衣原体调控宿主细胞凋亡的机制研究进展

衣原体是一类专性细胞内寄生的原核微生物,常引起性传播疾病、失明和肺炎等疾病。衣原体可能已经进化出调控宿主细胞的若干机制,通过改变宿主细胞蛋白位置,干扰宿主细胞凋亡信号通路等来抑制细胞凋亡,维持其自身的存活,核转录因子NF-κB也涉及到衣原体感染细胞凋亡抑制;衣原体可以经半胱氨酸蛋白酶依赖途径等机制诱导细胞凋亡,进而感染邻近细胞。     

新的凋亡抑制因子Livin

Livin是新近发现的一个凋亡抑制因子,属于抑制细胞凋亡蛋白(inhibitor of apoptosis protein,IAP)家族的新成员,主要通过抑制胱天蛋白酶-3／-7／-9(caspase-3／-7／-9)的活性来阻断细胞凋亡过程。Livin特异地表达于胚胎发育组织和大多数实体瘤,正常成人的绝大多数组织中也有表达。Livin抑制细胞凋亡,与肿瘤的发生、发展及预后相关,有望成为肿瘤治疗的新靶点。     

冠状病毒感染调控细胞凋亡机制研究进展

冠状病毒是常见的感染人类和动物并造成健康危害的主要病原性微生物之一,冠状病毒感染细胞后,细胞产生免疫应答,病毒为了在细胞内转录翻译和装配下一代,应对细胞免疫应答的同时,还参与到许多细胞活动中,当细胞特定受体与病毒蛋白结合后,细胞即启动凋亡程序。冠状病毒的许多蛋白在细胞凋亡程序中起促进或抑制凋亡的不同作用,如病毒S蛋白与细胞膜死亡受体作用诱导细胞启动外在凋亡途径,病毒感染细胞后产生的M、S蛋白引起细胞内质网应激、Ca2+失衡,诱导细胞启动内在凋亡途径,而E蛋白则抑制细胞凋亡的发生。本文综述了冠状病毒对侵染细胞的促凋亡或抑制凋亡作用及其作用机制,通过了解病毒不同蛋白在各种凋亡途径中的不同作用,希望为人工干预调控细胞研究提供思路,为冠状病毒感染防控提供理论支持。     

细胞凋亡基因的发现

细胞凋亡基因的发现李雨民,孙元明（中国医学科学院放射医学研究所天津３００１９２）细胞凋亡是一种具有特征性的形态变化和生化改变的细胞死亡过程,机体启动这一机制以清除无用和有害的细胞。近来细胞凋亡基因的研究取得了很大进展,８０年代以来Ｈｏｒｖｉｔｚ等在研...     

淋巴细胞的凋亡和调控

免疫系统中,细胞凋亡调节着体内免疫细胞群的合适比例,制约免疫应答的过程及强度,决定免疫耐受和免疫记忆的产生。本文将综述细胞凋亡在淋巴细胞发育中的作用,淋巴细胞凋亡的途径及调控因素。     

无核的细胞会凋亡吗？

无核的细胞会凋亡吗？潘华珍（中国医学科学院基础医学研究所,北京１００００５）关键词凋亡细胞凋亡有几个特征：染色质密集、核膜皱缩、细胞体积缩小、ＤＮＡ酶活化而出现ＤＮＡ降解、产生梯形特征的电泳条带。在细胞凋亡中需要有蛋白质的合成。这些特征都表明,细胞核...     

