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1.
The powerful energy-balance systems approach was applied to the quantification of man-environment relations in an urban area. Nine special purpose energy-balance models of man-environment relations are summarized. Physiologic comfort is defined. Research resulted in the development of a general purpose man model for predicting the elements which can be used to derive the comfort of man in any environment as well as the magnitudes and directions of the various energy exchanges. The model has been applied to the special case of summertime thermal comfort of individuals in various parts of a large city (Sacramento, California) and has revealed quantitative information on the unique microclimates within a city. 相似文献
2.
Barbara Rose Johnston 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》1995,23(2):111-123
This issue of Human Ecologyfocuses on the interrelated nature of crisis in human and environmental systems and argues that the right to a healthy environment is a fundamental human right. In this article I present a conceptual framework for the human rights and environment special issue, followed by a brief review of significant insights offered by each contributor. Collectively the cases presented in this issue explore connections between international and national policy, government action or sanctioned action, and human environmental crises. Cultural notions are seen to play a key role in influencing social relations, legitimizing power relations, and justifying the production and reproduction of human environmental crises. And finally, these cases explore the ways in which political, economic, and cultural forces influence and at times inhibit efforts to respond to human environmental crises. 相似文献
3.
The ocean quahog, Arctica islandica is not just the longest living bivalve, it is also the longest lived, non-colonial animal known to science. With the maximum
life span potential ever increasing and currently standing in excess of 400 years the clam has recently gained interest as
a potential model organism for ageing research. This review details what is known about the biology of A.
islandica, it discusses observed age-associated changes and reviews previous ageing research undertaken on the species and other long-lived
bivalves which may be applicable to future ageing research and discusses future directions for ageing research with A. islandica. Historically much of the research on bivalves has been targeted at their utilization as a food source, environmental sentinels
and more recently the use of their shells as archives of environmental change. The result of this has been an abundance of
knowledge on bivalve life strategies, and a limited amount of information on the physiological changes in the cells and tissues
of bivalves during the ageing process. However, research into the mechanisms of senescence of long-lived bivalves from a biogerontological
perspective has advanced only recently. The research undertaken thus far has documented age-related differences in anti-oxidant
defences and accumulation of oxidative products but despite the recent attention into ageing of A. islandica it is still to be ascertained if the species experiences senescence. Future directions for ageing research using A. islandica are discussed. 相似文献
4.
5.
Both conservation biology and macroecology are synthetic, and macroecological research consistently has informed the theory and practice of biological conservation. Explicit integration of the macroecology of human systems and natural systems has been rare, but can advance the incorporation of social justice, environmental justice and environmental equity into conservation biology and participatory conservation (inclusion in decision‐making of those who are affected by, or can affect, that decision). The basis of this strong link is the focus of macroecology on the relations of a given biota to environmental patterns and processes, and these patterns and processes can affect humans differentially. Macroecological integration of social justice and conservation generally requires spatial and temporal representation of all variables at resolutions and extents that allow meaningful analyses. This requirement may facilitate clarity about social metrics and norms. To illustrate, we examine applications of macroecology to analysis of the effects of climate change on social justice and biological conservation; relations among climate, violence among humans and conservation; and the response of the spread of disease to social and ecological factors. We believe that macroecology is a means of providing transparent inferences that can inform conservation, health and social policies. 相似文献
6.
While agricultural research has traditionally focused on average environmental conditions, environmental variability, independent of the mean, can also have biological consequences. Using lettuce (Lactuca sativa) as a model system, we tested two hypotheses: (1) increased temporal variability in water supply impacts plant growth, yield, photosynthesis, water relations and nutrition and (2) arbuscular mycorrhizal AM fungal associations benefit this agricultural crop, especially when plants experience temporal variability in water supply. The experiment used a randomized complete block design with two blocks and three variables (each with two levels): ± mycorrhizal inoculation, high or low variability in watering intervals, and high or low total watering volume. Temporal variability in water supply, at a time scale similar to what is common in agricultural practices, had negative effects on lettuce production. Inoculation treatments were successful in doubling the extent of AM fungal infection in lettuce roots. There were no main effects of mycorrhizal inoculation on any measured variable, but augmented mycorrhizal associations interacted with variability in water supply to increase root/shoot ratios and decrease tissue concentrations of N and P. Successful application of AM fungi to sustainable agriculture probably requires a general theoretical framework for predicting when effects on plants will be beneficial versus neutral or even detrimental. 相似文献
7.
