a capacity of 1,000 to 2,200 standard ft(3) of air per min, were constructed to sterilize infectious aerosols created for investigative work in a microbiological laboratory. Each unit has about the same air-handling capacity as a conventional air incinerator with a brick stack but costs only about one-third as much. The units are unique in that the burner housing and combustion chamber are air-tight and utilize a portion of the contaminated air stream to support combustion of fuel oil. Operation is continuous. Aerosols of liquid and dry suspensions of Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores and dry vegetative cells of Serratia marcescens were disseminated into the two incinerators to determine the conditions required for sterilization of contaminated air. With the latter organisms (concentration 2.03 x 10(7) cells/ft(3) of air), a temperature of 525 F (274 C), measured at the firebox in front of the heat exchanger, was sufficient for sterilization. To sterilize 1.74 x 10(7) and 1.74 x 10(9) wet spores of B. subtilis per ft(3), the required temperature ranged from 525 to 675 F (274 to 357 C) and 625 to 700 F (329 to 371 C), respectively. Air-sterilization temperature varied with each incinerator. This was because of innate differences of fabrication, different spore concentrations, and use of one or two burners With dry B. subtilis spores (1.86 x 10(8)/ft(3)), a temperature of 700 F was required for sterilization. With dry spores, no difference was noted in the sterilization temperature for the two incinerators.     

Genetic Relatedness and Variability in Inbred and Wild Populations of the Solitary Ascidian Ciona intestinalis Revealed by Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction

As the first step in the establishment of inbred Ciona intestinalis strains, the genetic backgrounds of several local populations were evaluated on the basis of comparing 313 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) loci. Cluster analyses of individuals indicated that this species has local genetic characteristics, although various genetic distances among the populations were relatively low. The bulked RAPD analyses revealed that populations from Torihama and from Onagawa were the most distantly related among the 7 populations examined, suggesting that these two populations are the best candidates for outbreeding. Successive inbreeding in the laboratory was achieved using the Onagawa population. Although the genetic similarity of the F₄ progeny became distinctly higher than that of natural populations, F₅ progeny did not survive, presumably owing to homozygous lethal alleles. Received October 15, 1999; accepted July 18, 2000.     

Cold atmospheric air plasma sterilization against spores and other microorganisms of clinical interest

Physical cold atmospheric surface microdischarge (SMD) plasma operating in ambient air has promising properties for the sterilization of sensitive medical devices where conventional methods are not applicable. Furthermore, SMD plasma could revolutionize the field of disinfection at health care facilities. The antimicrobial effects on Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria of clinical relevance, as well as the fungus Candida albicans, were tested. Thirty seconds of plasma treatment led to a 4 to 6 log(10) CFU reduction on agar plates. C. albicans was the hardest to inactivate. The sterilizing effect on standard bioindicators (bacterial endospores) was evaluated on dry test specimens that were wrapped in Tyvek coupons. The experimental D(23)(°)(C) values for Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus atrophaeus, and Geobacillus stearothermophilus were determined as 0.3 min, 0.5 min, 0.6 min, and 0.9 min, respectively. These decimal reduction times (D values) are distinctly lower than D values obtained with other reference methods. Importantly, the high inactivation rate was independent of the material of the test specimen. Possible inactivation mechanisms for relevant microorganisms are briefly discussed, emphasizing the important role of neutral reactive plasma species and pointing to recent diagnostic methods that will contribute to a better understanding of the strong biocidal effect of SMD air plasma.     

甲苯胺蓝介导的超声疗法对牙菌斑中细菌灭活效果的研究

目的：验证甲苯胺蓝介导超声对龈上牙菌斑中细菌的抑制作用。方法：从门诊20例牙周炎病人下前牙区取龈上菌斑一份,每个患者的菌斑于实验室培养后,在同一甲苯胺蓝浓度下与不同超声强度联合作用,利用涂板计数法分析其对菌斑中细菌的抑制作用。实验分组：空白组、单独甲苯胺蓝组、单独超声组、甲苯胺蓝＋超声组。结果：单独超声作用时没有灭菌效果,细菌数目反而有所增长（P〈0.05）,超声联合甲苯胺蓝作用时取得明显的灭菌效果,超声强度2W/CM2灭菌率可达到79%。结论：低强度超声能够促进细菌生长,甲苯胺蓝介导一定强度的超声疗法对龈上牙菌斑中的细菌有良好的抑制作用。