白腐真菌血红密孔菌漆酶复合酶预处理烟梗丝的响应面法优化

烟梗是烟草工业的重要副产物,也是宝贵的自然资源。本研究首先利用白腐菌漆酶对烟梗丝进行预处理,提升了添加烟梗丝的卷烟品质;然后分别以木质素、纤维素、半纤维素和果胶的降解率为响应值,采用Box-Behnken设计建立方程模型,对漆酶、纤维素酶、半纤维素酶和果胶酶组成的复合酶预处理烟梗丝条件进行了优化。结果表明：每100g烟梗丝加入30U漆酶,在料液比为35%、温度为30℃、酶解pH为5处理48h的条件下预处理的烟梗丝对提升卷烟品吸效果最佳,烟梗丝中木质素、纤维素、半纤维素和果胶的降解率分别为20.16%、15.10%、7.20%和12.40%;为获得与之相同的各组分降解率,响应面法优化漆酶复合酶最佳处理条件为：每100g烟梗丝加入漆酶14.72U、纤维素酶1.00U、半纤维素酶1.00U、果胶酶8.45U。验证发现烟梗丝各组分降解率实测值与理论值无显著性差异,且显微结构观察显示复合酶处理后的烟梗丝表面致密结构被破坏,孔洞数量明显增加。本研究获得的白腐菌漆酶预处理后的烟梗丝在卷烟中的添加能有效改善卷烟品质,且漆酶复合酶的使用大幅减少了漆酶的用量,降低了漆酶预处理烟梗丝的成本,为废弃烟梗生物质的资源化利用提供了重要依据。     

木质素酶及其生产菌的筛选育种

木质素酶降解木质纤维素材料中的木质素,使木质素-半纤维素-纤维素结构解体,纤维素得以暴露出来供后续步骤处理.它广泛应用于生物制浆、生物漂白、废水处理等工业过程中.由于近年利用可再生木质纤维素材料用酶法水解生产酒精成了研究热点,因而作为纤维素材料生物转化工艺预处理过程中的关键角色,木质素酶也极大地唤起人们的研究兴趣.本文介绍了木质素与白腐真菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)木质素降解酶系的特征以及锰过氧化物酶、木质素过氧化物酶、漆酶等3种木质素酶的催化作用机理,归纳了目前流行的木质素酶产生菌的筛选方法及近年来从自然界筛选木质素酶高产菌的种类,并对产木质素酶野生菌株的诱变育种与基因工程改造的进展进行了阐述.     

白腐菌及黑曲霉所产的纤维素复合酶对稻草秸秆的生物降解

研究了白腐菌及纤维素复合酶对稻草秸秆的协同生物降解。结果表明,利用黄孢原毛平革菌固态发酵稻草秸秆的过程中,LiP和MnP的最大活力可以达到28.3U/g和12.6U/g,同时,秸秆中的木质素能被有效降解,但纤维素、半纤维素降解率较低。添加黑曲霉所产的纤维素复合酶能有效地促进秸秆腐熟程度。在接入白腐菌培养10天后,每克稻草添加3 IU纤维素酶液并酶解48h可以使稻草秸秆中纤维素降解53.8%,半纤维素降解57.8%,木质素降解44.5%,干物质损失46.3%。此时细胞壁出现大范围破损,整个组织变得松散,秸秆完全腐熟。     

毛栓孔菌XYG422菌株产漆酶发酵条件优化及对玉米秸秆生物降解的研究

利用基础产酶培养基从保藏的9株白腐真菌中筛选得到一株高产漆酶菌株毛栓孔菌XYG422,并通过单因素试验对该菌株发酵培养基及培养条件进行优化筛选,获得较高产漆酶能力,同时研究了该菌株对玉米秸秆的生物降解。研究结果表明:在液体发酵条件下,XYG422产漆酶最适宜碳氮源成分为玉米粉和酒石酸铵,菌株XYG422发酵条件优化后产漆酶酶活显著提升,该菌株最佳发酵培养条件为:玉米粉40g/L、酒石酸铵3g/L、温度30℃、pH 8.0、接种量5个直径1cm的菌饼、转速180r/min,诱导剂吐温-80和2,5-二甲基苯胺在低浓度时对菌株产漆酶有明显的促进作用,菌株产漆酶活性最高可达到41.6U/m L。该菌株表现出了对玉米秸秆较好的生物降解效率,培养60d后,玉米秸秆中木质素、纤维素和半纤维素的降解率依次为83.54%、50.65%和19.53%。     

