中国0~24月龄城市婴幼儿母乳喂养状况及相关因素分析#br#

目的：调查中国0~24月龄婴幼儿母乳喂养状况,分析其可能的相关因素。方法：采用方便抽样招募0~3月龄婴儿及其母亲459对为调查对象,在婴儿6~8、12~14、18~20、24~26月龄随访。通过问卷调查0~6月龄纯母乳喂养、7~24月龄继续母乳喂养状况及可能影响因素。结果：调查对象3月龄内、6月龄内纯母乳喂养率分别为34.4%和14.1%,基本纯母乳喂养率分别为61.6%和55.6%;12~14、18~20、24~26月龄继续母乳喂养率分别为59.1%、32.2%、19.5%。多因素分析显示,自报母乳充足（OR=3.155,95%CI：1.146~8.687）和自然分娩（OR=0.486,95%CI：0.239~0.986）是6月龄内纯母乳喂养促进因素,奶瓶喂养是不利因素（OR=0.486,95%CI：0.239~0.986）。自报母乳充足是12~14月龄（OR=2.144,95%CI：1.311~3.507）和18~20月龄（OR=0.596,95%CI：1.041~3.163）继续母乳喂养有利因素。奶瓶喂养（OR=0.405,95%CI：0.214~0.766）和健康食物禁忌（OR=0.447,95%CI：0.229~0.870）是24~26月龄母乳喂养的不利因素。结论：城市婴幼儿0~24月龄母乳喂养率随月龄增加不断降低,尤其12月龄后明显减少;母亲剖宫产、母乳分泌不足、健康食物禁忌和奶瓶喂养是母乳喂养的不利因素,应作为母乳喂养促进重点干预目标。     

不同喂养方式对婴儿骨密度及维生素A的影响

目的:探讨不同喂养方式对婴儿骨密度、维生素A的影响。方法:选择2015~2016年来我院体检的婴儿120例,根据不同喂养方式的不同分为母乳喂养组、混合喂养组及人工喂养组,比较三组婴儿1、3、6月的身长、头围、体质量、骨密度,6月时的维生素A及6月内的患病率。结果:三组婴儿1、3、6月内身长、体质量及头围对比差异无统计学意义(P0.05);1月、3月时,母乳喂养组与混合喂养组骨密度与明显高于人工喂养组(P0.05);母乳喂养组与人工喂养组对比差异无统计学意义(P0.05);6月时,混合喂养组婴儿的骨密度显著高于人工喂养组和母乳喂养组(P0.05),人工喂养组显著低于母乳喂养组(P0.05)。6月时,母乳喂养组的维生素A明显低于人工喂养组及混合喂养组(P0.05)。母乳喂养组6月内的患病率明显低于混合喂养组及人工喂养组(P0.05)。结论:6个月前不同喂养方式对婴儿的体格发育无明显影响,而6个月左右母乳喂养的婴儿骨密度及维生素A含量均低于混合喂养,母乳喂养可降低婴儿的患病率,6个月内应提倡母乳喂养。     

超声评分法及肾动脉阻力指数对胎儿肾积水预后的评价价值分析

目的:研究超声评分法及肾动脉阻力指数(RRI)对胎儿肾积水预后的评价价值.方法:将从2016年1月～2019年1月经我院超声检查发现的孕晚期肾积水胎儿210例纳入研究,测定其肾实质厚度(RPT)、肾盂前后径(APD)以及肾盂肾盏形态,对上述各项超声检测指标进行评分,累计计算分值.此外,对所有胎儿的积水肾脏肾门部位的RR...     

普萘洛尔与阿替洛尔治疗增殖期婴幼儿血管瘤的临床疗效及安全性对比

目的:对比普萘洛尔与阿替洛尔对增殖期婴幼儿血管瘤临床疗效及安全性。方法:选择2015年2月至2016年7月符合入选标准的血管瘤婴儿患者173例,分为普萘洛尔组91例和阿替洛尔组82例,分别给予普萘洛尔与阿替洛尔连续治疗24周。初始1周为每天随访,之后为每月随访一次。治疗6个月后,比较两组婴儿血管瘤的消退面积、不良反应率、反应的频率和严重程度。结果:普萘洛尔组57例(63%)患者治愈(瘤体缩小75%-100%),阿替洛尔组46例(56.3%)患者治愈(瘤体缩小75%-100%),两组治愈率对比差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。普萘洛尔组有11例因不能耐受药物不良反应及患者家属原因退出治疗,阿替洛尔组有2例因不能耐受药物不良反应及患者家属原因退出治疗,阿替洛尔组重度不良反应率显著低于普萘洛尔组(P=0.025)。普萘洛尔组轻中度不良事件为85例(94%),阿替洛尔组为62例(75%),两组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。阿替洛尔组治疗时间较普萘洛尔缩短(314天vs 297天)(P0.05)。结论:普萘洛尔与阿替洛尔治疗婴幼儿血管瘤的临床疗效和安全性相当,但阿替洛尔的耐受性和依从性更好,重度不良反应明显减少。     

