Lessons learned in developing community mental health care in Australasia and the South Pacific

This paper summarizes the findings for the Australasia and Pacific Region of the WPA Task Force on Steps, Obstacles and Mistakes to Avoid in the Implementation of Community Mental Health Care. We present an overview of mental health services in the region; discuss policies, plans and programmes; chart progress towards achieving community-oriented services, and detail the lessons learned.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Bain Attwood. Rights for Aborigines. Sarah Colley. Uncovering Australia: Archaeology, Indigenous People and the Public. Kirk Dombrowski. Against Culture: Development, Politics, and Religion in Indian Alaska. Anita Jowitt and Tess Newton Cain (eds). Passage of Change: Law, Society and Governance in the Pacific. Sinclair Dinnen with Anita Jowitt and Tess Newton Cain (eds). A Kind of Mending: Restorative Justice in the Pacific Islands. Bruce M. Knauft (ed.). Critically Modern: Alternatives, Alterities, Anthropologies. Helen Gremillion. Feeding Anorexia: Gender and Power at a Treatment Center. Jean Guiart. Et le masque sortit de la mer: Les pays anciens de Hienghène à Témala, Gomèn et Koumac. Robin Hide. Pig Husbandry in New Guinea: A Literature Review and Bibliography. William Mazzarella. Shoveling Smoke: Advertising and Globalization in Contemporary India. Louise Meintjes. Sound of Africa: Making Music Zulu in a South African Studio. Sally Merry and Donald Brenneis (eds). Law and Empire in the Pacific: Fiji and Hawaii. Peter J. M. Nas, Gerard A. Persoon and Rivke Jaffe (eds). Framing Indonesian Realities: Essays in Symbolic Anthropology in Honour of Reimer Schefold. Annemarie Mol. The Body Multiple: Ontology In Medical Practice. Sherry B. Ortner. New Jersey Dreaming: Capital, Culture and the Class of 58. Thomas C. Patterson. Marx's Ghost: Conversations with Archaeologists. Melissa Perry and Stephen Lloyd. Australian Native Title Law. Christopher Pinney and Nicolas Peterson (eds). Photography's Other Histories. Nigel Rapport. I am Dynamite: An Alternative Anthropology of Power. Renato Rosaldo (ed.). Cultural Citizenship in Island Southeast Asia: Nation and Belonging in the Hinterlands. Regina Scheyvens and Donovan Storey. Development Fieldwork: A Practical Guide. David Trigger and Gareth Griffiths (eds). Disputed Territories: Land, Culture and Identity in Settler Societies. Cecilia Van Hollen. Birth on the Threshold: Childbirth and Modernity in South India.     

Focus: Health Equity: The Social Value of Implementing the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding in an Indonesian Hospital: A Case Study

