Characterization of two extracellular proteases fromLeuconostoc oenos

Two extracellular proteolytic activities were characterized fromLeuconostoc oenos isolated from Argentinian wines. Both activities were maximal with autoclaved grape juice as substrate. The temperature and pH optima for the two proteolytic activities were different (30 and 40°C, and pH 4.0 and 5.5, respectively). Both enzymes were thermostable and their activities were unaltered by heating at 70°C for 15 min. Metal ions were not required for the activities. Neither enzyme appeared to be a serine protease but both were strongly inhibited by cysteine and -mercaptoethanol, indicating the involvement of disulphide bridges.The authors are with the Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA), Chacabuco 145, 4000 Tucumán, Argentina M.E. Farías and M.C. Manca De Nadra are also with the Facultad de Bioquímica, Quimica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, 4000 Tucumán, Argentina.     

Characterization of proteolytic bacteria from the Aleutian deep-sea and their proteases

Six deep-sea proteolytic bacteria taken from Aleutian margin sediments were screened; one of them produced a cold-adapted neutral halophilic protease. These bacteria belong to Pseudoalteromonas spp., which were identified by the 16S rDNA sequence. Of the six proteases produced, two were neutral cold-adapted proteases that showed their optimal activity at pH 7–8 and at temperature close to 35°C, and the other four were alkaline proteases that showed their optimal activity at pH 9 and at temperature of 40–45°C. The neutral cold-adapted protease E1 showed its optimal activity at a sodium chloride concentration of 2 M, whereas the activity of the other five proteases decreased at elevated sodium chloride concentrations. Protease E1 was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity and its molecular mass was 34 kDa, as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The molecular weight of protease E1 was determined to be 32,411 Da by mass spectrometric analysis. Phenylmethyl sulfonylfluoride (PMSF) did not inhibit the activity of this protease, whereas it was partially inhibited by ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid sodium salt (EDTA-Na). De novo amino acid sequencing proved protease E1 to be a novel protein.     

A highly thermostable,alkaline CMCase produced by a newly isolated Bacillus sp. VG1

An extracellular, highly thermostable and alkaline CMCase was purified from Bacillus sp. VG1 using ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. Enzyme was optimally produced in a medium containing 1.0% CMC and 0.5% tryptone. The purified CMCase had a pH optimum of 9–10 and a half life of 12 min even at 100 °C. The enzyme activity was reduced by Hg²⁺ and stimulated by Co²⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺. Various detergents and proteinases moderately inhibited the CMCase activity. The molecular weight studies showed a single band on SDS–PAGE.     

Characterization of two bacteriocins produced by Leuconostoc mesenteroides L124 and Lactobacillus curvatus L442, isolated from dry fermented sausages

Leuconostoc mesenteroides L124 and Lactobacillus curvatus L442, isolated from dry fermented sausages, produce bacteriocins antagonistic towards closely related species and pathogens, such as Listeria monocytogenes. The bacteriocins were inactivated by proteolytic enzymes and lipase but not by catalase and lysozyme. They were also heat stable, retaining activity after heating at 100 °C for 60 min. The bacteriocins were stable at pH values ranging from 2.0 to 8.0. Bacteriocin production was observed at low temperatures (10 and 4 °C) and in meat juice. The maximum bacteriocin activity was observed at the end of the exponential growth phase. The bacteriocins were produced in media with initial pH values ranging from 5.0 to 7.5, but not in media with a pH lower than 5.0 (weak bacteriocin activity of the antibacterial compound produced by Ln. mesenteroides L124 was observed at pH 4.5). Both bacteriocins exhibited strong bactericidal activity following cell/bacteriocin contact.     

Characteristics of extracellular proteases produced by Bacillus laterosporus and Flavobacterium sp. isolated from gelatinfactory effluents

Forty bacterial isolates from the effluents of a gelatin factory (Jabalpur, India) were screened for protease activity and the two most potent producers were identified as Bacillus laterosporus and a Flavobacterium sp. The enzymes of both isolates were optimal at pH 8 and 60°C, with maximum activity after 90 min. The enzyme activity of B. laterosporus was suppressed by Fe²⁺, Mg²⁺, Mn²⁺ and Zn²⁺ ions but was enhanced by Ba²⁺ and Ca²⁺. That of Flavobacterium sp. was suppressed by Mg²⁺ and Mn²⁺ ions but enhanced by Ba²⁺, Ca²⁺ and Fe²⁺. The enzyme activity of the former was strongly inhibited by KCN, whereas that of the latter was only slightly inhibited by 8-hydroxyquinoline.     