关于TRAIL对凋亡的作用

凋亡,即程序性细胞死亡,是允许多细胞动物严格调控细胞生长,防止癌症、免疫缺陷及自身反应性等病理过程的一种关键机制。在哺乳动物细胞中,凋亡可通过两个主要途径起始：一个与死亡受体的参与有关,另一个则与线粒体释放细胞色素c有关。线粒体途径既可由外部信号也可由内部信号如DNA损伤所触发。Bcl-2家族的促凋亡(pro—apoptotic)和抗凋亡(anti—apoptotic)成员可聚集于线粒体表     

抗凋亡基因与消化系统恶性肿瘤的研究进展

细胞凋亡是机体在基因调控下主动清除多余细胞或缺陷细胞的正常生理现象,又称基因调控下细胞的程序性死亡。细胞凋亡异常在肿瘤发生发展过程中有重要的病理生理意义。自从凋亡理论提出以来,对肿瘤的发生发展有了新的认识。目前,肿瘤发病的观念已经从细胞生长过渡扩展到细胞凋亡障碍,已经发现了许多与细胞凋亡有关的蛋白和基因,其中抑制细胞凋亡的基因和蛋白与肿瘤的发生发展有着密切的关系,现就其与消化系统恶性肿瘤的关系研究新进展作一综述。1抗凋亡基因BAG-1与肿瘤1·1 BAG-1基因结构及其蛋白的功能BAG-1基因是Takayama等[1]于1995年…     

细胞凋亡的形态学变化过程及相关的分子调节研究进展

细胞凋亡是细胞自主的有序性死亡,发生凋亡的细胞膜发生皱缩、凹陷,染色质变得致密,最后断裂成小碎片,进一步发展细胞膜将细胞质分割,包绕细胞质和细胞核的断片,形成了凋亡小体。在这个过程中许多分子参与调节。     

姜黄素诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡的研究进展

姜黄素是从姜科植物的根茎姜黄中提取的一种植物多酚,具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗凝、抗动脉粥样硬化、抗肿瘤等药理作用。本文综述了姜黄素诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡的分子生物学机制研究进展。     

热疗联合奥沙利铂对SW480细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

目的:观察奥沙利铂联合热疗对人结肠癌细胞SW480增殖及凋亡的影响,确定联合用药的效果,为临床方案提供参考。方法:采用MTT(四唑盐)法检测热疗、奥沙利铂及联合用药对细胞增殖的影响;瑞士吉姆萨染色法观察细胞形态;流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡和周期;Western blot检测Bax、Bcl-2以及Caspase8蛋白表达量变化;q PCR检测Bax、Bcl-2以及Caspase8 m RNA的积累。结果:热疗联合奥沙利铂可以显著抑制细胞增殖,与对照组相比,热疗组、化疗组、联合组细胞凋亡率分别为16.2%、20.5%和36.1%,具有显著性差异(P0.01);细胞学形态中,热疗组细胞发生皱缩,化疗组细胞膜破裂;化疗将细胞阻滞在G2/M期,热疗和联合组将细胞阻滞S期;Western blot和qPCR显示Bax/Bcl-2比值上升,Caspase8表达量增加,联合组三种蛋白的表达量均与对照组具有显著性差异(P0.01)。结论:热疗联合奥沙利铂可以显著促进细胞凋亡,提高治疗效果,为结肠癌的治疗提供参考。     

Autophagy is induced by ischemic preconditioning in human livers formerly treated by chemotherapy to limit necrosis

The effectiveness of ischemic preconditioning (IP) against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury during human liver surgery is linked to decreased apoptotic cell death as well as preservation of the ATP content in liver tissue. Overproduction of Bcl-2 is reported in preconditioned organs. In human liver biopsies exhibiting steatosis and/or vascular injuries (mainly peliosis) induced by chemotherapy, we find that the expression of Bcl-2 in centrolobular and peliotic areas colocalizes with the autophagy protein Beclin 1 in IP livers. Increased expression of phosphorylated Bcl-2 in preconditioned livers is associated with a decreased immunoprecipitation of Beclin 1 and increased expression of LC3-II. The increased number of autophagic vacuoles seen by electron microscopy confirmed that IP could trigger autophagy in chemotherapy-injured livers, probably to reduce the pro-inflammatory necrotic cell death of hepatocytes or endothelial cells and to increase ATP levels. Indeed, necrosis is less frequent (p = 0.04) in IP livers than in the others although no change in apoptosis as assessed by TUNEL assay or caspase-3, -8 and -9 expressions is observed. In conclusion, Bcl-2 and Beclin 1 could be major targets in the regulation of cell death during ischemia/reperfusion injury modulating autophagy to switch on/off necrosis and/or apoptosis.     

