植被过滤带的研究和应用进展

水资源的人为污染日趋严重.植被过滤带被认为是降低水体污染、特别是非点源污染的最佳措施之一.植被过滤带是位于污染源和水体之间的带状植被区域,其可以使地表径流中的污染物被沉降、过滤、稀释、下渗和吸收.本文综述了植被过滤带的发展历史、结构、污染控制机理和在实际应用当中的设计、经营管理及效益等方面的研究进展.我国对植被过滤带的研究还处于初始阶段,试验或应用结果都很少,因此,需要扩展和加深这方面的研究,取得相关的试验数据,以使这一生态技术更有效地在我国推广和应用.     

植被过滤带对悬浮固体净化效果的模拟

数学模型是进行植被过滤带(VFS)设计的重要工具.本研究通过分析植被过滤带对径流中悬浮固体的净化机理,采用植被过滤带田间尺度机理模型VFSMOD和修正的土壤侵蚀模型MUSLE耦合,对植被过滤带的悬浮固体净化效果进行模拟,并利用野外小区试验数据对该耦合模型进行了验证.结果表明,植被过滤带出流悬浮固体浓度模拟值与实测值的偏差多在±20％以内,其模拟值与实测值的判定系数R2为0.98,该模型具有较高的精度,且优于VFSMOD模型,可用于我国植被过滤带的规划设计.     

不同入流条件下植被过滤带对坡面径流氮、磷的拦截效果

植被过滤带能有效拦截坡面径流泥沙,在防治水土流失和农业面源污染等方面具有重大潜力.为探讨不同入流条件下植被过滤带对坡面径流氮、磷的拦截效果及其水动力学机理,本研究通过模拟上方来水冲刷试验,定量分析了上方来水流量、氮磷含量浓度等因素影响下植被过滤带对径流氮、磷的拦截规律及其与径流水动力学参数之间的关系.结果表明: 植被过滤带能有效拦截上方来水中氮、磷等污染物,入流流量分别为200、400、600 L·h^-1时,模拟植被过滤带对总氮的拦截率分别为74.9%、62.0%、58.3%,对总磷拦截率分别为85.0%、75.6%、72.0%,在上方来水流量较低时拦截效果最优;上方来水入流氮、磷浓度变化对植被过滤带拦截效率的影响不显著.不同入流条件处理下,植被过滤带对氮、磷的拦截率随弗洛德数增大而增大,呈显著线性正相关关系;与阻力系数、水流剪切力、水流功率呈线性负相关关系;其中,氮、磷拦截率与水流剪切力的相关关系最优,可以用含水流剪切力的公式表征植被过滤带对氮、磷的拦截效率.     

黑河流域植被垂直分布对气候变化的响应

黑河流域作为我国典型的生态系统过渡带,深入分析该区域内植被垂直分布变化对气候变化的响应,对于开展区域尺度植被分布对气候变化的响应研究极具代表性。近30年来,黑河流域的植被分布随着平均生物温度和降水分布变化,在空间分布上,尤其是垂直分布上发生了系列变化。基于黑河流域植被类型的410个野外调研采样数据、1980s年代的植被数据、遥感影像、气候观测数据、DEM等多源数据,分别构建了黑河流域气候要素和植被类型垂直分布变化的空间分析模型,定量揭示了黑河流域绿洲农田荒漠带（≤1700 m）、荒漠草原植被带（1700-2100 m）、干性灌丛草原植被带（2100-2500 m）、山地森林草原植被带（2500-3300 m）、高山灌丛草甸植被带（3300-3800 m）和高山寒漠草甸植被带（≥3800 m）6个植被垂直带的植被变化及其对气候变化的响应差异。研究结果表明：在1980s-2010s期间,整个黑河流域植被空间分布的动态变化率为25.75%,发生变化的总面积为203.12万hm²;绿洲农田荒漠植被带的变化面积最大（72.24万hm²）,山地森林草原植被带的植被动态变化率最高（56.93%）;6个垂直带内的年平均生物温度和平均降水整体上均呈增加趋势,其中降水的增长率随海拔升高呈下降趋势,而平均生物温度的增长率则随海拔升高呈持续上升趋势;黑河流域中低海拔植被带内的植被动态变化与年平均生物温度和平均降水的相关性整体上高于其他植被带;荒漠草原植被带和干性灌丛草原植被带的植被动态变化对气候变化的敏感性高于其他植被带内植被变化对气候变化的敏感性。     

鄂尔多斯高原生态过渡带气候特殊性和气候植物生长指数与畜牧业生…

鄂尔多斯高原位于我国典型的生态过滤带,气候变化明显,系统反应敏感。因此,现有的主要用于植被和气候空间分类的有关材气候关系的模型和指数,均不适合用于鄂尔多斯高原生态过渡气候－植物动态分析,为此,本文利用位于鄂尔多斯高原中部的伊金霍洛旗３９ａ（１９５３－１９９１）气象资料,分析该地区的气候特点,构建一个可用于描述生态过滤带气候特征的气候植物生长指数,并用与植被动态密切相关的天然放牧条件（１９５８－１９     