侧耳菌与粗毛栓菌在麦草培养基中产生木质纤维素降解酶的研究

草本植物,包括农作物秸杆的木质素主要是由松柏醇、芥子醇和对香豆醇的脱氢聚合物和对香豆酸组成[1,2],是结构复杂、稳定、多样的生物大分子物质.虽难于被一般微生物降解,但自然界中仍存在一些可降解木质素的微生物种类,白腐真菌是最重要的一类,它们通过分泌漆酶(Laccases,Lac)、木质素过氧化物酶(Lignin peroxidases,LiP)、锰过氧化物酶(Manganese-dependent peroxidases,MnP)、纤维素酶(Cellulas-es,Cel)和半纤维素酶(Hemicellulases,Hcel)等降解植物生物质.由于白腐菌在造纸工业中的生物制浆和纸浆生物漂白、环境保护等方面[4]有着很好的应用前景,因此倍受关注. 本研究选用在液体培养基中产酶能力强且产酶较快的白腐真菌侧耳sp2和粗毛栓菌[5]进行固体培养,研究它们产生木质纤维素降解酶类和降解植物生物质的能力.研究结果报道如下.     

N+注入选育白腐菌及其降解油菜秸秆木质纤维素的研究

以白腐菌WY01为出发菌,利用N＋注入技术选育出一株遗传性状稳定的漆酶高产诱变菌株WY02,经过60 d的发酵培养,其产酶量由出发菌的13.75 U/g增加到52.5 U/g,即产酶量提高了2.82倍;诱变菌株WY02对油菜秸秆中的木质素、半纤维素和纤维素的降解率分别为54.1%,39.1%,32.8%,用红外光谱法（IR）分析经诱变菌株降解后的油菜秸秆中木质素官能团的变化,用于阐明诱变菌株对油菜秸秆中木质素的生物降解机制。结果表明：油菜秸秆经白腐菌诱变菌株降解后,其木质素含量明显降低。木质素与苯环相连的C=O键、木质素侧链上CH2结构以及木质素单体（紫丁香基和愈创木基）被部分降解,木质素的苯环结构遭到一定程度的破坏。     

六种白腐菌预处理对毛白杨木材酶水解效果的影响

通过化学分析和酶水解试验,研究了不同的白腐菌对毛白杨的预处理效果及不同组分的降解对酶水解的影响。毛白杨木片经6种白腐菌预处理30d后,各组分都发生了降解,其中半纤维素的损失最为显著,Trametes ochracea C6888引起半纤维素降解率高达47.19%,其次是纤维素和酸不溶木素的降解。在后续酶水解过程中,6种白腐菌处理后的样品显示出不同的水解模式,菌株Trametes ochracea C6888、T. pubescens C7571和T. versicolor C6915预处理效果最为显著,还原糖得率在整个酶水解过程中一直高于对照,其中T. ochracea C6888在水解96h后还原糖得率达到15.93%,比未处理样品提高了25%。分析酸不溶木素降解率及半纤维素降解率与还原糖得率的关系发现,不同菌株在作用同一种基质时,预处理效果差异显著,木质素和半纤维素的脱除都会影响木质纤维素的酶水解。     

木质纤维素降解真菌菌株筛选及对玉米秸秆的生物降解研究

以8株野生白腐真菌为研究对象,用愈创木酚筛选培养基对这些菌株进行产木质素酶能力的初筛,并探究初筛后所得菌株在玉米秸秆固态发酵时的漆酶活性及其对玉米秸秆木质纤维素的降解能力。研究结果表明,8株菌株在愈创木酚筛选培养基上均表现出较好的木质素降解酶活性,仅菌株Han 577的菌丝圈直径d1与变色圈直径d2之比大于1。菌株An 369、Han 202和Han 474在玉米秸秆上的最大漆酶活性要远远高于其他菌株,分别为(901.11±42.83)、(698.89±42.17)和(843.61±78.82)U/L。白蜡范氏孔菌An369、云芝栓孔菌An174、肺形侧耳An279和硬毛革孔菌Han 474对玉米秸秆的酸不溶木素降解率均大于20%。云芝栓孔菌An 174、肺形侧耳An 279、梨生多年卧孔菌Han 202对玉米秸秆的纤维素降解率均大于20%。迷宫栓孔菌An 360和肺形侧耳An 279对玉米秸秆半纤维素降解率则大于40%。整体来看,肺形侧耳An 279表现出较好的秸秆降解效率。     

