子囊菌石耳目同源生物系统学

生物系统学亦即演化生物学或生物分类学,其目的在于为人类可持续发展中的生物资源研发提供生物信息。以单基因和多基因片段为基础的系统树分析难以获得同一祖先后代的单系类群。同源生物系统学是以共同祖先遗传的基因型和表型为基础进行的分析,是探明单系类群的最佳途径。同源性分析结果表明,石耳亚纲具有一条同源序列S及6种彼此相近的子囊顶器结构,其中包括石耳目以及未定位的5个属。石耳目包括一条同源序列O及石耳型子囊顶器结构。石耳科具有一条同源序列F及脐叶型地衣体。其中疱脐衣属具有一条同源序列L及疱状脐叶体与单孢子囊,石耳属具有一条同源序列U与非疱状脐叶体和八孢子囊。边缘种宾州疱脐衣除具有疱脐衣属同源序列L及疱状脐叶体内含单孢子囊以外,还兼具石耳属同源序列U以及疱狀脐叶体下表偶见气生根;而边缘种卡罗里石耳除具有石耳属同源序列U及非疱状脐叶体内含八孢子囊以外,还兼具疱脐衣属同源序列L以及疱脐衣属特有的砖壁型子囊孢子。     

中国裂隙衣属地衣（文字衣科）的初步研究

在中国文衣科地衣系统研究中,对裂隙衣属Fissurina地衣进行了订正,报道了16种,其中中国新记录种3个,即连绵裂隙衣F. consentanea、球孢裂隙衣F. globulifica和皱体裂隙衣F. insidiosa。建议4个异名,即Fissurina isidiata Z.F. Jia 为Platythecium dimorphodes (Nyl.) Staiger的异名;Fissurina marginata Staiger为Fissurina elaocarpa (A.W. Archer) A.W. Archer的异名;Graphis canlaonensis Vain.为Fissurina consentanea Nyl.的异名;Graphis glauca Müll. Arg.为Fissurina dumastii Müll. Arg.的异名。本文提供了中国裂隙衣属每个种的描述和分布,并提供了鉴定检索表。     

中国鳞叶衣属（鳞叶衣科）地衣

报道了中国鳞叶衣属Pannaria的11个种,其中包括6个中国新记录种：安第斯鳞叶衣P. andina、粒芽鳞叶衣P. elatior、多育鳞叶衣P. prolificans、多枝鳞叶衣P. ramulosa、灰棕鳞叶衣P. subfusca和密芽鳞叶衣P. tavaresii。本文对11个种的形态特征进行了描述和讨论,并提供了中国新记录种图片和中国鳞叶衣属物种检索表。     

石耳科(子囊菌门)的新种和新分布

本文报导了石耳科的八个种,其中新种四个,即阿尔泰石耳,鳞芽石耳、亚石耳及太白石耳;三个种是中国的新分布,即皱石耳、亚光石耳及淡腹疤脐衣;一个种即白根石耳为中国及蒙古的新分布。     

中国甲衣属地衣分类研究

报道了中国甲衣属Parmeliella 6种,其中小裂片甲衣P. appalachensis、喜马拉雅甲衣P. himalayana、刻边甲衣P. pannosa和甲衣P. thriptophylla 4个种为中国新记录。给出了这6个种的分类学特征、分布和检索表,以及4个中国新记录种的图片。     

子囊菌亚门石耳科属级分类及拉诺属地位的研究

关于子囊菌亚门石耳科的属级分类问题地衣学家持有不同的观点。这些观点使属级分类出现了单属系统,二属系统,三属系统以及四属系统与五属系统。现在新二属系统,即石耳属一疱脐衣属系统已被越来越多的地衣学家和子囊菌学家所接受。但是,因为由Dodge (1968)描述的单种属拉诺属(Llanoa)的模式种与早已为人熟知的网脊石耳很相似,而近年来,这一单种属又被一些作者所接受、因此、我们不得不对该属模式种所依据的原始材料进行必要的复查。复查结果表明,拉诺属的模式种卖为网脊石耳的异名。因此,拉诺属也就成为石耳属的异名。此外,基于石耳科中三十五种地衣和五十二项特征的聚类分析结果也支持新的二属系统。     