We studied the seasonal variation of microhabitat distribution of the land snail Cepaea nemoralis over a 3-year period in a population at Dansville, New York. Stratified random quadrat sampling was used to determine snail densities and environmental variables in each month. The plant cover of each quadrat was estimated by a modified Daubenmire measure. Canonical correlation analysis was used to investigate the relationship between the morph density and the environmental variables. Significant relations existed between snail morphs and environmental variables in 8 of the 13 months analyzed. Temperature and rainfall are two important factors affecting such relations. In hot and dry summer months, morphs had a stronger canonical correlation with the environmental variables than in cool and wet months. Food and shelter were important in determining distribution over habitats of the snail. Food was primarily responsible for snail distribution over habitats in the early summer. As the weather became hot and dry, the importance of shelter became more evident. Both banded and unbanded morphs tended to be associated strongly with sheltered microhabitats in hot dry seasons. 相似文献
8.
The relationship between plants and the environment is a core area of research in ecology. Owing to differences in plant sensitivity to the environment at different life history stages, the adaptive strategies of plants are a cumulative result of both their life history and environment. Previous research on plant adaptation strategies has focused on adult plants, neglecting saplings or seedlings, which are more sensitive to the environment and largely affect the growth strategy of subsequent life stages. We compared leaf N and P stoichiometric traits of the seedlings, saplings, and adult trees of Acer mono Maxim and different altitudes and found significant linear trends for both life history stages and altitude. Leaf N and P content by unit mass were greatly affected by environmental change, and the leaf N and P content by unit area varied greatly by life history stage. Acer mono leaf N‐P utilization showed a significant allometric growth trend in all life history stages and at low altitudes. The adult stage had higher N‐use efficiency than the seedling stage and exhibited an isometric growth trend at high altitudes. The N‐P utilization strategies of A. mono leaves are affected by changing environmental conditions, but their response is further dependent upon the life history stage of the plant. Thus, this study provides novel insights into the nutrient use strategies of A. mono and how they respond to the environmental temperature, soil moisture content along altitude and how these changes differ among different life history stages, which further provide the scientific basis for the study of plant nutrient utilization strategy on regional scale. 相似文献
9.
Argument-predicate distance as a filter for enhancing precision in extracting predications on the genetic etiology of disease 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Marco Masseroli Halil Kilicoglu Fran?ois-Michel Lang Thomas C Rindflesch 《BMC bioinformatics》2006,7(1):291
Background
Genomic functional information is valuable for biomedical research. However, such information frequently needs to be extracted from the scientific literature and structured in order to be exploited by automatic systems. Natural language processing is increasingly used for this purpose although it inherently involves errors. A postprocessing strategy that selects relations most likely to be correct is proposed and evaluated on the output of SemGen, a system that extracts semantic predications on the etiology of genetic diseases. Based on the number of intervening phrases between an argument and its predicate, we defined a heuristic strategy to filter the extracted semantic relations according to their likelihood of being correct. We also applied this strategy to relations identified with co-occurrence processing. Finally, we exploited postprocessed SemGen predications to investigate the genetic basis of Parkinson's disease. 相似文献10.