Characterization of alkaline proteases from a novel alkali-tolerant bacterium Bacillus patagoniensis

Summary The extracellular proteolytic activity produced by a moderately alkaliphilic bacterium, Bacillus patagoniensis PAT 05^T, was characterized. This strain, grown in a highly alkaline and saline medium, produced important levels of proteolytic activity. SDS-PAGE and zymogram analyses revealed two proteolytic active bands. Through isoelectricfocusing (IEF)-zymogram, an active band with alkaline pI and two slighter active bands with acid pI values were detected. The alkaline active enzyme in the IEF was purified and characterized. It showed a molecular mass of 29.4 kDa and its pI value was >‰10.3. Proteolytic activity of the culture supernatant showed an optimal temperature of approximately 60 °C and a plateau of maximum activity between pH 9.0 and 12.0. Such activity was not affected by H₂O₂ (10% v/v), 1,10-phenanthroline (10 mM), Triton X-100 (1% v/v) and Tween 20 (1% v/v), under the assay conditions. More than 80% of the activity was retained in 10 mM EDTA, 73% in 1 % (w/v) SDS and 63% in 2 M NaCl. The enzyme was inhibited by PMSF, indicating serine-protease activity. The proteolytic activity of the crude supernatant was thermosensitive with a half-life of 2.3 min at 70 °C, while high activity was detected at moderate temperatures. Considering PAT 05^T proteolytic activity characteristics, such as high optimum pH, high stability and residual activity in presence of oxidant, surfactant and chelating agents, this strain could be a potential source of enzymes for use as additives in detergent formulations or in the leather industry.     

Extracellular proteases produced by the wood-degrading fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium under ligninolytic and non-ligninolytic conditions

When subjected to nitrogen limitation, the wood-degrading fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium produces two groups of secondary metabolic, extracellular isoenzymes that depolymerize lignin in wood: lignin peroxidases and manganese peroxidases. We have shown earlier the turnover in activity of the lignin peroxidases to be due in part to extracellular proteolytic activity. This paper reports the electrophoretic characterization of two sets of acidic extracellular proteases produced by submerged cultures of P. chrysosporium. The protease activity seen on day 2 of incubation, during primary growth when nitrogen levels are not known to be limiting, consisted of at least six proteolytic bands ranging in size from 82 to 22 kDa. The activity of this primary protease was strongly reduced in the presence of SDS. Following the day 2, when nitrogen levels are known to become limiting and cultures become ligninolytic, the main protease activity (secondary protease) consisted of a major proteolytic band of 76 kDa and a minor band of 25 kDa. The major and minor secondary protease activities were inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and pepstatin A, respectively. When cultures were grown in the presence of excess nitrogen (non-ligninolytic condition), the primary protease remained the principal protease throughout the culture period. These results identify and characterize a specific proteolytic activity associated with conditions that promote lignin degradation.     

Production of alkaline xylanase by a newly isolated alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. strain 41M-1

Alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. strain 41M-1, isolated from soil, produced xylan-degrading enzymes extracellularly. Optimum pH for the crude xylanase preparation was about pH 9, confirming the production of novel alkaline xylanase(s) by the isolate. Xylanases were induced by xylan, but were not produced in the presence of xylose, arabinose or glucose. Xylanase productivity was influenced by culture pH, and production at pH 10.5 was higher than that at pH 8.0. Zymogram analysis of the culture supernatant showed the alkaline xylanase with a molecular mass of 36 kDa.     

Characterization of exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by Weissella hellenica SKkimchi3 isolated from kimchi

Weissella hellenica SKkimchi3 produces the higher exopolysaccharide (EPS) on sucrose than lactose, glucose, and fructose at pH 5 and 20°C. Sucrose was exclusively used to cultivate SKkimchi3 in all experiments base on the EPS production tests. The molecular mass of EPS, as determined by gel permeation chroma-tography, was 203,000. ¹H and ¹³C NMR analysis indicated that the identity of EPS may be a glucan. When EPS, starch, and cellulose was treated with a-amylase, glucoamylase, glucosidase, and cellulase, glucose was produced from starch and cellulose but was not produced from EPS. Based on HPLC analysis, elemental analysis, ¹H and ¹³C NMR analysis, and enzymatic hydrolysis tests, EPS was estimated to be a glucan. EPS suspension was not precipitated even by centrifugation at 10,000×g for 60 min, and EPS made the fermented milk and bacterial culture viscous.     