东北地区植被多样性的研究I.寒温带针叶林区域垂直植被多样性分析

用Ｒｅｎｙｉ及Ｈｉｌｌ多样性指数簇相结合的方法,对中国寒温带针叶林区域垂直植被的区系多样性、生活型多样性及叶级多样性进行了分析,将亚高山矮曲林带（Ｉ）、寒温性针叶疏林带（Ⅱ）、山地上部寒温性针叶林亚带（Ⅲ１）、山地中部寒温性针叶林亚带（Ⅲ２）和山地下部寒温性针叶林亚带（Ⅲ３）,划分为生物多样性的特殊性植被型（Ｉ）、过渡性植被带（Ⅱ）及生物多样性的交汇性植被亚带（Ⅲ１）、稀疏性植被亚带（Ⅲ２）和富集     

漓江滨岸草带对径流泥沙的拦截效果

位于污染源和受纳水体之间的滨岸带对径流泥沙的过滤作用已经得到广泛认可,滨岸植被的存在能降低径流流速,增加土壤入渗,延缓产流时间,促使径流中的悬浮物质得到沉积。而关于漓江滨岸草带过滤作用的相关定量研究和应用尚未见报道。为探索影响草带过滤效果的影响因素,在广西漓江滨岸带内按不同植被条件、不同带宽布设6个试验小区,通过小区放水试验测定滨岸草带对径流泥沙的拦截效果。结果表明:草带能有效拦截径流悬浮物,对径流、泥沙的拦截率分别达到66%和68%,当草带宽度增加到10m时拦截率均达90%。带宽是影响径流泥沙拦截的主导因素。植被条件是影响拦截效果的又一重要因素,而初始含水量和入流泥沙浓度对拦截效果的影响较小。同一草带对泥沙的拦截效果优于径流的拦截效果,且二者之间存在密切的线性关系。     

内蒙古地区不同景观植被地带蝗总科生态区系的区域性分异

为了阐明内蒙古地区不同景观植被地带蝗总科生态区系（Acridoidea ecofaunas）的生态地理学特征,本文依据长期野外考察和文献积累数据,分别对寒温型明亮针叶林带（F1）、中温型夏绿阔叶林带（F2）、森林草原带（FS）、典型草原带（TS）、荒漠草原带（DS）、暖温型草原化荒漠亚带（SD）和典型荒漠亚带（TD）等7个不同类型植被地带（或亚带）内蝗总科区系结构组成、生态生存条件（植被、气候、土壤等）及其区系形成的生态学机理进行了分析,综合比较了各植被地带（或亚带）的蝗虫物种多样性、区系地理成分的区域性分异及其与地带间不同植被的相关性。结论指出,由于多数蝗种具有以禾本科（Gramineae）和菊科（Compositae）植物为主要食料的食性特征,而典型草原带的植被群落恰以“多年生丛生禾草及根茎禾草”为建群优势层片,其形成的丰富食物资源、多样的栖息场所、充足的日光辐射和较长的生长期以及有利于产卵孵化的土壤条件等,为蝗虫提供了最为多样的时间、空间和营养生态位（niches）,故蝗虫长期受自然选择的压力,在适应协同进化的历史过程中,形成了它们在典型草原带内具有最高的物种多样性。相比之下,在具有极端生态生存条件的内蒙古东部针叶林带和西部典型荒漠亚带内,分别因其低温高湿和高温低湿的两类不同极端气候特征的生态作用,形成了蝗虫在这两个植被地带内生存分布的生态阻限,故其拥有的物种多样性水平最低,其区系结构的组成种类也截然不同。     