Tatjana Kleine Thomas Nägele H. Ekkehard Neuhaus Christian Schmitz-Linneweber Alisdair R. Fernie Peter Geigenberger Bernhard Grimm Kerstin Kaufmann Edda Klipp Jörg Meurer Torsten Möhlmann Timo Mühlhaus Belen Naranjo Jörg Nickelsen Andreas Richter Hannes Ruwe Michael Schroda Serena Schwenkert Oliver Trentmann Felix Willmund Reimo Zoschke Dario Leister 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2021,106(1):23-40
Acclimation is the capacity to adapt to environmental changes within the lifetime of an individual. This ability allows plants to cope with the continuous variation in ambient conditions to which they are exposed as sessile organisms. Because environmental changes and extremes are becoming even more pronounced due to the current period of climate change, enhancing the efficacy of plant acclimation is a promising strategy for mitigating the consequences of global warming on crop yields. At the cellular level, the chloroplast plays a central role in many acclimation responses, acting both as a sensor of environmental change and as a target of cellular acclimation responses. In this Perspective article, we outline the activities of the Green Hub consortium funded by the German Science Foundation. The main aim of this research collaboration is to understand and strategically modify the cellular networks that mediate plant acclimation to adverse environments, employing Arabidopsis, tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and Chlamydomonas as model organisms. These efforts will contribute to ‘smart breeding’ methods designed to create crop plants with improved acclimation properties. To this end, the model oilseed crop Camelina sativa is being used to test modulators of acclimation for their potential to enhance crop yield under adverse environmental conditions. Here we highlight the current state of research on the role of gene expression, metabolism and signalling in acclimation, with a focus on chloroplast-related processes. In addition, further approaches to uncovering acclimation mechanisms derived from systems and computational biology, as well as adaptive laboratory evolution with photosynthetic microbes, are highlighted. 相似文献
11.
Luci Ann P. Kohn William R. Atchley 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》1988,42(3):467-481
An integral assumption of many models of morphometric evolution is the equality of the genetic variance-covariance structure across evolutionary time. To examine this assumption, the quantitative-genetic aspects of morphometric form are examined for eight pelvic traits in laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus) and random-bred ICR mice (Mus musculus). In both species, all traits are significantly heritable, and there are significant phenotypic and genetic correlations among traits, although environmental correlations among the eight traits are low. The size relations among the pelvic variables are isometric. Three matrix-permutation tests are used to examine similarity of phenotypic, genetic, and environmental covariance and correlation matrices within and between species. Independent patterns of morphometric covariation and correlation arise from genetic and environmental effects within each species and from environmental effects between species. The patterns of phenotypic and genetic covariation and correlation are similar within each species, and the phenotypic and genetic correlations are also similar between these species. However, genetic covariance matrices show no significant statistical association between species. It is suggested that the assumption of equality of genetic variance-covariance structures across divergent taxa should be approached with caution. 相似文献
12.
Leandra Merz 《Biotropica》2023,55(3):563-567
Biodiversity is declining globally, primarily due to anthropogenic threats. Therefore, effective conservation efforts must integrate human and environmental components. Social-ecological systems research is increasingly being adopted as a means of studying complex relationships between people and the environment. I assess how researchers are employing social-ecological systems approaches or frameworks to the study of tropical ecosystems. I reviewed articles published in Biotropica from 2010 through 2022 searching for research on social-ecological systems. A broad keyword search revealed only 2 articles using a variation of social-ecological systems, human-environment systems, or coupled human and natural systems. This contrasts with a growing number of articles published with these search terms in other conservation-related journals, primarily led by environmental scientists. After reviewing titles for all 1298 research articles published during this period, I selected 12 articles for inclusion in the virtual special issue “Social-Ecological Systems Research in Topical Ecosystems”. These articles cover a broad range of geographical locations, ecosystem types, species, and conservation themes. Social-ecological systems frameworks offer an integrated way to study complex relationships between humans and nature, yet this type of research appears under-utilized by authors in Biotropica. I offer seven guidelines for authors interested in pursuing this research such as developing collaborations between social and environmental scientists. 相似文献
13.
John G. Bruhn 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》1974,2(2):105-125
A historical review of human ecology as it developed in geography, anthropology, sociology, and psychology indicates that this science's ambiguity has been perpetuated by the reluctance of academicians in specialized disciplines to work collaboratively. While human ecology is considered a unifying science, few attempts have been made to reconcile differences among disciplinary self-interests, thereby preventing interdisciplinary approaches to contemporary man-environment problem solving. Human ecology will remain a debatable, ambiguous, and fragmented science unless present barriers to cooperative effort are overcome and the various disciplines unite in seeking solutions to current societal problems. 相似文献
14.