Background: Despite the known importance of breastfeeding for women’s and children’s health, global exclusive prevalence among infants under 6 months old is estimated at only 41%. In 2018, Indonesia had a lower exclusive breastfeeding rate of 37% at 6 months postpartum; ranging from 20% to 56%, showing unequal breastfeeding support throughout the country. The World Health Organization (WHO) launched the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding (Ten Steps) in 1989, later embedded in UNICEF’s Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) program in 1991. The BFHI aims to encourage maternity facilities worldwide to ensure adequate education and support for breastfeeding mothers by adhering to the Ten Steps and complying with the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes. An Indonesian survey in 2011 found that less than one in 10 government hospitals implemented the Ten Steps. It has been common for Indonesian health services to collaborate with infant formula companies. While no Indonesian hospitals are currently BFHI-accredited, the WHO/UNICEF Ten Steps (updated in 2018) have been adopted in Indonesia’s national regulation of maternity facilities since 2012. Internationally, implementation of the Ten Steps individually and as a package has been associated with benefits to breastfeeding rates and maternal and infant health. However, to date, few studies have examined the impact of implementing the Ten Steps in economic terms. This study aims to measure the economic benefit of Ten Steps implementation in an Indonesian hospital. Methods: The study was conducted in January 2020 in Airlangga University Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia, which has implemented the Ten Steps since it was established in 2012. To understand and generate evidence on the social value of the Ten Steps, we conducted a “Social Return on Investment (SROI)” study of implementing the Ten Steps in this maternity facility. To estimate the costs relating to the Ten Steps we interviewed the financial and nursing managers, a senior pediatrician, and senior midwife due to their detailed understanding of the implementation of the Ten Steps in the hospital. The interview was guided by a questionnaire which we developed based on the 2018 WHO/UNICEF Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding. The analysis was supported with peer-reviewed literature on the benefits of Ten Steps breastfeeding outcomes. Results: The total per annum value of investment (cost) required to implement Ten Steps in Airlangga University Hospital was US$ 972,303. The estimate yearly benefit was US$ 22,642,661. The social return on the investment in implementing Ten Steps in this facility was calculated to be US$ 49 (sensitivity analysis: US$ 18-65). Thus, for every US$ 1 invested in Ten Steps implementation by Airlangga Hospital could be expected to generate approximately US$ 49 of benefit. Conclusions: Investment in the Ten Steps implementation in this Surabaya maternity facility produced a social value 49 times greater than the cost of investment. This provides novel evidence of breastfeeding as a public health tool, demonstrating the value of the investment, in terms of social impact for mothers, babies, families, communities, and countries. Breastfeeding has the potential to help address inequity throughout the lifetime by providing the equal best start to all infants regardless of their background. Indonesia’s initial moves towards implementing the WHO/UNICEF Ten Steps can be strengthened by integrating all elements into the national regulation and health care system.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: A. Haroon Akram‐Lodhi (ed.) . Confronting Fiji Futures. Dwight B. Heath . Drinking Occasions: Comparative Perspectives on Alcohol and Culture. Alphonso Lingis , Dangerous Emotions. Chris Lyttleton . Endangered Relations: Negotiating Sex and AIDS in Thailand. Jeannette Marie Mageo (ed.) . Cultural Memory: Reconfiguring History and Identity in the Postcolonial Pacific. Serena Nanda . Gender Diversity: A Crosscultural Perspective. Douglas Raybeck . Looking Down the Road: A Systems Approach to Future Studies. Tim Rowse . Obliged to be Difficult: Nugget Coombs' Legacy in Indigenous Affairs.     

Postpartum depressive symptoms following implementation of the 10 steps to successful breastfeeding program in Kinshasa,Democratic Republic of Congo: A cohort study

BackgroundSocial support and relevant skills training can reduce the risk of postpartum depression (PPD) by reducing the impact of stressors. The 10-step program to encourage exclusive breastfeeding that forms the basis of the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) provides both, suggesting it may lessen depressive symptoms directly or by reducing difficulties associated with infant feeding. Our objective was to quantify the association of implementing Steps 1–9 or Steps 1–10 on postpartum depressive symptoms and test whether this association was mediated by breastfeeding difficulties.Methods and findingsWe used data from a breastfeeding promotion trial of all women who gave birth to a healthy singleton between May 24 and August 25, 2012 in 1 of the 6 facilities comparing different BFHI implementations (Steps 1–9, Steps 1–10) to the standard of care (SOC) randomized by facility in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. Depressive symptoms, a non-registered trial outcome, was assessed at 14 weeks via the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Inverse probability weighting (IPW) was used to estimate the association of BFHI implementations on depressive symptoms and the controlled direct association through breastfeeding difficulties at 10 weeks postpartum.A total of 903 mother–infant pairs were included in the analysis. Most women enrolled had previously given birth (76%) and exclusively breastfed at 10 weeks (55%). The median age was 27 (interquartile range (IQR): 23, 32 years). The proportion of women reporting breastfeeding difficulties at week 10 was higher in both Steps 1–9 (75%) and Steps 1–10 (91%) relative to the SOC (67%). However, the number of reported difficulties was similar between Steps 1–9 (median: 2; IQR: 0, 3) and SOC (2; IQR: 0, 3), with slightly more in Steps 1–10 (2; IQR: 1, 3). The prevalence of symptoms consistent with probable depression (EPDS score >13) was 18% for SOC, 11% for Steps 1–9 (prevalence difference [PD] = −0.08; 95% confidence interval (CI): −0.14 to −0.01, p = 0.019), and 8% for Steps 1–10 (PD = −0.11, −0.16 to −0.05; p < 0.001). We found mediation by breastfeeding difficulties. In the presence of any difficulties, the PD was reduced for both Steps 1–9 (−0.15; 95% confidence level (CL): −0.25, −0.06; p < 0.01) and Steps 1–10 (−0.16; 95% CL: −0.25, −0.06; p < 0.01). If no breastfeeding difficulties occurred in the population, there was no difference in the prevalence of probable depression for Steps 1–9 (0.21; 95% CL: −0.24, 0.66; p = 0.365) and Steps 1–10 (−0.03; 95% CL: −0.19, 0.13; p = 0.735). However, a limitation of the study is that the results are based on 2 hospitals randomized to each group.ConclusionsIn conclusion, in this cohort, the implementation of the BFHI steps was associated with a reduction in depressive symptoms in the groups implementing BFHI Steps 1–9 or 1–10 relative to the SOC, with the implementation of Steps 1–10 associated with the largest decrease. Specifically, the reduction in depressive symptoms was observed for women reporting breastfeeding difficulties. PPD has a negative impact on the mother, her partner, and the baby, with long-lasting consequences. This additional benefit of BFHI steps suggests that renewed effort to scale its implementation globally may be beneficial to mitigate the negative impacts of PPD on the mother, her partner, and the baby.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01428232","term_id":"NCT01428232"}}NCT01428232