体描箱在评估婴幼儿急性下呼吸道感染肺功能改变中的价值

摘要 目的：探讨体描箱评估婴幼儿急性下呼吸道感染（ALRTI）肺功能改变的价值。方法：收集2020年10月至2021年6月于我院收治的76例ALRTI婴幼儿,根据感染部位分为肺炎组与支气管炎组,根据有无喘息症状分为喘息性组和非喘息性组,采用体描箱测量潮气呼吸参数、体描箱特有指标,分别进行两组间肺功能比较,分析各参数之间相关性,采用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线评估体描特有指标在婴幼儿ALRTI中的诊断价值。结果：肺炎组与支气管炎组比较,各潮气呼吸参数及功能残气量（FRCp）无明显差异（P>0.05）,而有效气道阻力（Reff）和特殊有效气道阻力（sReff）有明显差异（P<0.05）;对于喘息性组与非喘息性组,sReff有显著差异（P<0.05）;76例ALRTI患儿潮气量（VT）与每公斤体质量潮气量（VT/kg）呈正相关（P<0.05）,VT、VT/kg均与呼吸频率（RR）、达峰时间比（TPTEF/TE）呈负相关（P<0.05）, TPTEF/TE与达峰容积比（VPTEF/VE）呈正相关（P<0.05）,sReff与FRCp、Reff均呈正相关（P<0.05）;ROC曲线显示,sReff在诊断肺炎与支气管炎、喘息性和非喘息性的价值最高,ROC曲线下面积分别为0.704、0.688。结论：对于ALRTI患儿,体描箱参数Reff和sReff可帮助判断感染部位,且sReff可直接反映小气道阻塞情况,诊断价值较高,值得临床推广应用。     

母亲声音刺激联合非营养性吸吮对早产儿经口喂养的影响

目的:探讨母亲声音刺激联合非营养性吸吮对早产儿经口喂养的影响。方法:选取2018年1月至2018年12月间在本院新生儿科病房住院早产儿(200例)作为研究对象,随机分为对照组(70例)、研究组A(65例)、研究组B(65例)。对照组按照新生儿科常规管理,研究组A在常规管理基础上给予单纯母亲声音刺激,研究组B在常规管理、单纯母亲声音刺激基础上,给予非营养性吸允管理。比较各组的喂养进程、喂养表现、体质量增长情况、喂养不耐受评分。结果:研究组A、研究组B的完全经口喂养时的纠正胎龄(PMA)、过渡时间均明显短于对照组,且研究组B均明显短于研究组A,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);研究组A、研究组B的开始经口喂养时喂养效率、完全经口喂养时喂养效率均明显高于对照组,且研究组B均明显高于研究组A,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);研究组A、研究组B的完全经口喂养时体质量、出院时体质量均明显低于对照组,且研究组B均明显低于研究组A,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。研究组B与对照组间的喂养不耐受评分情况差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:母亲声音刺激联合非营养性吸吮可促进早产儿经口喂养进程,改善经口喂养表现,减少喂养不耐受发生率,加快恢复至出生体质量的时间。     

重症急性胰腺炎肠内营养喂养不耐受的影响因素分析及腹内压的预测价值探讨

摘要 目的：分析重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）患者肠内营养喂养不耐受的影响因素,并探讨腹内压对其的预测价值。方法：选取2018年1月～2021年1月江苏省人民医院ICU收治的80例SAP患者,均经三腔鼻空肠管实施肠内营养治疗,统计肠内营养不耐受发生情况。收集所有患者的临床资料,多因素Logistic回归分析SAP患者肠内营养喂养不耐受的影响因素,受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析腹内压对SAP患者肠内营养喂养不耐受的预测价值。结果：80例SAP患者肠内营养喂养不耐受发生率为53.75%（43/80）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄≥60岁（OR=4.679,95%CI：1.549～23.078,P=0.026）、肠内营养开始时间≥72 h（OR=7.069,95%CI：1.700～29.395,P=0.007）、腹内压≥15 mmHg（OR=4.495,95%CI：1.137～17.770,P=0.032）为SAP患者肠内营养喂养不耐受的危险因素,而白蛋白≥3 5 g/L（OR=0.264,95%CI：0.073～0.956,P=0.042）、添加膳食纤维（OR=0.178,95%CI：0.048～0.662,P=0.010）是SAP患者肠内营养喂养不耐受的保护因素。ROC曲线分析结果显示,腹内压预测SAP患者肠内营养喂养不耐受的曲线下面积为0.809（95%CI：0.706～0.888）,敏感性为79.07%,特异性为72.97%。结论：SAP患者肠内营养喂养不耐受与年龄、肠内营养开始时间、腹内压、白蛋白水平、是否添加膳食纤维有关,腹内压对SAP患者肠内营养喂养不耐受具有一定预测价值。     