蕨类植物配子体为单倍体,结构简单,独立于孢子体生活,在研究其对环境的响应以及揭示其机理上都具有独特的优势。该研究从我国和国际两个分支出发,梳理了近年来全球范围内相关的文献资料,透视了蕨类配子体的发育和生理生态前沿科学和研究动态。在发育部分以研究进展为主要内容,国内研究以传统植物蕨类植物的配子体形态和发育的观察为主,而国外学者更关注于新技术和新方法在传统学科中的运用,如X光透射技术和流式细胞术。生理生态部分分为光合与呼吸作用、土壤逆境的响应、气候变化的响应以及对化感物质的响应4个板块。在光合作用的研究中,发现蕨类配子体会在光强的变化下产生自我保护机制,碳水化合物和脂质是配子体能量代谢中的重要指标。在土壤逆境的响应研究中,对砷有超富集作用的蜈蚣草配子体和耐高盐的铁角蕨配子体是配子体研究中较为突出的材料。荷兰地区广泛存在的耳蕨属蕨类,哥斯达黎加热带雨林的20种蕨类植物及水生蕨类槐叶萍,成为了证明配子体成活率和温度之间重要关系的实验例证。在化感作用研究中,主要通过紫茎泽兰根、茎和叶水提液对扇蕨等4种蕨类配子体的作用,证明了入侵植物对于蕨类植物配子体生长发育具有危害作用。在美国佛罗里达的一类爬树蕨也发现了同样的入侵植物现象。此外,还对几个新兴技术在配子体研究的前景进行了展望,并对已有技术进行了描述。该研究以多个角度介绍了国内外配子体的研究进展,希望有助于促进我国学者对该领域的深入研究。 相似文献
15.
浙江江山公益林物种种间关系及CCA排序 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
利用浙江省江山市80个公益林固定小班监测数据,基于生态位理论、种间联结、CCA排序方法对研究区内群落优势种种间关系及其与环境的关系进行研究。结果表明:江山市公益林群落中杉木、檵木、紫萁分别在乔木、灌木、草本层中占优势地位;石栎与青冈、隔药柃与山苍子、蕨与海金沙的生态位重叠指数值分别在乔、灌、草本层中最大;而CCA协变量矩阵偏典范对应分析说明物种分布主要受海拔、坡度、坡向(光照强度)以及腐殖质厚度的影响,总体上可以对89.44%的环境因子进行解释。并且还表明,生态位宽度较大的物种其生态位重叠值较大,并在CCA排序图物种集中区分布。反之,生态位重叠较小,在CCA排序图中将偏离物种集中区;除此之外,在CCA排序图上,物种间的距离与其生态位重叠值的大小及种间联结均有密切的关联,若未存在显著的联结性,随物种间的生态位重叠值越高,其在CCA排序上的距离越近,若存在显著联结性,则正相关缩小距离,负相关拉大距离。 相似文献
16.
Hongray Howrelia Patnaik Jie Eun Park Min Kyu Sang Dae Kwon Song Jun Yang Jeong Chan Eui Hong Yong Tae Kim Hyeon Jun Shin Liu Ziwei Hee Ju Hwang So Young Park Se Won Kang Jung Ho Ko Heon Cheon Jeong Hong Seog Park Yong Hun Jo Yeon Soo Han Bharat Bhusan Patnaik Yong Seok Lee 《Entomological Research》2023,53(12):525-538
17.
Charles F. McKhann 《Anthropological Forum》2017,27(4):382-401
ABSTRACTThe post-Mao era (1976–present) has seen a number of great changes in China. Two of these – the revival of religion and the emergence of a nascent, but powerful environmental movement – have come together in a unique way in the revitalisation of dongba religion among the Naxi nationality (pop. 300,000) of northwest Yunnan and southwest Sichuan provinces. This paper examines the relations between indigenous Naxi and outside tourists (mainly Han from other parts of China) through multiple lenses, including traditional Naxi cosmologies and theories of kinship and hospitality, as well as contemporary ideas concerning tourism development and environmental protection. The aim is to show that: (1) Naxi theories of alterity occur at multiple levels simultaneously – gods/demons vs. humans, kin vs. non-kin, native vs. stranger, host vs. guest, etc. – but that a unified logic underlies the relations, transactions, and interpenetration of these groups and (2) this logic is a productive force in its own right, that is, capable of harnessing new situations to it, even as it itself evolves as novel meanings are engendered in the process of intentional action. In all of this, one figure stands out: the dongba, a traditional shaman-priest viewed as a kind of mediator or facilitator in interactions and exchanges involving a wide range of human and non-human subjects. 相似文献
18.
