Les pratiques professionnelles en biologie lors du dépistage et du suivi thérapeutique du cancer de la prostate

This article presents the results of the biological investigation on the professional practices carried out by the French Association of Urology. The aim is to support the report on the prostate cancer presented by Pr Debré in 2009 at the National Assembly for the Parliamentary Office of Evaluation of Health Policies. The objective was to establish an inventory of fixtures of the biological practices. Concerning the diagnosis, the biologists use almost exclusively both total PSA and free PSA as compared to the second intention tests such as the PCA3. The investigation brings to light a strong implication and motivation of the biologists. Some of them are poorly informed about the limits of detection, the kit qualities and the standardization. The continuing medical education has to correct this situation. Besides, the biologists wish an increased participation in the approach of screening and are reserved about the new biological techniques.     

Les possibilités de l'application des germes pathogènes dans la lutte contre les chenilles défoliatrices

Résumé L'utilisation des germes pathogènes est une solution du problème de la sélectivité. Des solutions concurrentes existent avec certains pesticides chimiques. L'utilisation des germes pathogènes est donc envisagée d'une manière pragmatique en négligeant les problèmes de recherches fondamentales. Pour cette raison les mycoses et les protozoonoses ne sont pas retenues. Les viroses offrent un exemple de la plus grande spécificité d'action. L'application des virus d'insectes a été surtout développée en sylviculture. Une grande difficulté est la multiplication des virus sur organismes vivants. Les bactérioses peuvent être seules retenues pour l'agriculture et l'arboriculture intensives: elles ont un spectre d'action assez étendu mais suffisamment sélectif; les bactéries qui nous intérresent peuvent être multipliées industriellement. Le statut deBacillus thuringiensis Berliner et les propriétés des préparations commerciales ont fait l'objet de développements récents. Dans une revue critique des applications de ces préparations en arboriculture fruitière, on considère d'abord le cas des Mineuses et des Tordeuses. Presque toutes ces chenilles sont susceptibles àB. thuringiensis. Mais la difficulté d'utilisation des préparations est de nature éthologique. De bons résultats sont obtenus au Canada contreArgyrotaenia et en U.R.S.S. contreHyponomcuta. En U.R.S.S. on utilise des produits mixtes à concentration réduite (0,5%) de préparation bactérienne et à concentration extrêmement faible (0,002%) de D.D.T. Les résultats contre le Carpocapse sont négatifs. Les résultats contre les chenilles défoliatrices sont très satisfaisants: en Hollande et au Canada contreMalacosoma; au Canada contre les Géométrides,Operophtera etAlsophila espèces très susceptibles àB. thuringiensis, à la dose de 1 à 2 pounds de préparation (titrant 30×10⁹ spores viables par gramme) pour 100 gallons, soit environ, 1,5%; en France, ces résultats sont confirmés. En conclusion, l'utilisation en verger des prépararations commerciales deBacillus thuringiensis doit être ?intégrée? dans un programme général de protection comprenant à la fois les traitements chimiques et les méthodes culturales. De tels programmes sont actuellement expérimentés dans certains vergers de Pommiers par l'I.P.O. et le T.N.O. en Hollande.     

Les inhibiteurs spécifiques de la recapture de la sérotonine dans la dépression de l’enfant et de l’adolescent: revue des controverses récentes

European and US drug regulatory authorities have recently warned against the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in childhood and adolescent depression. Through an extensive literature review on the use of SSRIs to treat depression in children and adolescents — including psychiatric clinical trials, pharmacology, and drug safety data — we will: i) describe the main arguments justifying various regulatory decisions; ii) present published data and subsequent meta-analyses; iii) discuss how to integrate the recommendations into daily clinical practice, freeing professionals from a Manichean approach. We reach the limits of evidence-based medicine, which provide the basis of the scientific work of the regulatory authorities.     

Les bases cytologiques de la théorie du ≪crossing-over≫: Étude sur la spermatogénèse et l'ovogénèse des calliphorinae

Sans résumé     

Évaluation de la réponse thérapeutique après traitement par inhibiteurs des checkpoints (anticorps monoclonaux immunomodulateurs)

Early progression followed by partial or complete response (pseudoprogression) can be observed after treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors, especially in melanoma. The metabolic and morphologic criteria usually recommended for cytotoxic chemotherapy response assessment are not suitable because of this unique pattern of response. New morphologic response criteria have been proposed (irRC, iRECIST), introducing the concept of unconfirmed progression requiring confirmation on a subsequent imaging assessment. These criteria have not yet been validated and should be used cautiously, along with the clinical status. No specific criteria have been proposed for metabolic response assessment but potential metabolic pseudoprogression should be kept in mind and, as well as morphologic assessment, requires consideration of the clinical status and, in the absence of an obvious progression, confirmation on a subsequent imaging before considering true metabolic progression.     

Les communautés lombriciennes 120 ans après la restauration forestière de sols érodés sur marnes

One hundred and twenty years after restoration of badlands by reforestation with Pinus nigra Arn. ssp. nigra, the analysis of the soils on marls of the Saignon experimental watershed (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence) demonstrates the potentialities and the driving forces behind the distribution of earthworms in the main site types. The communities are young, and density and biomass are low to normal (up to 49 individuals and 27 g·m⁻², respectively) for these low productivity pine woods. Two main site-directed trajectories would lead marls to a mixed species association: the first one is initiated by the epi-anecic behaviour of Lumbricus terrestris L. in xeric conditions (south-oriented slope, thin soil); the second is initiated by Octolasion cyaneum Sav. (north-oriented slope).     

Place de la tomographie d’émission de positons (TEP) pour l’évaluation thérapeutique et le suivi du cancer du sein

Positron emission tomography (PET) with fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is a nuclear imaging method whose interest in oncology has only grown over the past fifteen years. This article summarizes the results in monitoring and therapeutic evaluation of breast cancer. For the search of locoregional or distant recurrence, the performance of FDG-PET are very interesting. The impact of FDG-PET on the therapeutic management is undeniable. For therapeutic evaluation, this imaging is useful to evaluate the neoadjuvant chemotherapy and hormonotherapy efficacy. FDG-PET is indicated in cases of suspected recurrence (clinical, biological or imaging suspicious). It is the most sensitive exam for the detection of bone or visceral metastases. It allows the re-staging during a relapse proved whether local or remote, and can change the therapeutic management.     

Perles rectangulaires gravettiennes : apport de la démarche expérimentale

The cultural facies called Final Gravettian is rare, restricted only to four reference sites located in the south half of France. Three of them yielded rectangular beads, which constitute a category of ornaments that seems to be characteristic of this late phase of the Gravettian. The series of 85 rectangular beads from the level 2 of the Abri Pataud (Dordogne) was the object of a targeted study aiming first at determining in which raw material these beads were made that turned out to be mammoth ivory for the great part. Therefore, the question of what are the techniques used to make these beads. In order to answer an experimental approach was managed with a constant dialogue with the archaeological context. This allow us to contribute to an enlarged discussion about the lifestyles of people who lived during the Final Gravettian and more precisely about the role played by the mammoth within a nomadic hunter-gatherer society with an economy essentially based on the exploitation of the reindeer.