In a cohort study, Robert Agler and colleagues investigate the associations between postnatal depression symptoms and implementation of a Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.     

THE EVOLUTION OF THE CONIFER CONE

Die Koniferen des Oberkarbons und des unteren Perms , Parts 1–7. By R udolf F lorin .
Plant Life of the Pacific World. By E lmer D. M errill
Merrilleana , A Selection from the General Writings of E lmer D rew M errill , Sc.D., LL.D.
Forest Soils and Forest Grozuth. By S. A. W ilde , F.E., D.T ech .S c .
The Natural Vegetation of Trinidad. By J. S. B eard .
Dating the Past: An Introduction to Geochronology. By F rederick E. Z euner .
La Culture des Tissits. By R.-J. G autheret .     

Clostridium oceanicum, sp. n., a Sporeforming Anaerobe Isolated from Marine Sediments

Fourteen strains of a terminal-spored anaerobe were isolated from marine sediments obtained off the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of tropical South America. These strains are proteolytic, lecithinolytic, only slightly saccharolytic, often form cells with two spores, and appear unlike any described species of terminal-spored, proteolytic anaerobe. The name Clostridium oceanicum is suggested. The type strain (no. 25647) is deposited in the American Type Culture Collection.     

Taxonomic value of a betaine lipid in Ectocarpus (Phaeophyceae) and the first record of a sexual population of E. fasciculatus for the Pacific Ocean

The betaine lipid DGTA differentiates between two species of Ectocarpus: it is present in E. fasciculatus Harvey, and lacking in E. siliculosus (Dillwyn) Lyngbye, Two ectocarpoid isolates from the coast of Chile, which could not be identified to species level, were found to belong to opposite DGTA types. Culture experiments showed that these plants were sporophytes. Their meiospores produced gametophytes of the species predicted by the lipid analysis. Promoted by this new approach, a sexual population of Ectocarpus fasciculatus has been detected for the first time in the Pacific Ocean.     

Destruction and Creative Integration of Linguistic Theory

The Said and the Unsaid: Mind, Meaning, and Culture . Stephen A. Tyler . Language, Thought, and Culture: Advances in the Study of Cognition.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article: Natural Man: A Record of Borneo By Charles Hose Wage, Trade, and Exchange in Melanesia: A Manus Society in the Modern State By James G. Carrier and Achsah H. Up Rode the Troopers: the Black Police in Queensland By Bill Rosser Religion, Politics and Rationality in a Philippine Community By Raul Pertierra Emigrants, Entrepreneurs, and Evil Spirits: Life in a Philippine Village By Stephen Griffiths Rethinking History and Myth: Indigenous South American perspectives on the Past Edited by Jonathan D. Hill The Making of the Aborigines By Brian Attwood Allen and Unwin Somebody Now: The Autobiography of Ellie Gaffney, a Woman of Torres Strait By Ellie Gaffney Ikat Textiles of India By Chelna Desai Thames and Hudson The Historical Meanings of Work. Edited by Patrick Joyce Where the Dove Calls: the Political Ecology of a Peasant Corporate Community in Northwestern Mexico By Thomas E. Sheridan Cambodia 1975–1978: Rendezvous with Death Edited by Karl D. Jackson Native Cultures of the Pacific Islands By D.L. Oliver Ethnic Groups across National Boundaries in Mainland Southeast Asia Edited by Gehan Wijeyewardene The Shan of Burma: Memoirs of a Shan Exile By Chao Tzang Yawnghwe Rund ums Essen By Brigitta Hauser-Schaueblin Museum Renaissance in the Pacific Edited by Murray Chapman and Jean-François Our Place, Our Music: Aboriginal Music: Australian Popular Music in Perspective. Volume 2 Edited by Marcus Breen Despotism and Differential Reproduction: A Darwinian View of History By Laura L. Betzig Aldine The Good Things in Life: A Study of the Traditional Religious Culture of the Yoruba People By Roland Hallgren Women and Music in Cross-cultural Perspective Edited by Ellen Koskoff Ngurra Walytja, Country of My Spirit By J. Downing Urbane Thought: Culture and Class in an Andalusian City By J.R. and M.P. Corbin Poverty's Prison: The Poor in New South Wales 1880–1918 By Anne O'Brien Melbourne The Social Construction of Emotions Edited by Rom Harré     