通用PCR法在痰标本真菌检测中的临床应用价值分析

目的:探讨通用PCR法在痰标本真菌检测中的临床应用价值。方法:选择2015年9月至2017年9月本院收治的免疫力低下患者178例作为研究资料,各收集痰标本2份,其中一份用于PCR扩增,另一份经培养后若观察到真菌或可疑菌落,则提取后在此进行PCR扩增测序。比较3种方法对真菌的检出情况、真菌阳性率,与组织病理学结果进行比较,分析3种方法的诊断效能。结果:178份痰标本经平板培养可观察到107份真菌生长,其余71份未见真菌生长。挑取真菌及可疑菌落行PCR结果显示阳性、阴性分别115、63份。对痰标本直接PCR结果显示,阳性、阴性分别124、54份。PCR扩增产物测序结果显示大多是白色念珠菌感染,仅3份是曲霉菌感染。内对照扩增验证结果显示有1份阴性标本存在扩增抑制现象。3种方法的真菌阳性率:直接PCR法痰培养后PCR法痰培养,但组间无显著差异(P0.05)。3种方法诊断效能总体趋势:直接PCR法痰培养后PCR法痰培养,其中直接PCR法与痰培养后PCR法的特异度、准确度均显著高于痰培养法(P0.05),直接PCR法的敏感度显著高于痰培养法(P0.05)。结论:通用PCR法在痰标本真菌检测中的临床应用价值较高,直接PCR具有操作简单、快速等优势。     

心脏磁共振成像评价缺血性心肌病的临床应用价值

目的:评估心脏磁共振(cardiac magnetic resonance,CMR)功能成像在缺血性心肌病临床诊断中的价值。方法:使用飞利浦3.0T磁共振仪,对32例临床确诊的缺血性心肌病患者进行CMR平扫及钆对比剂动态增强扫描。应用Cardiac MR Analysis软件进行相关后处理分析,计算左室射血分数、室壁增厚率等心功能参数并与超声心动图检查结果相比较。采用17节段分段法分析心脏形态学、心肌组织运动、局部灌注、延迟增强等特点,评价其临床应用价值。结果:所有患者的心功能参数均降低,包括左室射血分数、每搏输出量、心输出量和室壁增厚率,心脏磁共振和超声心动图的测量结果并无明显差异(49%±5.3%vs 52%±8.2%;42.8 mL±8.9 mLvs 45.7 mL±10.6 mL; 3.5 L/min±0.6 L/min vs 3.8 L/min±0.9 L/min; 28%±4%. vs 31%±6%)(P0.05)。所有患者中存在室壁运动异常的为184段(184/544);其中心肌血流灌注信号减低的有136段(136/184),呈现心肌延迟强化的有98段(98/136)。结论:CMR功能成像对于缺血性心肌病的临床诊疗及预后评估可提供与心肌形态及功能相关的重要信息。     

2型糖尿病患者心脏代谢指数与白蛋白尿的关系研究

摘要 目的：探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者心脏代谢指数（CMI）与白蛋白尿的关系。方法：选取2012年2月~2020年7月期间在江苏大学附属医院内分泌代谢科就诊且被诊断为T2DM的患者555例,收集患者的临床资料。根据CMI不同数值将患者分为低CMI（L-CMI）组（n=185）、中CMI（M-CMI）组（n=185）和高CMI（H-CMI）组（n=185）,按照尿白蛋白/肌酐比值（UACR）将研究对象分为正常白蛋白尿组（n=294）、微量白蛋白尿组（n=209）和大量白蛋白尿组（n=52）,然后对CMI与T2DM患者发生异常白蛋白尿的关系进行分析,通过受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线评估CMI对T2DM患者发生异常白蛋白尿的预测价值。结果：不同UACR组的收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、体质量指数（BMI）、CMI、甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、空腹血糖（FPG）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、空腹C肽（FC-P）、稳态模型评估胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）、尿素氮（BUN）、血尿酸（SUA）、血肌酐（Scr）及肾小球滤过率（eGFR）比较均有统计学差异（P＜0.05）。L-CMI组、M-CMI组、H-CMI组异常白蛋白尿发生比例分别为21.08%、42.70%、77.30%,异常白蛋白尿发生比例呈显著递增趋势（P＜0.05）。Spearman秩相关分析结果显示,T2DM患者UACR与FINS、BUN、 CMI、Scr、SUA、SBP、DBP、BMI、TG、TC、HbA1c、FPG、FC-P、HOMA-IR呈正相关（P<0.05）,与eGFR、HDL-C呈负相关（P<0.05）。多元线性回归分析显示,CMI对UACR的影响强度最大（P＜0.05）。Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄、SBP、CMI、TC、LDL-C及HbA1c是T2DM患者发生异常白蛋白尿的独立危险因素（P＜0.05）。CMI预测异常白蛋白尿发生的曲线下面积为0.801,预测异常白蛋白尿的敏感性、特异性分别为68.60%、76.90%。结论：T2DM患者异常白蛋白尿发生风险与CMI密切相关,提示CMI有望成为临床上糖尿病肾病（DKD）的预测指标。     