几种石耳科地衣生物地理学关系的分子评估(英文)

对具有北美东部和亚洲东部近缘生物地理学关系的大型地衣种类进行系统发育检测较少。笔者获得了石耳科中8个种10个样本nrDNA的ITS完整序列,并对本科中在分布上具有重要意义的4个种的生物地理学关系进行了分析和评估。通过对细胞核核糖体DNA变异性较强的ITS段碱基序列的比较分析,支持放射盘石耳(Umbilicaria muehlenbergii)、宾州疱脐衣(Lasallia pennsylvanica)为同种型间断分布,美味石耳(U.escu-lenta)和大叶石耳(U.mammulata)间已经达到了相当高的分化程度,为异种型间断分布。地理学分析显示该两种石耳的分化可能是由于太平洋的扩展和隔离所造成的结果。同种型间断分布种类的不同地区的样本之间的差异较小。推测了不同类型间断分布种类的分化时间,美味石耳与大叶石耳的分化发生在中新世(23～5.33 Mya)中期,白令海峡形成期间。     

中国疱脐衣属的新种与新资料

本文报道了中国疱脐衣属四个新分类单位,其中包括三个新种:华东疱脐衣(Lasallia sinorientalis Wei),大理疱脐衣(L.daliensis Wei),苍山疱脐衣(L.caeonshanensis Wei)及东亚疱脐衣一新变种:樊净山变种(L.asiae-orientalis var.fanjingensis Wei)。此外,还从东亚疱脐衣的模式标本中首次发现了该种的子囊盘,并作了补充描述。作者认为,根据有关中国地衣区系的现有知识,迄今尚未发现分布于中国的疱脐衣(Lasallia pustulata(L.)Merat)。而华东疱脐衣可能是疱脐衣在亚洲的地理替代种。     

浙江忍冬属植物新资料

报道了浙江忍冬科（Caprifoliaceae）忍冬属（Lonicera L.）植物分类研究的若干新发现：排除了L. macrantha在我国的分布和细毡毛忍冬（L. similis）在浙江的分布;恢复了L. guillonii的种级地位,并将异毛忍冬（L. macrantha var. heterotricha）作为其新异名,将灰毡毛忍冬（L. macranthoides）组合为其变种;描述了一新种——华大花忍冬（L. sinomacrantha）和一新变型——红花菰腺忍冬（L. hypoglauca f. pulchra）,编制了浙江产大花忍冬复合群的分类检索表。     

两种不同来源的绿色木霉降解木质纤维素研究

利用纤维素酶高产菌绿色木霉Trichoderma viride降解木质纤维素是实现废料资源化的重要手段。本研究选取来自不同生境的两株T. viride,分别以玉米秸秆和甘草药渣为基质,测定两者滤纸纤维素酶（filter paper cellulase,FPase）活性和还原糖产量。从时间、温度、水分、pH 4个方面比较两株T. viride的环境适应性和不同基质的差异性。结果表明,以玉米秸秆为基质,T. viride XJ最适初始料液比为1:4-1:5.5,T. viride AG最适初始料液比为1:5-1:5.5。初始料液比1:5.5时,T. viride AG产FPase活性显著高于T. viride XJ。两株T. viride最适发酵温度均为28℃,各温度处理下不同菌株间无显著差异。两株T. viride均表现为还原糖消耗。以甘草药渣为基质,T. viride XJ最适初始料液比为1:2-1:2.5,T. viride AG最适初始料液比为1:3-1:3.5。料液比高于1:3,T. viride AG产FPase活性显著高于T. viride XJ。T. viride AG最适发酵温度为28℃,T. viride XJ最适发酵温度为23-28℃。温度低于28℃,T. viride XJ产FPase活性显著高于T. viride AG。两株T. viride均表现为还原糖积累。两株T. viride最适初始pH均为6-7,最适发酵时间均为3d。最优发酵条件下FPase活性：T. viride AG>T. viride XJ。对T. viride产FPase诱导能力：甘草药渣>玉米秸秆。变差分解表明两株T. viride产FPase活性差异主要源于菌株对生境的生态适应。比较分析菌种来源、基质类型、环境条件对T. viride发酵效果的影响,将有助于该菌大规模应用性研究。     