天然介体在产漆酶真菌氧化蒽和芘中的重要作用（英文稿）

【目的】研究了氧化还原介体在产漆酶真菌氧化蒽和芘的作用。【方法】通过非变性电泳和酶活力分析。【结果】发现血红密孔菌Z-1和木蹄层孔菌Z-5只产漆酶,其最大酶产量分别为11.90 U/mL和4.83 U/mL,不产木质素过氧化酶和锰过氧化物酶。木蹄层孔菌Z-5的胞外液尽管具有较低的漆酶活性,但是氧化了74.3%的蒽和12.4%的芘,高于血红密孔菌Z-1对蒽和芘的氧化率,提示天然介体可能存在于真菌胞外液中并且影响了漆酶对多环芳烃的氧化。实验进一步表明,木蹄层孔菌Z-5灭活和不灭活的超滤液以及灭活的胞外液对纯漆酶氧化多环芳烃的促进作用均大于血红密孔菌Z-1,说明木蹄层孔菌Z-5的天然介体比血红密孔菌Z-1能够更为有效地促进多环芳烃氧化。【结论】氧化还原结体在产漆酶真菌降解底物过程中发挥了重要作用,这也解释了木蹄层孔菌Z-5胞外液尽管漆酶活性不高,但是具有较大多环芳烃氧化率的原因。     

三种白腐菌生物学特性与木质纤维素酶基因遗传多样性

以采自东北林业大学帽儿山实验林场的3种白腐真菌——木蹄层孔菌(Fomes fomentarius)、鲍姆鲍姆木层孔菌(Phellinus baumiibaumii)和火木层孔菌(Phellinus igniarius)为材料,用菌落直径测量法比较3种白腐菌在马铃署葡萄糖固体培养基上的生长速度,采用菌丝体干重法比较其在马铃署葡萄糖液体培养基中的生物量变化。结果显示:马铃薯葡萄糖固体培养基上3种白腐菌均为快速生长类型,其生长速度木蹄层孔菌火木层孔菌鲍姆鲍姆木层孔菌;马铃署葡萄糖液体培养基中生物量增长速度木蹄层孔菌鲍姆鲍姆木层孔菌火木层孔菌。用比色法测量其木质纤维素酶活性,结果显示:木蹄层孔菌产锰过氧化物酶和漆酶量较高,鲍姆鲍姆木层孔菌和火木层孔菌产木质素过氧化物酶量较高;木蹄层孔菌、鲍姆鲍姆木层孔菌和火木层孔菌3种白腐菌的3种主要木质素酶(锰过氧化物酶、漆酶和木质素过氧化物酶)的表达量,种间差异显著(F=3.75*、5.20**、3.01*),白桦木屑诱导处理与对照间差异显著(F=3.84*、4.19*、5.28*);两种主要纤维素酶(葡聚糖内切酶、葡聚糖外切酶)的表达量,种间差异不显著,受碳源影响作用显著(F=3.99*、4.04*)。筛选29对引物组合,对3种白腐菌几种主要木质纤维素酶基因进行TRAP-PCR分子标记检测,比较3菌种间遗传差异,扩增总条带数为357条,多态性条带数为255条,多态性条带的比例为71.43%,其中木质素降解酶基因总多态位点比率为73.77%,纤维素降解酶基因总多态位点比率为68.97%。3种白腐菌的木质纤维素降解酶基因在种间均存在较高的遗传差异。因此,特定基因的TRAP分子标记可以用于木腐菌的遗传变异分析。     

Potential of selected fungal species to degrade wheat straw,the most abundant plant raw material in Europe

Background

Structural component of plant biomass, lignocellulose, is the most abundant renewable resource in nature. Lignin is the most recalcitrant natural aromatic polymer and its degradation presents great challenge. Nowadays, the special attention is given to biological delignification, the process where white-rot fungi take the crucial place owing to strong ligninolytic enzyme system. However, fungal species, even strains, differ in potential to produce high active ligninolytic enzymes and consequently to delignify plant biomass. Therefore, the goals of the study were characterization of Mn-oxidizing peroxidases and laccases of numerous mushrooms as well as determination of their potential to delignify wheat straw, the plant raw material that, according to annual yield, takes the first place in Europe and the second one in the world.

Results

During wheat straw fermentation, Lentinus edodes HAI 858 produced the most active Mn-dependent and Mn-independent peroxidases (1443.2 U L⁻¹ and 1045.5 U L⁻¹, respectively), while Pleurotus eryngii HAI 711 was the best laccase producer (7804.3 U L⁻¹). Visualized bends on zymogram confirmed these activities and demonstrated that laccases were the dominant ligninolytic enzymes in the studied species. Ganoderma lucidum BEOFB 435 showed considerable ability to degrade lignin (58.5%) and especially hemicellulose (74.8%), while the cellulose remained almost intact (0.7%). Remarkable selectivity in lignocellulose degradation was also noted in Pleurotus pulmonarius HAI 573 where degraded amounts of lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose were in ratio of 50.4%:15.3%:3.8%.