The body build and composition of Samoan children: Relationships to infant feeding patterns and infant weight-for-length status

The relationships between infant feeding patterns, infant weight status, and subsequent growth are not yet firmly established. This study attempts to address these topics among Samoan children. The study population consists of 1,186 children born between October 1974 and September 1976 who were subsequently seen in the Well Baby Clinic in American Samoa. On the basis of the clinic records the children were categorized into feeding groups (breast vs. bottle) and weight-for-length groups (<25th percentile or >75th percentile of National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) standards). A survey of 74 of these children was conducted in 1982. The average age of the children was 6.6 years. Twenty anthropometric measurements were taken and divided into three groups: skeletal, adipose, and mixed. Multiple analysis of variance was used on each of the groups of measurements to assess effects of infant feeding and weight-for-length. This analysis demonstrated significant relationships between infant weight-for-length and childhood skeletal size (heavy infants are larger children); between infant feeding patterns and childhood adiposity (bottle-fed children are fatter); and between both infant patterns and the mixed measurements (heavy and bottle-fed infants are heavier children with larger circumferences). The relationship between infant weight-for-length and skeletal size may be a continuation of infant patterns of high musculoskeletal weight in heavy infants. The relationship between infant feeding and childhood fatness was not affected by family income.     

Correlates of breastfeeding frequency among nomadic pastoralists of Turkana,Kenya: A retrospective study

Recent research has shown that significant variation in breast-feeding behavior exists among natural fertility populations, all of whom have been characterized as practicing “on-demand” breastfeeding. A number of recent prospective studies have contributed to a better understanding of breastfeeding structure and of its consequences for population differences in fertility. Currently, there is a growing interest in quantifying the complex environmental and biocultural interactions which influence that structure; in other words, in establishing an ecology of breastfeeding. In this paper, a carefully structured retrospective study of breastfeeding behavior among nomadic Turkana is used to identify environmental, biobehavioral, and socioeconomic factors associated with variation in breastfeeding frequency among Turkana women. In agreement with the results of a prospective study conducted as part of the same research, the age (growth) and physical development of nurslings show significant correlations with breastfeeding frequency. Maternal physical status, the depth of the maternal social network, and, to a lesser degree, rainfall patterns are also significant. All of these factors appear to influence breastfeeding through their effects on maternal participation in herding activities and related absences from camp. Finally, the study also presents new strategies for collecting and utilizing retrospective data, which are notoriously unreliable and difficult to classify according to operational definitions recently developed for prospective studies. Results of the present study suggest methods by which the quality and reliability of recall data may be enhanced. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Effects of forage quantity and access-time restriction on feeding behaviour,feed efficiency,nutritional status,and dairy performance of dairy cows fed indoors