Ecophysiological steps of marine adaptation in extant and extinct non-avian tetrapods

Marine reptiles and mammals are phylogenetically so distant from each other that their marine adaptations are rarely compared directly. We reviewed ecophysiological features in extant non-avian marine tetrapods representing 31 marine colonizations to test whether there is a common pattern across higher taxonomic groups, such as mammals and reptiles. Marine adaptations in tetrapods can be roughly divided into aquatic and haline adaptations, each of which seems to follow a sequence of three steps. In combination, these six categories exhibit five steps of marine adaptation that apply across all clades except snakes: Step M1, incipient use of marine resources; Step M2, direct feeding in the saline sea; Step M3, water balance maintenance without terrestrial fresh water; Step M4, minimized terrestrial travel and loss of terrestrial feeding; and Step M5, loss of terrestrial thermoregulation and fur/plumage. Acquisition of viviparity is not included because there is no known case where viviparity evolved after a tetrapod lineage colonized the sea. A similar sequence is found in snakes but with the haline adaptation step (Step M3) lagging behind aquatic adaptation (haline adaptation is Step S5 in snakes), most likely because their unique method of water balance maintenance requires a supply of fresh water. The same constraint may limit the maximum body size of fully marine snakes. Steps M4 and M5 in all taxa except snakes are associated with skeletal adaptations that are mechanistically linked to relevant ecophysiological features, allowing assessment of marine adaptation steps in some fossil marine tetrapods. We identified four fossil clades containing members that reached Step M5 outside of stem whales, pinnipeds, sea cows and sea turtles, namely Eosauropterygia, Ichthyosauromorpha, Mosasauroidea, and Thalattosuchia, while five other clades reached Step M4: Saurosphargidae, Placodontia, Dinocephalosaurus, Desmostylia, and Odontochelys. Clades reaching Steps M4 and M5, both extant and extinct, appear to have higher species diversity than those only reaching Steps M1 to M3, while the total number of clades is higher for the earlier steps. This suggests that marine colonizers only diversified greatly after they minimized their use of terrestrial resources, with many lineages not reaching these advanced steps. Historical patterns suggest that a clade does not advance to Steps M4 and M5 unless these steps are reached early in the evolution of the clade. Intermediate forms before a clade reached Steps M4 and M5 tend to become extinct without leaving extant descendants or fossil evidence. This makes it difficult to reconstruct the evolutionary history of marine adaptation in many clades. Clades that reached Steps M4 and M5 tend to last longer than other marine tetrapod clades, sometimes for more than 100 million years.     