Enhancement of hyperthermia-induced apoptosis by a new synthesized class of benzocycloalkene compounds

The aim of this study was to examine whether, a new synthesized class of benzocycloalkene derivatives (BCs), enhances apoptosis induced by hyperthermia. The combined effects of hyperthermia (44°C, 20 min) and BCs on apoptosis in human lymphoma U937 cells were investigated. Among the tested compounds (BC1 ∼ 9), the combined treatment of 10 μM BC2 or BC4 and hyperthermia showed the largest potency to induce DNA fragmentation at 6 h after hyperthermia. And enhancement of hyperthermia-induced apoptosis by BC2 or BC4 in a dose-dependent manner was observed. When the cells were treated first with BC2 or BC4 at a nontoxic concentration of 20 μM, and exposed to hyperthermia afterwards, a significant enhancement of heat-induced apoptosis was evidenced by DNA fragmentation, morphological changes and phosphatidylserine externalization. Flow cytometry revealed an increase of intracellular superoxide due to BC2 or BC4, which was further increased when hyperthermia was combined. Mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased and the activation of caspase-3 and caspase-8 was enhanced in the cells treated with the combination. The activation of Bid, but no change of Bax and Bcl-2 were observed after the combined treatment. The release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytosol, which was induced by hyperthermia, was enhanced by BC2 or BC4. An increase in the intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration [Ca²⁺]_i, externalization of Fas, and decrease in Hsp70 were observed following the combined treatment. These results indicate that the intracellular superoxide generated by BC2 or BC4 is involved in the enhancement of apoptosis through Fas-mitochondria caspase and [Ca²⁺]_i-dependent pathways, and a decrease in Hsp70 also contributed to the enhancement of apoptosis.     

Enhancement of hyperthermia-induced apoptosis by a new synthesized class of furan-fused tetracyclic compounds

The combined effects of hyperthermia (44 degrees C, 20 min) or X-rays (10 Gy) and a new class of furan-fused tetracyclic synthesized compounds (DFs), on apoptosis in human lymphoma U937 cells were investigated. Among the tested compounds (DF1 approximately 6), the combined treatment of 10 microM DF with TIPS (triisopropylsilyloxy) (Designated #3 DF3) and hyperthermia showed the largest potency to induce DNA fragmentation at 6 h after hyperthermia but no enhancement was observed if it was combined with X-rays. Enhancement of hyperthermia-induced apoptosis by DF3 in a dose-dependent manner was observed. When the cells were treated first with DF3 at a nontoxic concentration of 20 microM, and exposed to hyperthermia afterwards, a significant enhancement of heat-induced apoptosis was evidenced by DNA fragmentation, morphological changes and phosphatidylserine externalization. The activation of Bid, but no change of Bax and Bcl-2 were observed after the combined treatment. The release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytosol, which was induced by hyperthermia, was enhanced by DF3. Mitochondrial transmembrane potential was decreased and the activation of caspase-3 and caspase-8 was enhanced in the cells treated with the combination. Externalization of Fas was observed following the combined treatment. Flow cytometry revealed rapid and sustained increase of intracellular superoxide due to DF3, and showed subsequent and transient increase in the formation of intracellular hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), which was further increased when hyperthermia was combined. These results indicate that the intracellular superoxide and H(2)O(2) generated by DF3 enhance the hyperthermia-induced apoptosis via the Fas-mediated mitochondrial caspase-dependent pathway.     