Alkaline-active xylanase produced by an alkaliphilicBacillus sp isolated from kraft pulp

ABacillus sp (V1-4) was isolated from hardwood kraft pulp. It was capable of growing in diluted kraft black liquor at pH 11.5 and produced 49 IU (mol xylose min^–1 ml^–1) of xylanase when cultivated in alkaline medium at pH 9. Maximal enzyme activity was obtained by cultivation in a defined alkaline medium with 2% birchwood xylan and 1% corn steep liquor at pH 9, but high enzyme production was also obtained on wheat bran. The apparent pH optimum of the enzyme varied with the pH used for cultivation and the buffer system employed for enzyme assay. With cultivation at pH 10 and assays performed in glycine buffer, maximal activity was observed at pH 8.5; with phosphate buffer, maximal activity was between pH 6 and 7. The xylanase temperature optimum (at pH 7.0) was 55°C. In the absence of substrate, at pH 9.0, the enzyme was stable at 50°C for at least 30 min. Elecrophoretic analysis of the crude preparation showed one predominant xylanase with an alkaline pl. Biobleaching studies showed that the enzyme would brighten both hardwood and softwood kraft pulp and release chromophores at pH 7 and 9. Because kraft pulps are alkaline, this enzyme could be used for prebleaching with minimal pH adjustment.     

Purification and characterization of an alkaline cellulase from a newly isolated alkalophilic Bacillus sp. HSH-810

An alkaline cellulase from Bacillus sp. HSH-810 was purified 8.7-fold with a 30% yield and a specific activity of 71 U mg^–1 protein. It was optimally active at pH 10 and 50 °C and was stable from pH 6 to 10 with more than 60% activity remaining after heating at 60 °C for 60 min. The molecular mass of cellulase was 80 kDa. It was inhibited by 50% by Fe³⁺ (1 mM) and Mn²⁺ (0.1 mM) but was relatively insensitive to Hg²⁺ and Pb²⁺ at 1 mM.Revisions requested: 8 October 2004/1 December 2004; Revisions received 29 November 2004/5 January 2005     

Sources of microorganisms in pozol,a traditional Mexican fermented maize dough

Freshly prepared pozol, a traditional Mexican fermented maize dough, contained (c.f.u./g wet wt): lactic acid bacteria, 10⁴ to 10⁶; aerobic mesophiles, 10⁴ to 10⁵; Enterobacteriaceae, 10² to 10³; yeasts, 10² to 10⁴; and mould propagules, <10³. After 30 h at 28°C the numbers were, respectively: 10⁹, 7×10⁶, 5×10⁵, 10⁶ and 10⁴. Soaking alkali-treated grains overnight allowed lactic acid bacteria, aerobic mesophiles and Enterobacteriaceae to grow and these then constituted the primary microbial flora of the pozol dough. Grinding in a commercial mill inoculated the dough with lactic acid bacteria, aerobic mesophiles, Enterobacteriaceae and yeasts. Other processing stages, including the nature of the surface upon which the balls were made, handling of the dough, and air, contributed only minor numbers of microbes compared with the two major sources, soaking and grinding. The pH of pozol fell from an initial value of 7.3 to 4.6 after 30 h incubation at 28°C. The numbers of Enterobacteriaceae and other aerobic mesophilic bacteria remained constant between 11 and 30 h incubation and there was no evidence of the acidic conditions having any lethal effects on these organisms.     

Protease production by Leuconostoc oenos strains isolated from wine

Two separate, extracellular proteolytic activities were demonstrated in four strains of Leuconostoc oenos isolated from Argentinian wines. The first took place in the early growth phase and the other had its maximum at the end of growth. The two proteolytic enzymes had different pH and temperature optima. Divalent metal ions had different effects not only on each L. oenos strain but also on each of the two proteases from each strain.     

酒醅中精氨酸利用菌株的分离筛选及其对浓香型白酒中瓜氨酸积累的影响

【目的】分析浓香型白酒酒醅发酵过程中氨基甲酸乙酯前体物质瓜氨酸含量显著增加的原因,确定酒醅中能够利用精氨酸并积累瓜氨酸的微生物,为解析白酒中氨基甲酸乙酯的形成机制提供研究基础和理论依据。【方法】采用高通量筛选技术,从浓香型白酒酒醅中分离具有高精氨酸利用能力和高瓜氨酸积累特性的菌株,并通过基因型和表现型验证以及模拟窖内发酵验证它们对瓜氨酸积累的贡献。【结果】共筛选获得20株具有高精氨酸利用能力的菌株,其中Lactococcus garvieae LD3,Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BG5,Pediococcus acidilactici PH7和Staphylococcus pasteuri SH11具有较高的瓜氨酸生成能力,并可使酒醅中瓜氨酸含量显著增加。【结论】筛选获得的4类微生物均能够通过ADI途径代谢积累瓜氨酸,是导致酒醅瓜氨酸含量增加的原因。     