The systematic position of Scolodonta Döring, 1875 and Scolodontidae H. B. Baker, 1925 (Gastropoda: Pulmonata)

Scolodonta semperi (Döring, 1875) from Argentina is redescribed. The aulacopod foot, the branching of the penial retractor from the columellar muscle, the elongated kidney and the lack of corneous hooks inside the penis show that Scolodonta Döring, 1875 has to be classified in the Systrophiidae Thiele, 1926. Thus, the family has to be called Scolodontidae Baker, 1925. There are only minor differences between Scolodonta semperi and Systrophia lutea Tillier, 1980, the type species of Wayampia Tillier, 1980. Thus, Wayampia Tillier, 1980 becomes a synonym of Scolodonta Döring, 1875.     

Sphenophyllum miravallis Vetter and Bowmanites cupulatus sp.n. from the “Illinger Flözzone” (“Heusweiler Schichten”, Lower Stephanian, Saar Basin, German Federal Republic)

This paper deals with a detailed study of Sphenophyllum miravallis Vetter, a member of the “Sphenophyllum thonii group”. New material from the Reisbach colliery, working the “Illinger Flözzone” of the “Heusweiler Schichten” (Lower Stephanian, Saar Basin, German Federal Republic), is described morphologically and anatomically, and the species is discussed. The new material enlarges the known range of variability of the normal aspect of the foliage, i.e. the foliage of the thinner branches. Thicker stems with their aberrant polymorphous foliage, and cellular details, are described for the first time. An emended diagnosis is given. Comparisons with other species are made.

The new species Bowmanites cupulatus is introduced to accommodate fructufications most probably belonging to Sphenophyllum miravallis.

S. crenulatum Knight ex Wagner is considered to be a heterotypic synonym of S. miravallis, the latter name having priority.     

基于模式产地的分子证据澄清南平鳞毛蕨的分类学地位

地球上有多少物种一直以来都是人们极度关注的问题, 而存疑物种是造成该问题难以解决的重要阻碍之一。目前, 模式标本是存疑物种得以确定的唯一凭证标准, 然而, 因其特殊的分类学地位而难以进行有效的观察和研究。因此, 前往模式产地寻找存疑物种的原始信息成为最有效的替代途径。随着分子生物学, 特别是DNA条形码技术在物种分类与鉴定中的广泛应用, 准确而快速鉴定存疑物种成为可能。以存疑物种——南平鳞毛蕨(Dryopteris yenpingensis)为例, 利用来自模式产地的分子数据进行DNA条形码分析, 并结合形态学特征澄清了南平鳞毛蕨的分类学地位, 确定南平鳞毛蕨与荔波鳞毛蕨(D. liboensis)为同一物种, 同意将荔波鳞毛蕨作为其异名。研究结果和方法可为今后澄清更多存疑物种的分类学地位提供参考。     

兰科带唇兰属一新异名

经过对标本馆馆藏标本的研究,确认原四川特有的峨眉带唇兰[Tainia emeiensis (K. Y. Lang) Z. H. Tsi]与大花带唇兰(T.macrantha Hook. f.)为同种植物,因此予以归并。     

花椒属植物生物碱与其两个亚属合并问题

花椒属植物约有250余种,大多分布于美洲、澳洲、非洲及亚洲。我国约有50余种,按Enzler分组法属于Mocqueria Triana et planch组,Paniculatae Engl.系,Gerontogaeae Engl.群^{[1] [2]}。1931年Engler在其"Die Natürlichen pflanzenfamilien"一书中谈到他经过长期考虑后,决定将原来的花椒属分为两个亚属即Zanthoxylum亚属和Fagara亚属。     