镉诱导HEK293细胞凋亡及其线粒体凋亡途径

本课题研究了氯化镉(CdCl_2)诱导HEK293细胞(人胚胎肾细胞系)的凋亡,初步探讨了凋亡过程中Caspase-3、Bcl-2的变化和凋亡诱导因子(AIF)的转移以及它们的意义。MTT法检测CdCl_2对HEK293细胞增殖的抑制作用;通过倒置显微镜、电镜、琼脂糖凝胶电泳、流式细胞术、激光共聚焦观察细胞凋亡;应用Western blot法和荧光免疫法测定Caspase-3酶原、Bcl-2蛋白的变化以及检测AIF蛋白在细胞中的定位。结果显示:CdCl_2对HEK293细胞具有显著的生长抑制作用,并呈明显的剂量和时间依赖性。在琼脂糖凝胶电泳中,显示有凋亡细胞特有的DNA梯状条带,其中30μmol/L作用6-9h梯状条带最为清晰,时间过长或浓度过高则梯状条带逐渐模糊,表明镉浓度过高或处理时间过长,细胞有坏死。流式细胞仪检测也印证了这一结果。形态学观察可见明显的细胞凋亡特征。同时线粒体膜电位明显下降,发现Caspase-3酶原蛋白、Bcl-2蛋白含量减少,并具有时间依赖性;另外检测到线粒体AIF向细胞核转移。而Bcl-2转染后有一定的抑制凋亡作用。实验结果提示,CdCl_2能够诱导HEK293细胞凋亡,线粒体损伤导致AIF转移与细胞色素c释放,从而引发的非Caspases与Caspases凋亡途径可能在镉引发的细胞凋亡过程中起重要作用,而Caspase-3, Bcl-2起着重要的调控作用。     

金松双黄酮联合紫杉醇对肺癌A549细胞生长及凋亡的影响

目的:研究金松双黄酮联合紫杉醇对肺癌A549细胞生长及凋亡的影响及其可能的机制。方法:取对数生长的肺癌A549细胞,分为对照组、紫杉醇组、金松双黄酮组、金松双黄酮联合紫杉醇组。采用MTT法研究金松双黄酮联合紫杉醇对肺癌A549细胞生长的影响;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率;蛋白免疫印迹法检测A549细胞中Bcl-2、Bax蛋白的表达。结果:金松双黄酮联合紫杉醇对肺癌A549细胞的生长抑制率高达64.81%,显著强于单纯紫杉醇作用组(P0.05),且两药合用可显著升高肺癌A549细胞的凋亡率(P0.01),并抑制凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2蛋白的表达,上调Bax的表达。结论:金松双黄酮联合紫杉醇能够增强紫杉醇对肺癌A549细胞生长的抑制作用,促进细胞凋亡,其作用机制可能与调节凋亡基因Bc1-2、Bax的蛋白表达有关。     

维甲酸对肝癌细胞HepG2糖基化磷脂酰肌醇特异性磷酯酶D表达及细胞生物学特性的影响

应用MTT、流式细胞仪、免疫印迹法检测全反式维甲酸(ATRA)单独或联合糖基化磷脂酰肌醇特异性磷酯酶D(GPI-PLD)特异性抑制剂1,10-二氮杂菲对肝癌细胞HepG2生物学特性的改变.ATRA使肝癌细胞HepG2 GPI-PLD基因表达及酶活性上调,并呈现剂量和时间依赖性.ATRA可抑制肝癌细胞HepG2增殖,使肝癌细胞Caspase-3表达水平显著增加,Bcl-2表达水平下调,促进肝癌细胞凋亡(P<0.05).ATRA联合1,10-二氮杂菲诱导组细胞,Bcl-2、细胞增殖活性较ATRA单独诱导组显著增强,Caspase-3、凋亡率显著下降.维甲酸可促进肝癌细胞HepG2 GPI-PLD基因表达上调,高活性的GPI-PLD有助于维甲酸抑制肝癌细胞增殖,促进肝癌细胞凋亡.     