Conclusions

According to the presented results, it can be concluded that white-rot fungi, due to ligninolytic enzymes features and degradation potential, could be important participants in various biotechnological processes including biotransformation of lignocellulose residues/wastes in food, feed, paper and biofuels.

     

Effect of mannan oligosaccharide elicitor and ferulic acid on enhancement of laccases production in liquid cultures of basidiomycetes

The effects of mannan oligosaccharides preparation (MO), as elicitor, and ferulic acid inducer for enhancement in laccases production in liquid cultures of three strains of basidiomycetes, Pycnoporus sanguineus, Coriolopsis polyzona and Pleurotus ostreatus was studied using a full factorial 3² experimental design. MO, either individually or combined with ferulic acid, enhanced laccases levels in the three different strains of the white-rot fungi. The enhancement of laccases production was species specific with the highest increase in liquid cultures of P. sanguineus (88-fold) followed by P. ostreatus (3-fold) and C. polyzona (2-fold). Separate additions of 75 mg/l of MO to the cultures of P. sanguineus and P. ostreatus caused the increase while a combined addition of 150 mg/l of MO and 1 mM ferulic acid resulted in the optimal production of laccases in the cultures of C. polyzona.     

Recent advances in fungal cellobiose oxidoreductases

When grown on cellulose, the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium (Sporotrichum pulverulentum), produces two cellobiose oxidoreductases, i.e., cellobiose:quinone oxidoreductase (CBQ) and cellobiose oxidase (CBO). Similar cellobiose-oxidizing enzymes, capable of utilizing a wide variety of electron acceptors, have been detected in many other fungi. However, the role of the cellobiose oxidoreductases in white-rot fungi, or in any fungi for that matter, is still not known. The original role ascribed to CBQ was as a link between cellulose and lignin degradation. CBQ has been shown to reduce quinones and phenoxyradicals released during lignin degradation concomitantly oxidizing cellobiose and other cellodextrins released during cellulose degradation. Thus, one function proposed for the cellobiose oxidoreductases is to prevent repolymerization of phenoxyradicals formed when phenoloxidases (peroxidases and laccases) attack lignin and lignin degradation products. However, evidence obtained so far indicates that the presence of CBO/CBQ with lignin peroxidases and laccases actually reduces the rate of oxidation of lignin degradation products. CBQ has a molecular mass of about 60 kD and contains an FAD cofactor. CBO contains both heme and FAD, and has a mass of about 90 kD. It has recently been demonstrated that CBO can be proteolytically cleaved into FAD and heme domains. The FAD domain of CBO seems to have all the properties of CBQ, suggesting that CBQ is a cleavage product of CBO. Whether CBO is a precursor of CBQ is not yet known. CBO and CBQ can be distinguished not only by the differences in their spectral properties, but also by the ability of CBO, but not CBQ, to reduce cytochrome c. Both CBO and CBQ have a cellulose-binding domain (CBD), as do a large number of endoglucanases and cellobiohydrolases. The induction-repression patterns regulating cellobiose oxidoreductase genes are not known in any detail. Most reports point to induction during cellulose degradation, but repression has not been studied. Induction has also been suggested to occur by addition of lignosulfonate to the medium.     

不同木质纤维素基质上白腐菌降解特性的研究

通过测定木质素、纤维素、半纤维素和漆酶分泌的变化,研究白腐菌在稻草、木屑、粗纤维素、滤纸、黑液木素基质上的降解特性。结果表明,除黑液木素上白腐菌不能生长外,在前25d,各基质中纤维素、半纤维素和木质素含量呈持续下降趋势,之后,降解速率减少,其中木质素的降解速率大于纤维素和半纤维素的降解速率。漆酶分泌在生长初期呈快速上升趋势,第10d酶活达到最大,第10～20d快速下降,其后基本不变,基质中酶活大小顺序为稻草基质、木屑基质、粗纤维和滤纸基质,显示了木质素存在对漆酶分泌的诱导作用。     