Isolation and characterization of carbonic anhydrases from the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) isozymes were identified and isolated from three strains of Phaeodactylum tricornutum [University of Texas Culture Collection (UTEX 640), North Eastern Pacific Culture Collection at the University of British Columbia B31 and Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa 1052/1A]. External (CA_ext) and internal CA activity was detected by potentiometric assay of intact cells and cell homogenates of air and high CO₂-grown cells. CA_ext was detected only in UTEX 640 grown under CO₂-limited conditions and present in trace amounts in cells grown on high CO₂. CA isozymes in cells extracts were separated by cellulose acetate electrophoresis and by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. All three strains had two CA bands in common, while UTEX 640 had a third, faster-running band which was absent from extracts of high CO₂-grown cells and thus was the external isozyme. The internal CA isoforms of the UTEX 640 strain were shown to have molecular masses of 28 and 25 kDa, and the external 24 kDa. A fourth CA_ext isozyme with a molecular weight of 23.5 kDa was later detected using a polyclonal CA antibody. The CA isozymes were low-CO₂-inducible proteins because Western blot analysis, using a polyclonal antibody, indicated that CA expression was repressed in high CO₂-grown cells. CA localization, using both immunofluorescence and immunogold techniques, with air-grown cells indicated that the CA_ext was located in the periplasmic space and on the cell membrane, whereas in high CO₂-grown cells only internal CA was detected.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: People Without Government. An Anthropology of Anarchism. By Harold Barclay The Anarchists of Casas Viejas. By Jerome R. Mintz Hermeneutics and the Human Sciences. Essays on Language, Action and Interpretation. By Paul Ricoeur. Edited, translated and introduced by John B. Thompson The Anthropological Circle. Symbol, Function, History. By Marc Auge Sciences and Cultures. Anthropological and Historical Studies of the Sciences. Edited by Everett Mendelsohn and Yehuda Elkana Australian Sociologies. By Diane J. Austin. George Allen & Unwin Social Inequality in Australian Society. By John S. Western Which Way Is Up? Essays on Class, Sex and Culture. By R. W. Connell. George Allen and Unwin The Australian Journal of Historical Archaeology, Volume 1, January 1983. Edited by Graham E. Connah Pacific Cultural Material in New Zealand Museums. By Roger Neich A Prehistory of Australia, New Guinea and Sahul. By Peter White with James F. Connell The Alligator Rivers: Prehistory and Ecology in Western Arnhem Land. By Carmel Schrire Reward and Punishment in Arnhemland 1962–1963. By Edgar Wells Daughters of the Dreaming. By Diane Bell We Are Bosses Ourselves. The Status and Role of Aboriginal Women Today. Edited by Fay Gale Sorcerers and Healing Spirits. Continuity and Change in an Aboriginal Medical System. By Janice Reid Languages of Kinship in Aboriginal Australia. Edited by Jeffrey Heath, Francesca Merlan and Alan Rumsey Searching for Aboriginal Languages: Memoirs of a Field Worker. By Bob Dixon Vanuatu: Politics, Economics and Ritual in Island Melanesia. Edited by Michael Allen Gifts and Commodities. By C. A. Gregory The Political Economy of the South Pacific. By Michael C. Howard To Find the Baruya Story. A film by Allison and Marek Jablonko and Stephen Olsson. Her Name Came on Arrows. A film by Allison and Marek Jablonko and Stephen Olsson.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Lawrence A. Babb . Absent Lord: Ascetics and Kings in a Jain Ritual Culture. Roland J.-L. Breton . Atlas of the Languages and Ethnic Communities of South Asia Alan Tormain Campbell . Getting to Know Waiwai: An Amazonian Ethnography. Claude Livi-Strauss . The Story of Lynx. Colin Filer (ed.) . The Political Economy of Forest Management in Papua New Guinea. Kirsten Hastrup . A Passage to Anthropology: Between Experience and Theory. R.J. Howitt, J. Connell and P. Hirsch (eds) . Resources, Nations and Indigenous Peoples: Case Studies from Australasia, Melanesia and Southeast Asia. D.I. Kertzer and P. Lasslett (eds) . Aging in the Past: Demography, Society and Old Age. Patrick Vinton Kirch . Legacy of the landscape. An illustrated guide to Hawaiian archaeological sites. Alessandro Talamonti Written on Stone. The History of Mankind. G. Mathews . What Makes Life Worth Living? How Japanese and Americans make sense of their worlds. Gananath Obeyesekere . The Apotheosis of Captain Cook: European Mythmaking in the Pacific. Aihwa Ong and Michael G. Peletz (eds) . Bewitching Women, Pious Men: Gender and Body Politics in Southeast Asia Ton Otto and Nicholas Thomas (eds) . Narratives of Nation in the South Pacific. Sylvie Poirier . Les Jardins du Nomade: Cosmologie, territoire etpersonne dans le desert occidentale australien. Studies in social and ritual morphology. George W. Stocking Jnr . After Tylor: British Social Anthropology 1888–1951.     

