体液蛋白质组学的研究和应用

蛋白质组学是目前生命科学的研究热点之一.体液中的蛋白质是来源于与其密切接触组织或者细胞的分泌或渗漏,体液蛋白质组的变化能反映这些组织的生理或者病理改变,因此以寻找疾病相关生物标记为主要目标的比较蛋白质组学是蛋白质组学研究的核心内容之一.对近年来各种体液蛋白质组学的研究状况和应用及存在挑战作一综述.     

体液循环microRNA的研究进展

循环microRNA（miRNA）是参与细胞间信息交流的一类非编码小RNA分子,作为许多疾病的生物标记物近来受到广泛关注。简要总结了循环miRNA的来源和存在形式,同时概述了体液miRNA的制备和检测方法,最后对循环miRNA的应用前景进行了简单探讨,以期为循环miRNA在理论和实践中的深入研究和应用提供参考。     

Modeling the Transmission of Middle East Respirator Syndrome Corona Virus in the Republic of Korea

The 2015 epidemic of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in the Republic of Korea has been the largest outbreak outside Middle East. This epidemic had caused 185 laboratory-confirmed cases and 36 deaths in the Republic of Korea until September 2, 2015, which attracted public’s attention. Based on the detailed data of patients released by World Health Organization (WHO) and actual propagation of the epidemic, we construct two dynamical models to simulate the propagation processes from May 20 to June 8 and from June 9 to July 10, 2015, respectively and find that the basic reproduction number R₀ reaches up to 4.422. The numerical analysis shows that the reasons of the outbreak spread quickly are lack of self-protection sense and targeted control measures. Through partial correction analysis, the parameters β₁ and γ have strong correlations with R₀, i.e., the infectivity and proportion of the asymptomatic infected cases have much influence on the spread of disease. By sensitivity analysis, strengthening self-protection ability of susceptible and quickly isolating or monitoring close contacts are effective measures to control the disease.     

Modeling the Evolution of Insect Phenology

Climate change is likely to disrupt the timing of developmental events (phenology) in insect populations in which development time is largely determined by temperature. Shifting phenology puts insects at risk of being exposed to seasonal weather extremes during sensitive life stages and losing synchrony with biotic resources. Additionally, warming may result in loss of developmental synchronization within a population making it difficult to find mates or mount mass attacks against well-defended resources at low population densities. It is unknown whether genetic evolution of development time can occur rapidly enough to moderate these effects. We present a novel approach to modeling the evolution of phenology by allowing the parameters of a phenology model to evolve in response to selection on emergence time and density. We use the Laplace method to find asymptotic approximations for the temporal variation in mean phenotype and phenotypic variance arising in the evolution model that are used to characterize invariant distributions of the model under periodic temperatures at leading order. At these steady distributions the mean phenotype allows for parents and offspring to be oviposited at the same time of year in consecutive years. Numerical simulations show that populations evolve to these steady distributions under periodic temperatures. We consider an example of how the evolution model predicts populations will evolve in response to warming temperatures and shifting resource phenology.     

Evolution of Dispersal in a Structured Metapopulation Model in Discrete Time

In this article, a structured metapopulation model in discrete time with catastrophes and density-dependent local growth is introduced. The fitness of a rare mutant in an environment set by the resident is defined, and an efficient method to calculate fitness is presented. With this fitness measure evolutionary analysis of this model becomes feasible. This article concentrates on the evolution of dispersal. The effect of catastrophes, dispersal cost, and local dynamics on the evolution of dispersal is investigated. It is proved that without catastrophes, if all population–dynamical attractors are fixed points, there will be selection for no dispersal. A new mechanism for evolutionary branching is also found: Even though local population sizes approach fixed points, catastrophes can cause enough temporal variability, so that evolutionary branching becomes possible.     

Mesoscale Modeling of Amphiphilic Fluid Dynamics

Abstract

So-called “vector models”, in which surfactant molecules retain only translational and orientational degrees of freedom, have been used to study the equilibrium properties of amphiphilic fluids for nearly a decade now. We demonstrate that hydrodynamic lattice-gas automata provide an effective means of coupling the Hamiltonian of such vector models to hydrodynamic flow with conserved momentum, thereby providing a self-consistent treatment of the hydrodynamics of amphiphilic fluids. In this “talk”, we describe these hydrodynamic lattice-gas models in two and three dimensions, and present their application to problems of amphiphilic-fluid hydrodynamics, including the dynamics of phase separation and the shear-induced sponge-to-lamellar phase transition.     