《Epigenetics》2013,8(6):516-526
DNA methylation is a key epigenetic mechanism involved in the developmental regulation of gene expression. Alterations in DNA methylation are established contributors to inter-individual phenotypic variation and have been associated with disease susceptibility. The degree to which changes in loci-specific DNA methylation are under the influence of heritable and environmental factors is largely unknown. In this study, we quantitatively measured DNA methylation across the promoter regions of the dopamine receptor 4 gene (DRD4), the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4/SERT) and the X-linked monoamine oxidase A gene (MAOA) using DNA sampled at both ages 5 and 10 years in 46 MZ twin-pairs and 45 DZ twin-pairs (total n=182). Our data suggest that DNA methylation differences are apparent already in early childhood, even between genetically identical individuals, and that individual differences in methylation are not stable over time. Our longitudinal-developmental study suggests that environmental influences are important factors accounting for interindividual DNA methylation differences, and that these influences differ across the genome. The observation of dynamic changes in DNA methylation over time highlights the importance of longitudinal research designs for epigenetic research. 相似文献
19.
Sandra Pannell 《Anthropological Forum》2018,28(3):255-274
The 2016 judgment in the ‘Timber Creek’ compensation case (Griffiths v Northern Territory of Australia (no. 3) (2016) FCA 900) signals an end to an era of extinguishment-related injustice and inequality, representing, as it does, the first litigated Federal Court award of compensation for the loss or impairment of rights and interests, under the 1993 Native Title Act. In this paper, I explore some of the methodological challenges and conceptual issues confronting anthropologists involved in researching compensation claims. In drawing upon my experience in researching two such claims, I discuss how the issues of gender, resource development, environmental transformation, the Stolen Generation, and the history of Indigenous-European relations in remote and rural Australia impact upon investigations into the loss or diminution of traditional attachments to land. In conceptualising this loss of connection, I discuss material relating to the ‘anthropology of emotions’, and I point to some of the obstacles encountered when talking about emotions cross-culturally. In conclusion, I explore research undertaken into the social and psychological impacts of ecosystem distress, loss of place, and environmental change, and I posit the value of Glenn Albrecht’s concept of ‘solastalgia’ (2005. “Solastalgia, a New Concept in Human Health and Identity.” Philosophy Activism Nature 3: 41–44) in framing research into the loss of solace, and in expanding upon the legal notion of this loss as ‘inconvenience’ and ‘injured feelings’. 相似文献
20.
Ludwigia grandiflora ssp. hexapetala and L. peploides ssp. montevidensis have invaded many types of fresh water ecosystem in France leading to serious problems of management of these macrophytes.
The prediction of extracted plant biomass quantities for every control method could considerably help in plant removal and
selecting management choices. The paper presents results of the research program “Biological Invasions” granted by the French
Environmental Agency concerning the Ludwigia species (2003–2006): “Characterization of the relations between biotopes, plant populations and human activities: Implications
for management”. The objective of this work is: (1) to compare environmental variables in the western part of France where
colonised water bodies are widespread, (2) to link these parameters with the evaluation of standing crops and (3) to propose
implications for management planning and control methods. Measured dry biomass of Ludwigia spp. varied from 200 g DM m−2 in shallow lakes to 4,500 g DM m−2 in a meander of a eutrophicated river. Results depend on the scale of the analysis: within sites, between-sites, at different
seasons or years. In sunny conditions, optimal for these plants and in nutrient rich areas, biomass is high. In general, exposure
to wind, waves and currents reduces the standing crop. For plant production as well as removal work, the status of plant development
and water level, are key factors. 相似文献