The extracellular metalloprotease of Vibrio tubiashii is a major virulence factor for pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) larvae

Vibrio tubiashii is a recently reemerging pathogen of larval bivalve mollusks, causing both toxigenic and invasive disease. Marine Vibrio spp. produce an array of extracellular products as potential pathogenicity factors. Culture supernatants of V. tubiashii have been shown to be toxic to oyster larvae and were reported to contain a metalloprotease and a cytolysin/hemolysin. However, the structural genes responsible for these proteins have yet to be identified, and it is uncertain which extracellular products play a role in pathogenicity. We investigated the effects of the metalloprotease and hemolysin secreted by V. tubiashii on its ability to kill Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) larvae. While V. tubiashii supernatants treated with metalloprotease inhibitors severely reduced the toxicity to oyster larvae, inhibition of the hemolytic activity did not affect larval toxicity. We identified structural genes of V. tubiashii encoding a metalloprotease (vtpA) and a hemolysin (vthA). Sequence analyses revealed that VtpA shared high homology with metalloproteases from a variety of Vibrio species, while VthA showed high homology only to the cytolysin/hemolysin of Vibrio vulnificus. Compared to the wild-type strain, a VtpA mutant of V. tubiashii not only produced reduced amounts of protease but also showed decreased toxicity to C. gigas larvae. Vibrio cholerae strains carrying the vtpA or vthA gene successfully secreted the heterologous protein. Culture supernatants of V. cholerae carrying vtpA but not vthA were highly toxic to Pacific oyster larvae. Together, these results suggest that the V. tubiashii extracellular metalloprotease is important in its pathogenicity to C. gigas larvae.     

The West Pacific diversity hotspot as a source or sink for new species? Population genetic insights from the Indo‐Pacific parrotfish Scarus rubroviolaceus

We used a population genetic approach to quantify major population subdivisions and patterns of migration within a broadly distributed Indo-Pacific parrotfish. We genotyped 15 microsatellite loci in Scarus rubroviolaceus collected from 20 localities between Africa and the Americas. A STRUCTURE model indicates the presence of four major populations: Eastern Pacific, Hawaii, Central-West Pacific and a less well-differentiated Indian Ocean. We used the isolation and migration model to estimate splitting times, population sizes and migration patterns between sister population pairs. To eliminate loci under selection, we used BayeScan to select loci for three isolation and migration models: Eastern Pacific and Central-West Pacific, Hawaii and the Central-West Pacific, and Indian Ocean and the Central-West Pacific. To test the assumption of a stepwise mutation model (SMM), we used likelihood to test the SMM against a two-phase model that allowed mutational complexity. A posteriori, minor departures from SMM were estimated to affect ≤2% of the alleles in the data. The data were informative about the contemporary and ancestral population sizes, migration rates and the splitting time in the eastern Pacific/Central-West Pacific comparison. The model revealed a splitting time ～17,000 BP, a larger contemporary N(e) in the Central-West Pacific than in the eastern Pacific and a strong bias of east to west migration. These characteristics support the Center of Accumulation model of peripatric diversification in low-diversity peripheral sites and perhaps migration from those sites to the western Pacific diversity hotspot.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Understanding Our Culture. By Wendell H. Oswalt The Elementary Structuree of Kinehip Claude Uvi-Strauss. Translated by J. H. B Homo Hierarchicus: The Caste System and Its Implications. By Louis Dumont. Translated by Mark Sainsbury Religion, Politics and History in India: Collected Papers in Indian Sociology. By Louis Dumont Australian Aboriginal Anthropology: Modern Studies in the Social Anthropology of the Australian Aborigines. Edited by Ronald M. Berndt Aboriginal Advancement to Integration: Conditions and Plans for Western Australia (Aborigines in Australian Society 5). By H. P. Schapper The Dugum Dani. By Karl G. Heider Myths and Legends of Torres Strait. Land Tenure in the Pacific. Edited by Ron Crocombe The Trading Voyages of Andrew Cheyne, 1841–1844. Edited by Dorothy Shineberg. Shirley Baker and the King of Tonga. By Noel Rutherford Traditional Maori Clothing . By S. M. Mead. A. H. and A. W. Reed A Portuguese Rural Society. By Jose Cuti-neiro Field Linguistics: A Guide to Linguistic Fieldwork. By William J. Samarin The Roots of Mankind. By John Napier The Treponematosis of Tahiti. Its origin and evolution: a study of the sources. By Isaac van der Sluis. B. M. Israel N.V Aspects of Prehistory. By Grahame Clark The Archaeology of Early Man. By J. M. Coles and E. S. Higgs Fashion of Law in New Guinea. Edited by B. J. Brown Moon and Rainbow: The Autobiography of an Aboriginal. By Dick Roughsey. A. H. and A. W. Reed     