Constitutive production of endoglucanase by a Bacillus sp. isolated from a Zimbabwean hot spring

A sporulating, aerobic Bacillus sp., isolated from Chimanimani hot springs, Zimbabwe, produced endoglucanase when cultured on medium with initial pH between 5.0 and 9.0 and at 30 to 60°C. Optimal production of endoglucanase was at pH 6.0. The enzyme was constitutively produced when the organism was cultured on starch, cellobiose, carboxymethylcellulose, sucrose, glucose, galactose, Avicel, lactose, mannose or maltose.The authors are with the Fermentation and Food Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe     

Identification of papain-like cysteine proteases from the bovine piroplasm Babesia bigemina and evolutionary relationship of piroplasms C1 family of cysteine proteases

Papain-like cysteine proteases have been shown to have essential roles in parasitic protozoa and are under study as promising drug targets. Five genes were identified by sequence similarity search to be homologous to the cysteine protease family in the ongoing Babesia bigemina genome sequencing project database and were compared with the annotated genes from the complete bovine piroplasm genomes of Babesia bovis, Theileria annulata, and Theileria parva. Multiple genome alignments and sequence analysis were used to evaluate the molecular evolution events that occurred in the C1 family of cysteine proteases in these piroplasms of veterinary importance. BbiCPL1, one of the newly identified cysteine protease genes in the B. bigemina genome was expressed in Escherichia coli and shows activity against peptide substrates. Considerable differences were observed in the cysteine protease family between Babesia and Theileria genera, and this may partially explain the diverse infection mechanisms of these tick-borne diseases.     

Identification and characterization of yeast isolated from indonesian fermented food

Yeast strains with amylolytic activity were isolated from cassavatapé and its precursor,ragi. they were divided into two groups based on their characteristics: group 1, possessing high amylolytic activity and low ethanol yield; and group 2, possessing low amylolytic activity and high ethanol yield. The major strains of the group 1 were identified asEndomyces fibuliger, and those of group 2 were identified asPichia anomala. Based on 18S rDNA analysis, an isolate fromragi that had a high amylolytic activity was thought to be an undescribed species that was related to the basidiomycetous genera.     

Preliminary phenotypic characterization of newly isolated halophilic microorganisms by footprinting: a rapid metabolome analysis

The emerging need for rapid screening and identification methods for microbiological purposes necessitates the combined uses of high-tech instruments. In this work, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was used to visualize the relation of ten newly isolated moderately halophilic microorganisms, to Halomonas salina DSMZ 5928 and Halomonas halophila DSMZ 4770. The method was based on the global analysis of the metabolites in culture media and is termed as metabolic footprinting. Since it was not possible to gain insight into the similarities solely based on the visual inspection of the chromatograms, principal component (PC) analysis was applied on the data. Three PCs alone were able to explain 99% of the information in the data set. The score plots revealed the relation of the new isolates to the two type strains whereas the loading plots gave important clues on the significant ions responsible for the observed clustering. Loading plots also indicated inversely correlated ions that give clues on differing metabolic pathways. The work described here offers a potentially useful way for preliminary rapid phenotypic characterization of new and closely related isolates and a method for screening of similar microorganisms for different and valuable secondary metabolites.     

Biodegradation of xanthan by salt-tolerant aerobic microorganisms

Summary Three salt-tolerant bacteria which degraded xanthan were isolated from various water and soil samples collected from New Jersey, Illinois, and Louisiana. The mixed culture, HD1, contained aBacillus sp. which produced an inducible enzyme(s) having the highest extracellular xanthan-degrading activity found. Xanthan alone induced the observed xanthan-degrading activity. The optimum pH and temperature for cell growth were 5–7 and 30–35°C, respectively. The optimum temperature for activity of the xanthan-degrading enzyme(s) was 35–45°C, slightly higher than the optimum growth temperature. With a cell-free enzyme preparation, the optimum pH for the reduction of solution viscosity and for the release of reducing sugar groups were different (5 and 6, respectively), suggesting the involvement of more than one enzyme for these two reactions. Products of enzymatic xanthan degradation were identified as glucose, glucuronic acid, mannose, pyruvated mannose, acetylated mannose and unidentified oligo- and polysaccharides. The weight average molecular weight of xanthan samples shifted from 6.5·10⁶ down to 6.0·10⁴ during 18 h of incubation with the cell-free crude enzymes. The activity of the xanthan-degrading enzyme(s) was not influenced by the presence or absence of air or by the presence of Na₂S₂O₄ and low levels of biocides such as formaldehyde (25 ppm) and 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide (10 ppm). Formaldehyde at 50 ppm effectively inhibited growth of the xanthan degraders.