SERS光谱技术在人体体液研究中的应用

SERS光谱技术具有高检测灵敏度和高特异性的优点,广泛应用于生物组织,细胞及生物分子的研究,表现出极大的应用潜力。本文首先介绍了拉曼及SERS光谱技术的原理,综述了SERS光谱技术在人体体液分析检测的研究概况,特别介绍了本课题组针对血液、精液、尿液开展的研究工作,最后简要讨论SERS光谱技术的发展前景。     

Evolution of the Ainu Language in Space and Time

Languages evolve over space and time. Illuminating the evolutionary history of language is important because it provides a unique opportunity to shed light on the population history of the speakers. Spatial and temporal aspects of language evolution are particularly crucial for understanding demographic history, as they allow us to identify when and where the languages originated, as well as how they spread across the globe. Here we apply Bayesian phylogeographic methods to reconstruct spatiotemporal evolution of the Ainu language: an endangered language spoken by an indigenous group that once thrived in northern Japan. The conventional dual-structure model has long argued that modern Ainu are direct descendants of a single, Pleistocene human lineage from Southeast Asia, namely the Jomon people. In contrast, recent evidence from archaeological, anthropological and genetic evidence suggest that the Ainu are an outcome of significant genetic and cultural contributions from Siberian hunter-gatherers, the Okhotsk, who migrated into northern Hokkaido around 900–1600 years ago. Estimating from 19 Ainu language varieties preserved five decades ago, our analysis shows that they are descendants of a common ancestor who spread from northern Hokkaido around 1300 years ago. In addition to several lines of emerging evidence, our phylogeographic analysis strongly supports the hypothesis that recent expansion of the Okhotsk to northern Hokkaido had a profound impact on the origins of the Ainu people and their culture, and hence calls for a refinement to the dual-structure model.     

The Reissner Fiber in the Cerebrospinal Fluid Controls Morphogenesis of the Body Axis

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Diversity and Evolution of Body Size in Fishes

The diversity of body sizes observed among species of a clade is a combined result of microevolutionary processes (i.e. natural selection and genetic drift) that cause size changes within phylogenetic lineages, and macroevolutionary processes (i.e. speciation and extinction) that affect net rates of diversification among lineages. Here we assess trends of size diversity and evolution in fishes (non-tetrapod craniates), employing paleontological, macroecological, and phylogenetic information. Fishes are well suited to studies of size diversity and evolution, as they are highly diverse, representing more than 50% of all living vertebrate species, and many fish taxa are well represented in the fossil record from throughout the Phanerozoic. Further, the frequency distributions of sizes among fish lineages resemble those of most other animal taxa, in being right-skewed, even on a log scale. Using an approach that measures rates of size evolution (in darwins) within a formal phylogenetic framework, we interpret the shape of size distributions as a balance between the competing forces of diversification, pushing taxa away from ancestral values, and of conservation, drawing taxa closer to a central tendency. Within this context we show how non-directional mechanisms of evolution (i.e. passive diffusion processes) can produce an hitherto unperceived bias to larger size, when size is measured on the conventional log scale. These results demonstrate how the interpretation of macroecological datasets can be enriched from an historical perspective, and document the ways in which macroevolutionary and microevolutionary processes may be decoupled in the production of size diversity.     

凝集素芯片对体液细胞进行检测方法的建立和初步应用

建立对体液细胞进行自动捕获的凝集素芯片体系,利用凝集素对糖链的特异亲和作用捕获细胞,提取白血病患者外周血、肺癌胸水和肝腹水中细胞进行荧光标记,凝集素芯片捕获,激光扫描仪检测捕获细胞的荧光信号,常规HE染色后光学显微镜下观察细胞的形态并进行免疫化学反应,流式细胞仪验证凝集素芯片的特异性．结果表明：凝集素芯片可以对体液中的癌细胞进行自动捕获,对癌细胞膜表面糖链进行识别．芯片检测的细胞浓度最少可达每mL10^4个左右．芯片有较好的重复性和特异性．这种凝集素芯片可用于临床体液中癌细胞的检测分析,对癌细胞膜表面凝集素亲和位点进行即时、高通量的检测,为了解细胞膜表面聚糖在癌变过程中的变化提供了一个技术平台．     

Bioimpedance Identifies Body Fluid Loss after Exercise in the Heat: A Pilot Study with Body Cooling

Purpose

Assessment of post-exercise changes in hydration with bioimpedance (BI) is complicated by physiological adaptations that affect resistance (R) and reactance (Xc) values. This study investigated exercise-induced changes in R and Xc, independently and in bioelectrical impedance vector analysis, when factors such as increased skin temperature and blood flow and surface electrolyte accumulation are eliminated with a cold shower.

Methods

Healthy males (n = 14, 24.1±1.7 yr; height (H): 182.4±5.6 cm, body mass: 72.3±6.3 kg) exercised for 1 hr at a self-rated intensity (15 BORG) in an environmental chamber (33°C and 50% relative humidity), then had a cold shower (15 min). Before the run BI, body mass, hematocrit and Posm were measured. After the shower body mass was measured; BI measurements were performed continuously every 20 minutes until R reached a stable level, then hematocrit and Posm were measured again.

Results

Compared to pre-trial measurements body mass decreased after the run and Posm, Hct, R/H and Xc/H increased (p<0.05) with a corresponding lengthening of the impedance vector along the major axis of the tolerance ellipse (p<0.001). Changes in Posm were negatively related to changes in body mass (r = −0.564, p = 0.036) and changes in Xc/H (r = −0.577, p = 0.041).

Conclusions

Present findings showed that after a bout of exercise-induced dehydration followed by cold shower the impedance vector lengthened that indicates fluid loss. Additionally, BI values might be useful to evaluate fluid shifts between compartments as lower intracellular fluid loss (changed Xc/R) indicated greater Posm increase.