Optimising feed is a key challenge for dairy livestock systems, as forage stock shortages are increasingly frequent and feed is the biggest operating cost. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of reducing forage quantity and access time on dairy performance and animal nutritional status during indoor feeding. Twenty-seven Montbéliarde and Holstein cows were randomly allocated to three groups of nine cows balanced by breed, parity, days in milk, and milk yield. The three groups were given 3.9 kg DM/day of second-cut hay and 4.5 kg/day of concentrate and either i) ad libitum access to first-cut hay (Ad Libitum group; AL), ii) 10.5 kg/day of first-cut hay (Quantity-restricted group; QR), or iii) 10.5 kg/day of first-cut hay but with access time restricted to only 2 h in the morning and 2 h in the afternoon (Quantity-and-Time-restricted group; QTR). Milk yield, composition and coagulation properties, cow nutritional status (weight, body condition score, blood metabolites) and cow activities were recorded. The AL group ingested 10 % more feed than the QR group and 16 % more feed than the QTR group. Organic matter digestibility was lower in the AL group than in the QR and QTR groups whereas feed efficiency did not differ. Milk yield was not significantly different among the three groups. Compared to the QR and QTR groups, the AL group had significantly higher milk fat (35.9 vs 32.9 and 32.8 g/kg of milk) and milk protein content (29.5 vs 27.7 and 28.5 g/kg of milk). QR and QTR cows mobilised their body fat, resulting in a lower final body condition score, and tended to have a lower blood non-esterified fatty acid concentration than the AL group. QTR cows showed greater body fat mobilisation, but their final corrected BW was not different from AL cows. Access-time restriction did not impact fat and protein content but led to decreased casein, lactose contents and casein-to-whey protein ratio. The forage savings achieved through this feed management practice could prove economically substantial when forage prices increase. This practice can be of interest in grassland systems to overcome certain climatic hazards without having to resort to purchases or to increase the farm's forage autonomy.     

高黎贡山赧亢白眉长臂猿食性及日取食量

通过确定白眉长臂猿的取食特征及日取食量,探讨不同个体间和春、秋季间日取食量是否存在差异,分析影响日取食量和取食特征的因素,为白眉长臂猿日能量需求及其营养容纳量研究奠定基础。2007—2008年春、秋季,在高黎贡山赧亢采用焦点动物取样法观察和记录数据。结果发现,白眉长臂猿取食36种食物的40个部位,其果实的食物单元、取食速度、单个鲜重值等取食特征不同于嫩叶。春、秋季白眉长臂猿每日取食果实量所占百分比最高、嫩叶所占百分比次之、茎和花所占百分比最低。春、秋季家群中雌猿的日取食量均高于雄猿。与家群的雌猿相比,独猿(♀)春季的日取食量稍高。在春季,独猿取食果实持续时间约为家群的2倍,而取食嫩叶的则与家群几乎相等。相同个体秋季的日取食量高于春季的,且春、秋季日取食各部位的量所占百分比也不同。分析结果表明,食性及日取食部位的量反映了白眉长臂猿选择食物的最基本策略。雌雄个体大小差异、能量消耗、食物特征、动物生理需求等因素影响白眉长臂猿的日取食量。白眉长臂猿取食持续时间与觅食树的食物资源量相关。     

Diel feeding pattern and prey selection of mesozooplankton on microplankton community

Mesozooplankton play an important role in transporting energy from microphytoplankton and microzooplankton to higher trophic levels. However there were few studies on the diel feeding patterns and prey selectivity of mesozooplankton. We conducted feeding experiments of mesozooplankton in the East China Sea to determine their respective diel feeding patterns on diatoms, ciliates and dinoflagellates, and to assess the contribution of these prey items to mesozooplankton diet. The results showed higher mesozooplankton grazing rates on ciliates and dinoflagellates than on diatoms at the day time, and the opposite pattern at the night time. A significant prey selection was observed, in which mesozooplankton positively selected ciliates and dinoflagellates during day and diatoms at night. The different grazing reactions of mesozooplankton toward each prey item might be related to the mobility of the prey. In all, microzooplankton (ciliates and dinoflagellates) provided the majority of the mesozooplankton carbon ingestion, even at a station dominated by small pennate diatoms. In particular, dinoflagellates are an important prey of mesozooplankton in the East China Sea and their contribution to the diet of mesozooplankton is unproportionate to their abundance.     

赤腹松鼠采食选择的季节性变化

2008年9月至2010年8月,对广西宜州龙江河畔赤腹松鼠采食选择的季节性变化进行分析.赤腹松鼠对榕树的采食量最大,约占总采食量的36.53%,食物采食选择的种类存在显著差异(P<0.05),各季节采食的种类无显著变化(P>0.05);取食偏好分析、食物生态位宽度和重叠度结果表明,夏季的生态位宽度最大,为4.1545,秋季的生态位宽度最小,为3.5001,夏季和秋季的生态位重叠度最大,为0.9882,夏季和冬季的生态位重叠度最小,为0.9343.     

Feeding of Cyclops vicinus (Uljanin) (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) in Lake Balaton on the basis of gut content analyses

Consumption of planktonic algae by Cyclops vicinus living in Lake Balaton were studied in eighteen feeding experiments during 1980–1981. Gut contents of 284 adult C. vicinus were analysed in comparison with the natural phytoplankton assemblage. Rates of algal cells elimination were also studied and compared to controles which did not contain animals. C. vicinus in Lake Balaton was found to be an omnivore.