Fungal biodegradation and enzymatic modification of lignin

Lignin, the most abundant aromatic biopolymer on Earth, is extremely recalcitrant to degradation. By linking to both hemicellulose and cellulose, it creates a barrier to any solutions or enzymes and prevents the penetration of lignocellulolytic enzymes into the interior lignocellulosic structure. Some basidiomycetes white-rot fungi are able to degrade lignin efficiently using a combination of extracellular ligninolytic enzymes, organic acids, mediators and accessory enzymes. This review describes ligninolytic enzyme families produced by these fungi that are involved in wood decay processes, their molecular structures, biochemical properties and the mechanisms of action which render them attractive candidates in biotechnological applications. These enzymes include phenol oxidase (laccase) and heme peroxidases [lignin peroxidase (LiP), manganese peroxidase (MnP) and versatile peroxidase (VP)]. Accessory enzymes such as H₂O₂-generating oxidases and degradation mechanisms of plant cell-wall components in a non-enzymatic manner by production of free hydroxyl radicals (·OH) are also discussed.     

Overlap of laccases/cellobiose dehydrogenase activities during the decolourisation of anthraquinonic dyes with close chemical structures by Pycnoporus strains

Pycnoporus strains were used as model to understand the role of laccases in the in vivo decolourisation of three anthraquinonic dyes. The decolourisation capability of Pycnoporus sanguineus MUCL 41582 (PS7), which produces laccases as the main oxidative enzyme, was assayed and compared with the decolourisation capability of a control strain, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus MUCL 39533 (PC330) described as laccase-deficient strain. In absence of dye, laccase activity was observed during the trophophase and the idiophase with PS7, while no laccase activity was observed with PC330. Acid Blue 62 (ABu62), Acid Blue 281 (ABu281) and Reactive Blue 19 (RBu19) caused an increase in laccase activity and surprisingly laccase activity was detected with PC330. In vitro, oxidation of all three anthraquinones by a laccase preparation was obtained to a lesser extent than the whole cell process; suggesting that other factor(s) could be required for a complete decolourisation. As the time space of laccase production in the tested fungi was not perfectly coincidental with the decolourisation process, the activity of cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) was monitored. Present early in the broth during the growth of the fungi, CDH displayed in vitro a synergism with laccases in the decolourisation of ABu62, and an antagonism with laccases in the decolourisation of ABu281 and RBu19.     

高效木质素降解菌的筛选及其对玉米秸秆的降解效果

本研究利用愈创木酚和苯胺蓝固体培养基对菌株进行初筛,利用形态学和分子生物学对筛选出的菌株进行鉴定,以黄孢原毛平革菌Phanerochaete chrysosporium CGMCC 5.0776为对照,利用其对玉米秸秆进行预处理并测定木质素和纤维素的降解率,测定筛选菌株在预处理玉米秸秆过程中漆酶、锰过氧化物酶（manganese peroxidase,MnP）和木质素过氧化物酶（lignin peroxidase,LiP）活性。结果表明:利用愈创木酚和苯胺蓝固体培养基,从16株白腐真菌菌株中筛选出2株具有较高漆酶或MnP活性的菌株,鉴定其为桦栓孔菌Trametes betulina (L.) Pilát（ZT-153）和亚黑管孔菌Bjerkandera fumosa (Pers.) P. Karst.（ZT-307）,测定T. betulina ZT-153和B. fumosa ZT-307对玉米秸秆酸不溶木质素降解效率分别为13.60%和21.87%,较对照P. chrysosporium CGMCC 5.0776高1.58%和9.85%,对纤维素的降解率较低,分别为4.10%和4.50%。2株菌株在预处理玉米秸秆过程中,T. betulina ZT-153表现出漆酶和MnP活性,B. fumosa ZT-307只表现出LiP活性。其中B. fumosa ZT-307对玉米秸秆酸不溶木质素的降解效率最高,在秸秆资源的综合利用方面具有较好的潜力和应用前景。     

诱导物和金属离子对竹子白腐菌降解影响的研究

研究了4种诱导物和5种金属离子对白腐菌降解竹子的影响。结果表明这4种诱导物对木质素的降解没有明显的促进作用,低浓度的吐温80抑制纤维素的降解,降解率仅为3．057％;5种离子对木质素降解均有促进作用,一定浓度的离子明显地抑制纤维素的降解,其中Ca^2＋对纤维素降解的抑制作用最强,降解率仅为0．620％;诱导物和离子对半纤维素降解率影响较小;吐温80和Ca^2＋能显著提高半纤维素和木质素的选择系数,其中添加Ca^2＋时半纤维素和木质素选择性系数分别为66．565和49．331,初步显示：部分诱导物和金属离子可以有效影响白腐菌对竹子的选择性降解。