三峡水库蓄水对消涨带植被的初步影响

三峡库区消涨带植被一直受到广泛关注。为了研究水库蓄水对175 m以下消涨带原有植被的潜在影响,2008年8月在三峡大坝上游长江干流从巴南到秭归12个监测点,设立68个5 m×5 m永久监测样方,比较被水淹过的156 m以下与当时尚未水淹的156～175 m地段植被物种组分、物种多样性和草本层生物量的差异。结果表明：被水淹过与尚未水淹的植被物种组分存在显著差异,DCA可以将二者明显分开,156 m以上尚未水淹的植被以灌丛为主;156 m以下被水淹过的植被以草丛为主,优势种包括多年生草本：狗牙根（Cynodon dactylon）、牛鞭草（Hemarthria altissima）和硬秆子草（Capillipedium assimile）;一年生草本：狗尾草（Setaria viridis）、毛马唐（Digitaria ciliaris）和千金子（Leptochloa chinensis）。木本植物基本死亡,只有枫杨（Pterocarya stenoptera）、牡荆（Vitex negundo）和地瓜（Ficus tikoua）存活。此外,被水淹过的植被中灌木物种数比例显著降低,而一年生草本物种数比例显著增加。被水淹过和尚未水淹植被的物种多样性也存在显著差异,被水淹过植被物种总数、灌木和多年生草本物种数显著低于尚未被水淹过的植被,但一年生草本物种数没有显著差异。被水淹过的植被草本层生物量与尚未水淹的植被没有显著差异。可见,水淹显著改变了消涨带原有植被物种组分和物种多样性,但一年生草本物种数和草本层生物量没有显著差异。未来175 m以下的植被中,草本尤其是一年生草本将占据优势。在消涨带植被恢复选择适应水淹生境物种过程中,应分别从植物的生活史、生理学和形态学等角度进行筛选,尤其应重视生活史适应策略植物的应用。被水淹过的156 m以下现有优势草本和存活的灌木可以作为三峡库区未来消涨带植被恢复的备选物种。     

五台山山地草甸自然保护区11种化学元素生物积累的研究

五台山山地草甸自然保护区可划分为亚高山草甸带、山地五花草甸带、常绿针叶林草甸带。本文研究了各生态带土壤和植被中１１种化学元素的含量、分布及生物积累特征。研究表明：（１）各带土壤中化学元素含量均在全国同类型土壤含量范围之内,就平均含量而言,Ｃｏ＇Ｎｉ含量较高,其它元素含量较低,整体属清洁理想水平,合乎自然保护区土壤环境标准。（２）各带植被中营养元素含量较高,营养丰富。尤其是亚高山草甸带是饲用价值很高     

Multivariable Logistic Regression Model: A Novel Mathematical Model that Predicts Visual Field Sensitivity from Macular Ganglion Cell Complex Thickness in Glaucoma

Purpose

To design a mathematical model that can predict the relationship between the ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness and visual field sensitivity (VFS) in glaucoma patients.

Design

Retrospective cross-sectional case series.

Method

Within 3 months from VFS measurements by the Humphrey field analyzer 10-2 program, 83 eyes underwent macular GCC thickness measurements by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Data were used to construct a multiple logistic model that depicted the relationship between the explanatory variables (GCC thickness, age, sex, and spherical equivalent of refractive errors) determined by a regression analysis and the mean VFS corresponding to the SD-OCT scanned area. Analyses were performed in half or 8 segmented local areas as well as in whole scanned areas. A simple logistic model that included GCC thickness as the single explanatory variable was also constructed. The ability of the logistic models to depict the real GCC thickness/VFS in SAP distribution was analyzed by the χ² test of goodness-of-fit. The significance of the model effect was analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Results

Scatter plots between the GCC thickness and the mean VFS showed sigmoid curves. The χ² test of goodness-of-fit revealed that the multiple logistic models showed a good fit for the real GCC thickness/VFS distribution in all areas except the nasal-inferior-outer area. ANOVA revealed that all of the multiple logistic models significantly predicted the VFS based on the explanatory variables. Although simple logistic models also exhibited significant VFS predictability based on the GCC thickness, the model effect was less than that observed for the multiple logistic models.

Conclusions

The currently proposed logistic models are useful methods for depicting relationships between the explanatory variables, including the GCC thickness, and the mean VFS in glaucoma patients.     

Foliar symptoms on Viburnum lantana reflect annual changes in summer ozone concentration in Trentino (northern Italy)

The frequency of Viburnum lantana L. plants showing visible foliar symptoms (VFS) was assessed in Trentino, north Italy in 2010, 2012, 2014 and 2015. The assessment was based on a sub-sample (n = 10) of the ViburNeT observation plots network installed in 2010 according to a stratified random design. Depending on the year, a range of 193–232 plants were assessed during August. The frequency of symptomatic plants varied from 20.7 to 50.6%. Mean May-July hourly ozone concentration measured by conventional monitors over the same area and period varied from 37.9 to 45.8 ppb. There was a consistent time pattern between ozone and VFS. Consistency is confirmed if also a pilot survey carried out in 2009 is taken into account. Results are promising and supportive of the use of V. lantana as in-situ bioindicator for monitoring ozone impact on vegetation in forest areas.     

Biomass retention and performance of anaerobic fixed-film reactors treating acetic acid wastewater

An acetic-acid-based synthetic wastewater of different organic concentrations was successfully treated at 35 degrees C in anaerobic downflow fixed-film reactors operated at high organic loading rates and short hydraulic retention times (HRTs). Substrate removal and methane production rates close to theoretical values of complete volumetric chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and maximum methane conversion were obtained. A high concentration of biofilm biomass was retained in the reactor. Steady-state biofilm concentration increased with increased organic loading rate and decreased HRTs, reaching a maximum of 8.3 kg VFS/m(3) at a loading rate of 17 kg COD/m(3) day. Biofilm substrate utilization rates of up to 1.6 kg COD/kg VFS day were achieved. Soluble COD utilization rates at various COD concentrations can be described by half-order reaction kinetics.     