DISTINCTION OF SOUTH AMERICAN HAPLOGLOIA ANDERSONII AND CHORDARIA LINEARIS (PHAEOPHYCEAE) BASED ON DIFFERENCES IN SEXUAL REPRODUCTION,MORPHOLOGY, ECOPHYSIOLOGY,AND DISTRIBUTION1

Haplogloia andersonii (Farlow) Levring is an anti-tropical species that occurs on cold and warm-temperate Pacific coasts of both Americas. In its habit it resembles the subantarctic species Chordaria linearis (Hooker et Harvey) Cotton. Culture studies show that the species differ in morphology and ecophysiology of their microscopic gametophytes and in gamete behavior. Details of sporophyte anatomy are presented that also allow the distinction of field plants. In South America, H. andersonii occurs only on the Pacific coast, from central Perú (14°S) to southern Chile (50°S). Chordaria linearis occurs on the Pacific coast from Chiloé Island (43°S) to Cape Horn (56°S). In the shared area the species may co-occur. On the Atlantic coast, C. linearis was newly collected at a locality in northern Patagonia (41°S). In addition, C. linearis occurs in Antarctica. Haplogloia moniliformis Richer, recently described from Macquarie Island, is probably synonymous with Chordaria linearis.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article: Lorraine V. Aragon. Fields of the Lord: Animism, Christian Minorities and State Development in Indonesia. Jill Forshee. Between the Folds: Stories of Cloth, Lives, and Travel from Sumba. Joy Hendry. The Orient Strikes Back: A Global View of Cultural Display. Peter A. Jackson and Nerida M. Cook (eds). Genders and Sexualities in Modern Thailand. Alice Beck Kehoe. Shamans and Religion: An Anthropological Exploration in Critical Thinking. Patrick Vinton Kirch. On the Road of the Winds: An Archaeological History of the Pacific Islands Before European Contact. Helen Reeves Lawrence (ed.). Traditionalism and Modernity in the Music and Dance of Oceania: Essays in Honour of Barbara B. Smith. Kin Liu. In One's Own Shadow: An Ethnographic Account of the Condition of Post‐Reform China. Daniel Miller and Don Slater. The Internet: An Ethnographic Approach. Fred Myers (ed). The Empire of Things: Regimes of Value and Material Culture. Roy Wagner. An Anthropology of the Subject: Holographic Worldview in New Guinea and its Meaning and Significance for the World of Anthropology. Kathy Whimp and Mark Busse. Protection of Intellectual, Biological and Cultural Property in Papua New Guinea.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Aboriginal Progress: A New Era? Edited by D. E. Hutchison The Original Australians. By A. A. Abbic. A. H. & A. W. Reed Aboriginal Bark Paintings. By Robert Edwards and Bruce Guerin The Art of the Wandjina. By I. M. Crawford A Comparative Osteological Study of the Ainu and the Australian Aborigines. By Bin Yammaguchi Gardens of War: Life and Death in the New Guinea Stone Age. By Robert Gardner and Karl G. Heider. Random House The Voyages of Captain Cook. By Rex and Thea Rienits. Paul Hamlyn They Came for Sandalwood: A Study of the Sandalwood Trade in the South-West Pacific, 1830–1865. By Dorothy Shineberg The Kalinga of Northern Luzon, Philippines. By Edward P. Dozier The Hero as Murderer, The Life of Edward John Eyre. By Geoffrey Dutton. F. W. Cheshire The Autobiography of a Runaway Slave. By Estaban Montejo. Edited by Miguel Barnet and trans. by Jocasta Innes Morne-Paysan, Peasant Village in Martinique. By Michael Horowitz Authority and Change. A Study of the Kallu Institution among the Macha Galla of Ethiopia. By Karl Eric Knutsson Tibet's Terrifying Deities, Sex and aggression in religious acculturation. By Fokke Sierksma New Perspectives in Archeology. Edited by Sally R. Binford and Lewis R. Binford The Haua Fteah (Cyrenaica) and the Stone Age of the South-East Mediterranean. By C. B. M. McBurney Indian Culture and European Trade Goods. By George Irving Quimby The Fort Ancient Aspect, Its Cultural and Chronological Position in Mississippi Archeology. By James Bennett Griffin Peru Before the Incas. By E. P. Lanning