干皮孔菌属的一个新种和三个组合种

本文报道了产自斯里兰卡的干皮孔菌属一个新种,该种的主要特征是具有平伏反卷或具菌盖的子实体,很小的孔口（每毫米8-10个）,菌丝系统二系,生殖菌丝覆盖有刺状结晶,骨架菌丝橙棕色,细腊肠状担孢子（2.7-3.4×0.5-0.8μm）。基于ITS和nLSU序列的系统发育分析表明该新种属于干皮孔菌属的一个明确的分支。此外,将毛孔菌属组合到干皮孔菌属中,并报道了3个组合种,白边干皮孔菌、印度干皮孔菌和萨彦干皮孔菌。     

Molecular analysis of tlrD, an MLS resistance determinant from the tylosin producer, Streptomyces fradiae

The macrolide antibiotic, tylosin (Ty), is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. Two resistance determinants (tlrA, synonym ermSF, and tlrD) conferring resistance to macrolide, lincosamide and streptogramin B type (MLS) antibiotics were previously isolated from this strain, and their products shown to methylate 23S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) at a common site, thereby rendering the ribosomes MLS resistant. However, the T1rA and T1rD proteins differ in their action; the former dimethylates, and the latter monomethylates, the target nucleotide. Here, 2.2 kb of DNA from the tylLM region of the tylosin biosynthetic gene cluster of S. fradiae has been sequenced and shown to encompass tlrD. Comparison of the sequences of tlrA and tlrD (and of their deduced products) with those of related (‘erm-type’) genes from other actinomycetes suggests that the combined presence of tlrA and tlrD in S. fradiae is not the result of recent gene duplication.     

Cambrian–Ordovician trilobite family Missisquoiidae Hupé, 1955: Systematic revision and palaeogeographical considerations based on cladistic analysis

The missisquoiids are among the most important trilobites in the Cambrian–Ordovician boundary interval of Laurentia and Gondwana. This study deals with a systematic review of the family Missisquoiidae based on a cladistic analysis and explores their palaeobiogeographical history. A total of 22 missisquoiid species were selected for cladistic analysis. The cladistic results demonstrate that the family Missisquoiidae includes Parakoldinioidia, Pseudokoldinioidia, Tangshanaspis, and Tasmanocephalus; Lunacrania and Hardyia are included with reservation. The well-known genus Missisquoia is treated as a junior synonym of Parakoldinioidia. Based on the distribution of the missisquoiids, six palaeogeographical areas are recognised: Sino-Korea, Yangtze, Australia, southern Laurentia, northwestern Laurentia, and northeastern Laurentia. Palaeogeographical analyses show that the missisquoiids originated in Gondwana and continued to expand their geographical range within the continent and eventually expanded into the Laurentia. Optimisation results of geographical area transitions demonstrate that there were transitions between the two continents, and evolution of the Laurentian missisquoiids appears to have been strongly influenced by the Gondwanan counterparts. We suggest that dispersal of non-fossilised egg stage probably transported by oceanic currents may have been responsible for these inter-continental transitions.     

A brief history and revision of the systematics of the cladid crinoid Sinocrinus

The erisocrinid Sinocrinus differs from other erisocrinid genera (Erisocrinus and Exaetocrinus) by possessing a rounded, bowl-shaped cup, bearing tumid cup plates with impressed sutures. Sinocrinus Tien, 1926 is refined using Principal Component Analysis and neighborhood cluster analysis. The genotype of Sinocrinus, S. microgranulosus Tien, 1926, is a junior subjective synonym of S. granulatus (Wanner, 1924). Sinocrinus [Erisocrinus] stefaninii (Yakovlev, 1934) is a junior synonym of Sinocrinus lichengensis Tien, 1926 and S. asymmetricus Strimple and Watkins, 1969 is the junior synonym of S. sheareri Strimple and Watkins, 1969. Other valid species include: S. [Erisocrinus] cernuus (Trautschold, 1867); S. [Erisocrinus] obliquus (Wanner, 1916); S. houkouensis Tien, 1926; S. nodosus Tien, 1926; S. [Erisocrinus] stefaninii (Yakovlev, 1934). Because of its refined inclusiveness, the temporal span of the genus now extends from the Late Carboniferous (Moscovian) through the early Permian (Sakmarion). This study also widens the current geographic range of Sinocrinus, with specimens collected across a wider span of Eurasia.