Disaster Risk Assessment Based on Variable Fuzzy Sets and Improved Information Diffusion Method

The predictive analysis of natural disasters and their consequences is challenging because of uncertainties and incomplete data. The present article studies the use of variable fuzzy sets (VFS) and the improved information diffusion method (IIDM) to construct a composite method. The proposed method aims to integrate multiple factors and quantification of uncertainties within a consistent system for catastrophic risk assessment. VFS have been selected because of several advantages. These sets can effectively eliminate the border effect on assessment result and monitor estimation standard error. The IIDM theory can obtain as much useful information as possible from the sample and improves system recognition accuracy. Both these methods contribute to a sound risk probability prediction of natural disasters. Furthermore, the application has been verified through flood and drought risk analyses in China, where the risks of different flood and drought grades have been obtained. The results indicate that the proposed method achieves a better detection stability of disaster risk with higher precision compared with other methods. The method is effective, practical, and applicable in disaster rescue and relief.     

Neural sites and pathways regulating food intake in birds: a comparative analysis to mammalian systems

The paper reviews hypotheses explaining the regulation of food intake in mammals that have addressed specific anatomical structures in the brain. An hypothesis, poikilostasis, is introduced to describe multiple, homeostatic states whereby the regulation of metabolism and feeding occur in birds. Examples are given for both wild and domestic avian species, illustrating dynamic shifts in homeostasis responsible for the changes in body weights that are seen during the course of an annual cycle or by a particular strain of bird. The following neural structures are reviewed as each has been shown to affect food intake in birds or in mammals: ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (n.), lateral hypothalamic area, paraventricular hypothalamic n., n. tractus solitarius and area postrema, amygdala, parabrachial n., arcuate n. and bed n. of the stria terminalis. Two neural pathways are described which have been proposed to regulate feeding. The trigeminal sensorimotor pathway is the most complete neural pathway characterized for this behavior and encompasses the mechanics of pecking, grasping and mandibulating food particles from the tip of the bill to the back of the buccal cavity. A second pathway, the visceral forebrain system (VFS), affects feeding by regulating metabolism and the balance of the autonomic nervous system. Wild, migratory birds are shown to exhibit marked changes in body weight which are hypothesized to occur due to shifts in balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Domestic avian species, selected for a rapid growth rate, are shown to display a dominance of the parasympathetic nervous system. The VFS is the neural system proposed to effect poikilostasis by altering the steady state of the autonomic nervous system in aves and perhaps is applicable to other classes of vertebrates as well.     

Developmental aspects of long-term callus culture ofVicia faba L.

Summary Vicia faba callus line (VFS 1), isolated from expiants of immature embryo, grew satisfactorily onMurashige andSkoog complete medium with 1.38 M 2,4-D, or with 0.92 M 2,4-D to which 1.0 M kinetin was added. It also grew well on the B 5 modified medium containing 2.3 M 2,4-D and 25.0 M kinetin. On the last of these media the cultures grew more uniformly and without necrosis. They also showed diminishing variation in polyploidy in favour of diploids and corresponding aneuploids (hypodiploids).After being cultured for nearly three years on MS containing 1.38 M 2,4-D, 8–33% of cultures of VFS 1 were able to regenerate roots when transferred to either MS half strength with 5.37 M NAA, or to a medium without 2,4-D, or else to media with the addition of kinetin only (in various concentrations).     

Single subject (small N) research designs and zoo research

This paper presents single case (small N) research designs as a design option for research in zoos. Because of the small numbers of animals in zoos, traditional large group designs using inferential statistics are often not feasible. Single subject research designs are discussed with respect to logic, specific design options, and validity. Specific examples are used throughout to demonstrate how these designs would be used in zoo research. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

National numbers for transnational relations? Challenges of integrating quantitative methods into research on transnational labour market relations

Abstract

Research into transnational labour markets requires qualitative as well as quantitative research data. Yet there is little discussion on how to integrate quantitative methods into existing – overwhelmingly qualitative?– approaches to transnational research. This article seeks to identify some of the key challenges for the use of quantitative methods in research on transnational social relations. Selected problems regarding (1) sampling procedures and (2) questionnaire design are discussed using examples from emergent transnational labour markets in the Central European region, arguing that a transnational perspective necessitates a mixed-methods design. The ethnosurvey is identified as a starting point for an appropriate research design. Multi-sited ethnography and respondent-driven sampling methods are discussed as crucial complementing elements of transnational mixed-methods research.