Synergistic antiproliferative effect of delta 12-prostaglandin J2 (delta 12-PGJ2) and hyperthermia on human esophageal cancer cell lines

delta 12-PGJ2, one of the cyclopentenone prostaglandins and the ultimate metabolite of prostaglandin D2, has been reported to have potent antiproliferative activity on various tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. In this study, the combined effect of delta 12-PGJ2 and hyperthermia on six established cell lines of human esophageal carcinoma (SGF series) was analyzed by an in vitro assay, and the degree of apoptosis induced by this combination was examined to clarify the mechanism of supra-additive effects. In five SGF cell lines, except SGF-7 cells, combination therapy with delta 12-PGJ2 and hyperthermia showed synergistic antiproliferative effects. The supra-additive combined effect of delta 12-PGJ2 and hyperthermia on esophageal cancer cells is attributed to the synergistic induction of apoptosis. delta 12-PGJ2 induced G1 accumulation and apoptosis was induced by delta 12-PGJ2 from G1 phase. Hyperthermia induced G1 accumulation and apoptosis was induced by hyperthermia during all cell phases. Both augmented G1 arrest followed by G1 phase-selective induction of apoptosis and increased apoptotic induction without cell-cycle specificity are responsible for the synergism of combined treatment with delta 12-PGJ2 and hyperthermia.     

依达拉奉对硝普钠诱导的PC12细胞凋亡的保护作用

目的：探讨依达拉奉对硝普钠诱导的PCI2细胞凋亡的影响。方法：体外培养PCI2细胞,并分为依达拉奉对硝普钠保护组（含500μmol／L硝普钠和75μmol／L依达拉奉）、硝普钠诱导组（含500μmol／L硝普钠）和对照组。采用MTT法检测细胞的增殖率：流式细胞术检测细胞的凋亡情况;Western-blot检i受4凋亡抑制蛋白Bcl-2和凋亡促进蛋白Bad的表达。结果：与对照组相比,硝普钠处理的PCI2细胞增殖率显著降低,而细胞凋亡率显著升高,细胞内Bcl-2的表达显著减少,而Bad的表显著增加,差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;与单纯硝普钠诱导组相比,依达拉奉处理组细的胞增殖率显著增加而细胞凋亡率显著减少,同时Bcl－2的表达显著增加,而Bad的表达明显减少,差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：依达拉奉对硝普钠诱导的PCI2细胞凋亡具有抑制作用,可能通过增加Bcl-2的表达并降低Bad的表达发挥抗凋亡作用。     

Shikonin inhibits the proliferation and induces the apoptosis of human HepG2 cells

This study investigated the potential of shikonin as an anticancer agent against liver cancer and an in vitro human hepatoma cancer model system. The HepG2 cell line was the hepatoma cancer model in the present study. The inhibitory effect of shikonin on the growth of HepG2 cells was measured by MTT assay. To explore the underlying mechanism of cell growth inhibition of shikonin, the cell cycle distribution, DNA fragmentation, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) disruption, and expression of Bax and Bcl-2 were measured in HepG2 cells. The activity of shikonin in inducing apoptosis was investigated through the detection of Annexin V signal and CD95 expression by flow cytometry and electron microscopy, respectively. Shikonin inhibited the growth of HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The IC50 value (inhibiting cell growth by 50%) was 4.30 mg/mL. Shikonin inhibited cell growth in a dose-dependent manner and blocked HepG2 cell cycle progression at the S phase. The changes in mitochondrial morphology, dose-dependently decreased in ΔΨm, were observed in different concentrations of the drug treatment group. Western blot analysis showed that cajanol inhibited Bcl-2 expression and induced Bax expression. Furthermore, we show that shikonin increases Annexin V signal and CD95 (Fas/APO) expression, resulting in apoptotic cell death of HepG2 cells. In addition, lump formation of intranuclear chromatin, pyknosis of cell nucleus, deletion of microvillus, vacuolar degeneration of mitochondria, reduction of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and resolution of free ribosome, etc., associated with apoptosis were discovered by electron microscopy in HepG2 cells after 48 h treatment. Shikonin inhibited HepG2 cells, possibly through the pathway of inducing early apoptosis, and was beneficial for restoring the apoptotic sensitivity of HepG2 cells by CD95, and should therefore be considered as a candidate agent for the prevention or treatment of human hepatoma.